新疆北部某边防部队蜱传疾病血清流行病学调查

目的了解新疆北部边防部队人粒细胞无形体病、莱姆病、森林脑炎3种蜱传疾病的流行概况。方法采取间接免疫荧光法检测血清中人粒细胞无形体病、森林脑炎IgG抗体;采取酶联免疫吸附法检测血清中莱姆病IgG抗体。结果共采集新疆北部地区边防官兵血清标本135份,其中人粒细胞无形体病阳性率57.04%(77/135),森林脑炎阳性率17.04%(23/135),莱姆病阳性率5.19%(7/135),3种疾病同时复合感染率0.74%(1/135),莱姆病与人粒细胞无形体病复合感染率2.22%(3/135),人粒细胞无形体病与森林脑炎复合感染率8.15%(11/135),莱姆病与森林脑炎复合感染率1.48%(2/135)。结论新疆北部某边防部队官兵中存在人粒细胞无形体病、森林脑炎、莱姆病的感染和流行,并有3种疾病的复合感染,其中森林脑炎与人粒细胞无形体病或莱姆病复合感染较严重,应引起高度重视,加强蜱传疾病的防治。     

小兴安岭部分林区莱姆病血清流行病学调查

目的了解小兴安岭部分林区莱姆病在人群中的流行和感染状况。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测598例小兴安岭林区人群的菜姆病抗体水平,对血清菜姆病抗体IgG阳性者进行流行病学调查。结果血清流行病学调查显示:598例调查人群中,莱姆病抗体IgG总阳性率为33.9%,滨南林场感染率最高,达35.7%,其次为罕达汽,感染率为35.6%,七二七最低,为30.5%;男性血清262份,女性血清236份,莱姆病抗体IgG阳性率分别为34.3%与33.4%;年龄分组,莱姆病抗体IgG阳性率差异无统计学意义(P0.05),40~49岁年龄段感染率最高,为37.2%;患病人群血清119份,莱姆病抗体IgG阳性率为50.4%,明显高于调查人群莱姆病抗体IgG总阳性率。结论小兴安岭林区是莱姆病的重要自然疫源地,林区人群莱姆病的感染相当严重,应引起重视。     

天津地区人畜弓形体病感染情况调查初探

作者为了探索天津地区人畜中弓形体实际感染状况,于1983年12月—84年9月用间接血凝法作了弓形体血清流行病调查。人血清主要采自本市市区八所医院就诊患者及郊区县的农民和中小学生。共采集人和动物血清1985份,其中人血清1553份,查出阳性130份,阳性率为8.4%;猪血清141份,阳性39份,阳性率为8.4%;牛血清51份,阳性6份,阳性率为11.8%;兔血清120份,阳性7份,阳性率5.8%;鸭血清120份,阳性9份,阳性率为7.5%。人群弓形体感染情况: 1.弓形体感染之年龄分布:9岁以下组阳性率为12.5%(5/40),10—19岁组阳性率为9.6%(64/664),20—29岁阳性率为8.7%(28/321),30—39     

新疆沙湾林场莱姆病血清流行病学调查

目的：调查新疆沙湾林区人群莱姆病感染情况。方法：采用间接免疫荧光抗体法（IFAT）和蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot)检测沙湾林区居民血清抗莱姆病螺旋体抗体（IgG)。结果：沙湾林区是莱姆病高感染区，人群血清抗莱姆病螺旋体抗体（IgG)阳性率为16.1%(37/230)，各年龄组间、哈族与汉族间的差异无显著性。结论：新疆沙湾林区人群中存在较高的莱姆病感染。可能是莱姆病的流行区之一。     

云南蜱媒病毒的血清流行病学研究

1988～1990年,我们采集了10地、州(县)1813份不明热病人及健康人血清,126份高黎贡山鼠类和山羊血清,以及13种鸟类和恒河猴血清462份,采用微量血凝抑制法、间接免疫荧光法和SPA组化法,检测森林脑炎、科萨努尔森林病,波瓦生、兰加特和新疆出血热病毒抗体。结果发现,除蒙自县外,其它9地区人群中均有上述抗体。其中森林脑炎和科萨努尔森林病病毒抗体阳性率较高的地区集中在泸水,阳性率分别为30.55%和27.17%。从泸水高黎贡山捕获的鼠类和山羊血清也含较高的森林脑炎抗体(50%)。波瓦生抗体以丽江地区较高,为25.66%;新疆出血热抗体阳性率较高的是西双版纳,39.17%。另外,鸟类和恒河猴也不同程度地携带蜱媒病毒抗体,从抗体的分布可见,这些疾病呈地区性分布。     

珠海市部分注册猪场日本脑炎调查研究

〔目的〕了解珠海市部分注册养猪场猪群和从业人员的日本脑炎病毒血清抗体水平,预测人群日本脑炎的流行趋势。〔方法〕采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),猪群检测血清IgG抗体,人群检测血清IgM抗体。〔结果〕2005年从珠海市的4个注册养猪场采集了1318份猪血清进行了日本脑炎病毒血清IgG抗体检测,结果抗体阳性率为37.1%;不同年龄段的猪群阳性率不同,分别为幼猪39.4%;中猪46.3%;成猪39.5%以及大猪30.3%。幼猪、中猪、成大、猪在不同月份血清抗体阳性率各不相同,幼猪群7月份阳性率稍高(52.3%),6月份次之(46.3%);中、成、大猪均为6月份阳性率高,分别为74.7%和43.5%。4个养猪场132名从业人员未能检出日本脑炎IgM抗体。〔结论〕研究结果表明养猪场猪群存在着日本脑炎病毒的隐性感染或曾经感染过,但感染率不高。应采取积极的预防措施,防止人群和猪场日本脑炎的发生与流行。     

啮齿动物自然感染莱姆病螺旋体的分子流行病学研究

目的调查了解甘肃省迭部林区啮齿动物自然感染莱姆病螺旋体的状况。方法采集啮齿动物样本,采用PCR检测啮齿动物体内携带的莱姆病螺旋体。结果调查采获500只啮齿动物,共计8属12种。对12种500只啮齿动物采用PCR扩增检测,检出莱姆病螺旋体阳性109只,总阳性率21.18%。其中小林姬鼠自然感染莱姆病螺旋体最高,阳性率为51.69%(46/89);大林姬鼠次之,阳性率为38.18%(21/55);社鼠和黑线姬鼠居第三位,阳性率分别为13.33%(36/270)和11.11%(3/27);鼩鼱和长尾仓鼠检出莱姆病螺旋体阳性最低,阳性率分别为8.33%(1/12)和6.06%(2/33)。棕背鼠平、黑线仓鼠、根田鼠、褐家鼠、大仓鼠和甘肃鼠兔未有检出莱姆病螺旋体。结论甘肃省迭部林区啮齿动物中存在莱姆病螺旋体自然感染。     

建瓯县存在莱姆病感染

为证实我县是否存在莱姆病感染,查清其分布与流行特征,我们于1990年5月开展了莱姆病血清流行病学的调查。用中国预防医学科学院流研所提供抗源片,采用间接免疫荧光法,对城关、山区、林区人群480份血清进行了检测。有4份阳性,阳性率为0.83％。其中山区农民113份血清中有2例阳性,阳性率为1.77％;     

昌吉市人间布鲁氏菌病血清学监测结果分析

目的:了解昌吉地区人群布鲁氏菌病的感染情况,调查人群布鲁氏杆菌病(简称布病)的流行现状及特征,进一步控制布病疫情。方法:对当地村民分群抽样进行布病流行病学调查,采血做虎红平板凝集和试管凝集试验检测布鲁氏菌血清抗体,按照布鲁氏菌病诊断标准(WS269-2007),血清凝集滴度1∶100(++)及以上者为阳性。结果:2011年昌吉市检测1070人,血清阳性率为1.78%(19/1070)。总体感染率男性高于女性(P<0.05),男、女及各年龄组之间布病检测阳性率无差异(P>0.05);不同民族检测阳性率有差异(P<0.05);不同职业检测阳性率有极显著差异(P<0.005)。结论:当地人间布病感染风险较大,畜群患布病是人感染布病的危险因素。     

柯城区老年人群及室内鼠类伯氏疏螺旋体感染状况

目的了解柯城区老年人群及室内鼠类体内伯氏疏螺旋体感染情况,为预防莱姆病提供依据。方法选择柯城区万田乡和姜家山乡2个采样点,采用鼠笼法测定室内鼠密度,并对鼠种分类;采集鼠脾标本和60岁以上老年人血清标本,分别采用巢式PCR扩增、 ELISA法检测伯氏疏螺旋体。结果共布放鼠笼4 800个,有效鼠笼4 780个,捕获鼠120只,鼠密度为2.51%,优势鼠种为褐家鼠。120份鼠脾标本中,阳性48份,阳性率为40.00%,其中褐家鼠阳性率为45.71%,高于黄胸鼠的32.00%(P0.05);万田乡鼠标本阳性率为52.94%,高于姜家山乡的30.43%(P0.01)。588份老年人群血清标本中, Ig G阳性21份,阳性率为3.57%;其中男性阳性率为4.91%,高于女性的2.31%(P0.01);万田乡人群血清阳性率为4.04%,高于姜家山乡的3.09%(P0.01)。结论柯城区老年人群和室内鼠类中均发现有伯氏疏螺旋体感染的阳性指征,需进一步加强莱姆病传播的动物媒介和宿主的监控。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.