内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗上消化道黏膜下病变疗效及安全性

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗上消化道黏膜下病变的疗效及安全性。方法消化内镜检查发现上消化道黏膜下病变,经超声内镜确定黏膜下病变的种类及层次,在内镜下行ESD共57例,切除全瘤组织行病理切片明确病变性质。结果所有57例黏膜下病变均成功切除。病理示间质瘤40例（70.1%）,囊肿2例（3.5%）,平滑肌瘤8例（14.0%）,胃黏膜下血管瘤1例（1.8%）,胃异位胰腺5例（8.8%）,胃早癌1例（1.8%）。超声内镜诊断与病理一致率达94.7%（54/57）。结论 ESD是治疗上消化道黏膜下病变较为安全及有效的方法。     

小探头超声内镜对上消化道隆起病变的诊断价值

目的探讨小探头超声内镜在上消化道隆起病变诊断中的应用价值。方法利用超声内镜检查观察分析消化道隆起病变的部位分布情况。结果本文135例患者经小探头超声内镜检查发现其中病变位于食管72例,胃61例,十二指肠2例。按照病变类型进行分类其中平滑肌瘤56例,超声内镜表现为椭圆或梭形,均匀低回声,边界清,有低回声包膜;间质瘤28例,超声内镜表现为低回声,回声可不均匀;囊肿17例,超声内镜表现为无回声,均匀,边界清,压之变形;脂肪瘤9例,超声内镜表现为均质高回声,边界清;异位胰腺8例,超声内镜表现为不均匀中高回声,边界清;外压病变7例,超声内镜表现为来源壁外,胃各层结构完整;息肉5例,超声内镜表现为低回声,来源于黏膜层,管壁各层结构完整;疣状隆起4例,十二指肠布氏腺增生1例。所有患者均经EMR、ESD或手术病理证实,与病理诊断符合率达85.19%。结论小探头超声内镜检查能够显示上消化道隆起病变的起源层次及其与邻近组织结构的关系,并能提示隆起性病变的性质。     

内镜超声下上消化道隆起性病变的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨内镜超声（EUS）对诊断和治疗上消化道隆起性病变的价值。方法：内镜超声诊断上消化道隆起病变779例：其中食管288例,贲门41例,胃394例,十二指肠病变43例。结果：EUS诊断上消化道隆起病变,食管以平滑肌瘤最多见,贲门和胃多见息肉,胃肠间质瘤多以固有肌层低回声为主。内镜下治疗525例,外科手术57例。结论：EUS为上消化道隆起性病变患者提供了更精确的诊断和更安全的内镜治疗。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗胃底固有肌层肿瘤18例临床分析

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗胃底固有肌层肿瘤的疗效和安全性。方法对胃镜及超声胃镜检查发现的来源于胃底固有肌层的肿瘤应用IT刀、HOOK刀进行ESD治疗。结果 18例来源于胃底固有肌层的肿瘤全部完整剥离,所有剥离病变全部得到病理确诊,基底和切缘未见病变累及。术中出血量平均40ml,均经电凝、氩离子血浆凝固和止血夹成功止血,ESD穿孔发生率17%(3/18)。结论 ESD是治疗胃底固有肌层肿瘤的有效方法,疗效可靠,不仅可以完整切除病变,还能提供完整的病理学诊断资料。     

超声胃镜引导下微创切除食管平滑肌瘤45例临床分析

目的探讨超声胃镜对于食管平滑肌瘤的诊断价值,以及内镜下微创治疗食管平滑肌瘤的疗效和安全性。方法对胃镜发现的食管隆起性病变进行超声胃镜检查,根据病变大小及性质,在胃镜下分别行圈套器电切、内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）、内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）等治疗。结果 45例食管隆起性病变经超声胃镜检查诊断为黏膜下平滑肌瘤,经内镜下微创治疗全部完整切除,所有病例创面愈合良好,均无出血、穿孔、食管狭窄等并发症发生。结论超声胃镜对食管平滑肌瘤有较高的诊断价值,内镜下微创切除是治疗食管黏膜下平滑肌瘤的有效方法。     

内镜粘膜下剥离术或挖除术治疗上消化道疾病的体会

目的探讨内镜粘膜下剥离术（endoscopicsubmucosaldissection,ESD）或挖除术治疗上消化道疾病的疗效、安全性及并发症。方法分析2012年1月。2013年3月在我院行内镜粘膜下剥离术或挖除术治疗的33例上消化道病变的病例资料。结果本组33例患者包括食管病变8例（其中1例合并有食管胃结合部病变）,食管胃结合部病变3例（其中1例合并有胃底病变）,胃病变19例（其中2例病变多发）,十二指肠病变3例。术后病理分别为炎性或增生性息肉11例,腺瘤样息肉3例,囊肿1例,异位胰腺1例,平滑肌瘤2例,间质瘤7例,轻到重度非典型增生7例,早期癌1例。病灶直径0．5～3．5cm。所有患者均顺利完成了内镜下切除手术（1例穿孔较大者联合腹腔镜下修补）,手术时间20～120（中位数45）min,出血量2—50（中位数5）ml。其中术中穿孔2例,术中出血2例,术后迟发性出血2例（通过保守治疗痊愈）。33例患者均接受了随访,随访时间2～12个月,无复发或转移病例。结论内镜粘膜下剥离术（ESD）或挖除术治疗上消化道息肉、癌前病变、早期癌及间质瘤的疗效确切,创伤小,恢复快,但有一定的并发症,需由有经验的内镜医生开展。     

超声内镜检查在上消化道隆起性病变中应用价值

目的分析超声内镜对上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的诊断价值,为临床治疗方法选择提供依据。方法选取沈阳军区总医院消化科自2014年1月至2015年12月行胃镜检查发现上消化道黏膜下病变后行超声内镜检查的230例患者,根据超声内镜扫查特征大小、回声、管壁层次等特点做超声诊断。超声内镜诊断的准确率以病变切除后的病理诊断为标准。结果在230例患者中剔除壁外压迫29例,包括消化道肿瘤、胆胰疾病等,对剩余167例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中,超声内镜下病变<5 mm者69例(41.4%),5~10 mm者78例(46.7%),病变>10 mm者20例(12.0%);息肉40例,平滑肌瘤42例,脂肪瘤14例,间质瘤43例,囊肿9例,异位胰腺12例,静脉曲张2例,性质待定5例。148例病灶接受内镜或腹腔镜下切除治疗,与最后病理比较,超声内镜诊断的准确率为89.86%(133/148)。结论超声内镜对上消化道管壁隆起性病变的病灶分层判断有重要价值,对于病变性质的诊断有重要价值,有助于选择内镜或腹腔镜治疗的方法。     

胃黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤~(18)F-FDG PET/CT表现一例

患者男,48岁.消瘦1年,伴上腹部不适、暖气半年.胃镜示:胃底、胃体胃角黏膜不规则粗大、僵硬、表面糜烂,十二指肠球部前壁大小不等结节样隆起.病理诊断:胃体及十二指肠球部黏膜内大量淋巴样细胞.     

胆囊切除术后胃十二指肠黏膜的内镜病理分析

目的探讨胆囊切除术后胃十二指肠黏膜的内镜和病理检查变化。方法对206例胆囊切除术后胆汁反流性胃炎患者行胃镜诊断,并进行活检病理检查,采用快速尿素酶法检测幽门螺旋杆菌。结果 206例中,胆汁反流合并反流性食管炎33例,Barrett食管15例,食管溃疡4例,胃溃疡25例,十二指肠溃疡50例,十二指肠炎56例,胃息肉10例,十二指肠息肉28例。内镜下表现为：充血水肿189例,糜烂106例,黏膜下出血88例,疣状糜烂67例,萎缩性胃炎35例,颗粒样增生48例,幽门功能不全45例（闭合不全弛缓）,胃底体黏膜皱襞增粗38例,胆汁由幽门进入胃窦66例;内镜下胆汁反流分级：Ⅰ级88例,Ⅱ级69例,Ⅲ级49例;慢性炎症176例,急性炎症32例,活动性炎症77例,肠腺化生56例,上皮内瘤变39例,萎缩性炎症37例,淋巴细胞增生33例,炎性息肉10例。幽门螺旋杆菌阳性66例,占32%,低于同期非胆汁反流性胃炎的61.9%。结论胆囊切除术与胆汁反流有关,胆汁反流可以造成多种食管、胃、十二指肠黏膜疾病,内镜和病理检查是诊断胆汁反流性胃炎的较好手段。幽门螺旋杆菌感染与胆汁反流性胃炎没有明确的关系。     

79例经内镜检出的胃肠道类癌的回顾性分析及文献复习

目的 探讨胃肠道类癌的临床表现,内镜、病理特点及治疗选择,以提高胃肠道类癌的诊疗水平.方法 解放军总医院2007年1月-2011年3月经内镜检出并经病理证实的类癌患者79例,对其临床表现、内镜下表现、病理诊断、治疗方法、有无转移及治疗效果等资料进行回顾性分析,并结合文献进行复习.结果 本组79例胃肠道类癌患者中,胃类癌占12.7％(10/79),十二指肠类癌占11.4％(9/79),乙状结肠类癌占1.3％(1/79),直肠类癌占74.6％(59/79),均无典型临床表现.内镜下表现为息肉样或黏膜下隆起性肿物.本组31例经活组织检查确诊,48例经术后病理确诊.41例行免疫组化,结果显示嗜铬粒蛋白A(CgA)、突触素(Syn)、CD56阳性率较高,分别为34.1％、100.0％和80.5％.本组患者62例行内镜下治疗且治愈.本组患者类癌转移率较低,为7.6％(6/79).结论 类癌早期缺乏典型的临床表现,胃肠镜检查及病理是发现、诊断类癌的重要手段.治疗方式的选择可依据肿瘤大小、浸润深度、有无淋巴结转移及远处转移而定.符合内镜下治疗标准的病例,应首选内镜下治疗.     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

CLIP相关技术的研究进展

在真核生物基因表达的转录后调节中,RNA结合蛋白（ RBP）起着关键作用,很多RBP的异常与人类疾病的发生密切相关。自2000年的RNA免疫沉淀和芯片分析方法（ RNA immunoprecipitation with differential display or microarray analysis , RIP-ChIP）出现以来,人们开始就RBP与RNA相互作用进行了系统而广泛的研究。经过改良和发展,基于体内实时紫外交联免疫沉淀法（ ultraviolet crosslinking and immunoprecipitation , CLIP ）、交联免疫沉淀cDNA文库高通量测序法（ high-throughput sequencing of CLIP cDNA library , HITS-CLIP）、光催化核糖核苷增强交联和免疫沉淀法（ photoactivatable-ribonucleoside-enhanced crosslinking and immunprecipitation , PAR-CLIP）以及提高个别核苷酸分辨率交联和免疫共沉淀法（ individual nucleotide resolution CLIP , iCLIP）等RIP-ChIP衍生方法相继产生,使用这些方法,可以解析RBP的RNA识别特异性,而且通过与高通量测序技术结合,可以实现转录组尺度的RBP的靶序列的鉴定,分辨率也得到极大提高。该文就RNA与蛋白的相互作用的基本原理及其研究进展、相关技术存在的问题以及发展趋势进行简要综述。     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.     

Kidney and iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents

In patients with renal failure, iodinated contrast agents may cause acute deterioration of the renal function and gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) may cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). The administration of a contrast agent must thus be reviewed for each patient and evaluation of renal function is paramount even though its estimation using formulas derived from the creatinine level may fluctuate. For iodinated contrast agents, contrast induced nephropathy is reduced by hydratation, preferably intravenous, when the GFR is less than 60 ml/min. The risk for intravenous injections is less than the risk for arterial injections, and the GFR threshold may be reduced to 45 ml/min. For gadolinium-based contrast agents, patients at risk for NSF are those with end-stage renal disease and patients undergoing dialysis. In such cases, the injection of a gadolinium-based contrast agent is only considered after a risk-benefit analysis has been completed, an alternate linear or macrocyclic agent issued and the dose limited to 0,1 mmol Gd/kg. Recently, recommendations from US and European agencies have converged. Learning objectives: to be familiar with the risk factors of CIN with iodinated contrast agents; to be familiar with hydration procedures for patients at risk of CIN; to be familiar with the diagnostic criteria of NSF; to be familiar with the classification of GBCA with regards to the risk of NSF; to be familiar with the contraindications of the different groups of GBCA.