脑缺血再灌注时血脑屏障损伤的炎性机制研究进展

近年来,炎症反应在脑缺血/再灌注中的作用逐渐引起人们的重视.大量证据表明,炎症反应介导了脑缺血/再灌注损伤.脑缺血再灌注过程中伴随着细胞因子和黏附分子的表达,白细胞黏附,大量蛋白水解的酶、氧自由基及花生四烯酸等代谢产物的产生,破坏了脑毛细血管内皮细胞及基底膜,从而导致了血脑屏障的损害.本文就脑缺血再灌注时血脑屏障损伤的炎性机制的最新进展作一综述.     

颅脑损伤中miRNA潜在的诊断和治疗价值的研究进展

颅脑损伤作为世界上主要的公共卫生安全问题,给家庭和社会带来了沉重的负担。由于颅脑损伤具有高致死率和致残率,所以快速诊断和有效的治疗对于颅脑损伤患者的预后是极其重要的。microRNA(miRNA)参与调控颅脑损伤后神经炎性反应、神经元细胞凋亡和血脑屏障损伤等多方面的病理进程当中,在脑脊液和血液中的变化能一定程度反应颅脑损伤的严重程度。并且,通过靶向治疗改变miRNA的表达水平能显著减轻颅脑损伤程度。因此,miRNA在诊断和靶向治疗颅脑损伤上具有重要的研究价值。     

脑保护药物治疗颅脑损伤的现状与展望

重型颅脑损伤患者通常存在意识丧失、运动神经功能障碍、记忆功能障碍和精神异常。目前，临床医师都在使用各种脑保护药物治疗脑功能残疾患者，期望促进其神经功能恢复。但是，所使用的大量脑保护药物是否有效尚待进一步研究，如何正确使用脑保护药物存在较大的盲目性和不科学性。     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤22例护理体会

在重型颅脑损伤治疗中,亚低温(30～35℃)能显著减轻颅脑损伤后神经功能障碍和脑病理形态损害,保护血脑屏障,从而明显降低重型颅脑伤的死亡率,改善预后[1]?我科从1998年10月～1999年10月共选择重型颅脑损伤患者46例,随机分2组进行治疗护理观察比较,该研究发现亚低温配合常规治疗,取得满意效果,现报告如下?1 临床资料1.1 病例选择和分组 46例重型颅脑损伤(GCS≤7分)患者中,男30例,女16例,年龄6～78岁;随机分为亚低温治疗组22例,其中脑挫裂伤14例,颅内血肿8例;对照组24例,其中脑挫裂伤12例,颅内血肿12例?1.2 治疗方法 亚低温治疗方法:降温前3…     

大鼠急性颅脑损伤后脑微循环变化的实验研究

目的研究大鼠急性颅脑损伤后脑微循环的改变,以找出影响颅脑损伤与恢复的变化规律.方法 100只大鼠随机分为5组,自由落体致大鼠脑损伤,伤后30分钟、3小时、24小时、168小时取材,研究脑微血管形态学变化,并用核磁共振波谱法分析颅脑损伤局部脑组织代谢的变化.结果大鼠脑损伤后10分钟～24小时大脑皮层微血管减少,并有“微无血管区”,微血管内可见微血栓形成;血脑屏障(BBB)通透性增加,出现脑水肿,颅脑损伤后伤区脑组织乳酸含量于伤后3小时显著增高(P＜0.01),伤后24小时仍然明显高于正常值.胆碱于伤后3小时明显升高,24小时达高峰(P＜0.01).N-乙酰门冬氨酸含量自伤后3小时明显降低,伤后24～168小时仍然显著低于正常值(P＜0.01).谷氨酸自伤后30分钟开始明显降低,3小时降至最低水平(P＜0.01).结论实验结果提示,颅脑损伤后微循环障碍是引起早期脑缺氧,产生外伤性脑水肿的重要病理基础,救治重型颅脑损伤要重视防治早期脑微循环障碍,纠正脑缺血、缺氧.     

70例"轻型"颅脑损伤病情恶化原因分析

分析 70例“轻型”颅脑损伤患者的病例资料 ,探讨“轻型”颅脑损伤患者病情恶化的原因、时程以及改善患者预后的治疗要点     

亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤患者血清S-100 B蛋白的影响

目的 通过动态观察亚低温对急性重型颅脑损伤患者血清S-100B蛋白浓度的影响,探讨亚低温在急性重型颅脑损伤治疗中的作用.方法 将120例急性重型颅脑损伤患者随机数字表法分为亚低温组和常规组.亚低温组在常规治疗的基础上,予亚低温治疗,直肠温度维持在33～35℃,持续3～5 d.所有患者于入院6 h内,入院后第2,3,4,5,6天动态检测血清S-100B蛋白浓度.3个月后对患者进行GOS评估.结果 亚低温组和常规组血清S-100B蛋白浓度明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05);亚低温组血清S-100B蛋白浓度明显低于常规组(P<0.05);亚低温能够改善急性重型颅脑损伤患者的预后.结论 早期应用亚低温能显著降低急性重型颅脑损伤患者血清S-100B蛋白浓度,保护神经功能,改善预后,其脑保护作用可能与亚低温能减轻S-100B蛋白介导的损伤性脑细胞炎症反应有关.     

低温对实验性颅脑损伤大鼠T细胞亚群的影响

大量基础实验和临床研究表明,亚低温能显著减轻颅脑损伤后的神经功能障碍并促进其恢复、提高生存率［１］,但对于低温是否影响颅脑损伤病人的免疫力、增加感染的问题,一直缺乏可靠的实验论证。本研究旨在证明低温对颅脑损伤大鼠Ｔ细胞免疫的影响,通过分组动物实验,分...     

老年人颅脑损伤预后的相关影响因素分析

目的 探讨老年人颅脑损伤的相关影响因素和临床特点,以提高老年颅脑损伤的诊治水平. 方法总结2006年6月-2009年8月入院治疗的139例老年颅脑损伤患者,分析GCS、颅脑损伤类型、影响预后的主要并发症及临床治疗方法,探讨各种因素与预后的关系. 结果病死率与GCS、颅脑损伤类型、损伤后并发症密切相关.颅脑损伤表现为弥漫性脑肿胀、脑挫裂伤伴脑内多发性血肿、脑干损伤者病死率较高.颅脑损伤后伴有肺部感染、呼吸功能衰竭、上消化道出血或2～3种并发症同时发生时对预后产生不利影响. 结论颅脑损伤的程度、类型、并发症直接影响预后.老年人反应较为迟钝,主动做早期预见性检查和治疗可改善预后.     

重型颅脑损伤后肠动力障碍动物模型的建立

目的 采用改良的自由落体撞击法建立小鼠重型颅脑损伤后肠动力障碍(intestinal motility disorders,IMD)模型,为进一步研究损伤后IMD机制奠定基础.方法 采用自制圆柱套杆撞击器对小鼠致伤,于伤后1,6h、1,3,7d各时相点观察脑、肠组织的病理学改变,检测脑含水量、小肠推进率.结果 重型颅脑损伤后在脑组织出血水肿时期,肠道亦有急性炎症、充血等表现;脑含水量于6h增加,24 h达高峰;损伤后1h即出现小肠推进率的下降,6h达最低值.结论 小鼠重型颅脑损伤后存在IMD,本装置采用改良Feeney自由落体撞击法可成功建立重型颅脑损伤后IMD的小鼠模型.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）