枢椎椎弓根及峡部的临床解剖学观察

目的:明确枢椎椎弓根及峡部的解剖部位,指导枢椎后路螺钉的临床应用。方法:成人C2干燥骨标本30具,C3干燥骨标本10具,以横突孔周围结构为重点,进行枢椎形态比较学观察;测量枢椎椎弓根轴线在下关节突背侧的坐标点。结果:C2的下方结构与C3下方的表面解剖结构接近,枢椎上方结构与C3相比较,上关节突移向齿突的外下方,并使峡部拉长前移,其轴向角度为11.1°±2.4°;枢椎椎弓根轴向角度为42.6°±4.9°,椎弓根轴线-下关节突背侧关节突上缘的交点坐标O与下关节突上缘-中垂线交点O’基本重合。结论:枢椎上下关节突之间的部分,应为峡部和椎弓根的复合体,复合体的上部较为扁平的部分为峡部,其中下部分位于横突孔内后侧的半管柱状结构为椎弓根部,连接着椎体和下关节突。     

枢椎椎弓根的解剖部位

目的：明确枢椎椎弓根的解剖部位。方法：观测干燥成人枢椎标本,对新鲜枢椎行CT薄层扫描,寻找残存的枢椎上终板痕迹,以明确枢椎椎弓根的部位。结果：枢椎前结构的前下方为一三角形突起部位,皮质较厚,同典型颈椎椎体相似;三角形突起与上关节突锥形跨越约1．8～2．4mm。侧方椎弓上下关节突间部分,以横突孔后结节为界可分为前后两部分,前者内倾角大,后者内倾角小。结论：枢椎的椎体为位于前结构下方的三角形突起部分,椎弓根位于上关节突与椎体之间,侧方椎弓上下关节突问的连接部分,被横突孔后结节分为横突孔内界及峡部。     

枢椎椎弓根的测量及其临床意义

目的:为枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定手术提供解剖学依据。方法:55例成年人枢椎干标本,分别测量其椎弓根的宽度、高度,以及枢椎椎弓根在横断面和矢状面上的角度。结果:枢椎椎弓根的宽度为(8.22±1.48)mm,高度为(8.24±0.86)mm,在横断面上内斜角为36.57°±3.18°,在矢状面上的上倾角为26.79°±2.10°。结论:枢椎椎弓根有足够的空间供椎弓根螺钉固定,椎弓根螺钉的直径应小于3.5mm,且在横断面和矢状面上要有一定的角度。     

枢椎侧方椎弓的临床解剖学测量

目的:探讨国人行枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的可行性。方法:测量57例干燥枢椎标本侧弓前部内倾角α s、上倾角Y、上宽Ws、中宽Wm、下宽W、上高Hup下高Hip及上关节突厚度Hsa,Ebraheim进针点O距下关节突外缘和下缘距离Lla和Hia钉道表观长度Ls、实际长度La,O点距上关节突后缘和峡部的距离Los和Loi。结果:左／右αs=37.78°±7.87°／40.23°±7.73°,y=62.92°±9.25°／62.41°±8.41°,Ws=7.40±1.69 mm／6.86±1.71 mm,Wm=5.18±1.48 mm／5.17±1.40 mm,Wi=4.17±1.13 mm／4.21±0.98 mm.Hsa2 07±0.94 mm／1.97±0.87 mm,Hup=5 09±1.39 mm／5.00±1.43 mm,Hip=6.05±1.48 m／5.84±1.20 mm.Lla=4.19±1.17 mm／3.94±1.06 mm,Hia=9.38±1.60 mm／9.44±1.82 mm,Ls=29.43±2.61 mm／30.02±2.70 mm,La=26.63±2.37 mm／26.42±2.72 mm,Los=6.37±1.48 mm／4.96±1.54 mm,Loi=4.42±1.30 mm／2.64±1.25 mm。左右侧分别有45.6％(26)／47.3％(27)例的Wm≤5.0 mm(3.5 mm螺钉的安全界限)。如以仅α作为进针方向,左、右侧分别有63.2％(36)、70.2％(40)的螺钉将进入对侧。结论:国人Wm偏小,3.5 mm椎弓根螺钉内固定风险较大。Ebraheim进针点偏前、偏内、偏上,进钉的内倾角偏大、上倾角偏小。应行调整。     

枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定可行性的CT测量研究

目的:探讨枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定的可行性,为临床应用提供依据。方法:利用CT扫描50例干燥枢椎标本,测量枢椎椎弓根上缘、下缘和中部的宽度以及椎弓根的内、外缘高度。结果:椎椎弓根的上缘宽度为(7.67±1.33)mm,所有标本均大于5.0mm;中部宽度平均(5.75±1.59)mm,19%小于5.0mm;下缘宽度平均(3.87±1.09)mm,84%小于5.0mm。枢椎椎弓根的缘高度平均(5.66±1.43)mm,40%小于5.0mm;内缘高度平均(8.80±0.74)mm,所有标本均大于5.0mm。结论:国人中约81%的患者适合进行枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定,术前CT扫描可明确个体的置钉可行性。     

枢椎椎弓根内固定的解剖学研究

目的通过标本测量,研究以下关节突中心点为入钉点,枢椎椎弓根螺钉的进钉方法及要点。方法50枚人尸体骨干骨标本,以下关节突中心点A为进针点,在枢椎腹侧测量椎弓根的内倾角α;在椎弓背侧,选择上关节突内缘C点为标志点,测量AC连线的冠状面内倾角β,探讨α与β的相关性。结果枢椎腹侧测量的椎弓根冠状面内倾角为43°±4°(左侧),45°±5°(右侧),均值44°±6°;枢椎背侧测量的下关节突中心点A与上关节面内缘点C的连线内倾角β为39°±5°(左侧),37°±6°(右侧),均值38°±7°;α,β差值平均为5°±2°。结论①椎椎弓根部的解剖特点决定了其椎弓根螺钉的进入方向必须非常精确,否则很容易穿出椎弓根内外壁,造成椎动脉或脊髓的损伤;②枢椎下关节中心点与上关节面内缘点的连线对于确定合理的钉道方向具有较好的参考价值。     

不同年龄寰枢椎椎弓根的数字化测量

背景：CT重建技术能够提供寰枢椎内部结构的数字化模型,并利用相关软件在模型上进行手术设计及相关参数的测量,为椎弓根螺钉的安全、有效置入提供可靠数据。 目的：综述寰枢椎数字化测量的研究进展,为椎弓根螺钉技术在寰枢椎疾患治疗应用中提供理论依据。 方法：应用计算机检索1994至2012年 PubMed数据库、维普数据库及万方数据库中有关CT重建在寰枢椎椎弓根测量中应用的文献。中文检索词为寰椎椎弓根,枢椎椎弓根,计算机辅助设计,数字化,成人,儿童。英文检索词为atlas pedicle,axis pedicle,digitization,computer-aided design,children。初检得到110篇文献,40篇文献最终进入结果分析。 结果与结论：应用CT重建技术可获得清晰的颈椎图像,应用现代数字技术直接建立椎弓根进钉通道,根据通道的位置来确定螺钉的定位点、进钉方向及长度,该方法更直接更具体更精确,能够为临床个体化置钉提供指导。国内外对成人寰枢椎椎弓根的研究已经获得了许多重要的科学数据,但关于儿童寰枢椎椎弓根研究的报道较少见。相信随着医学技术的发展和对儿童寰枢椎椎弓根进行较精准的数字化测量,儿童寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术将更加安全、准确。     

寰椎椎弓根解剖和CT测量在椎弓根螺钉固定中的意义

目的：确定寰椎后路椎弓根钉的进钉点和验证螺钉在寰椎侧块中的位置。方法：用40副干燥寰枢椎标本测量进钉点的最佳位置和相关数据，临床应用该置钉技术，CT测量6例术后病人钉在寰椎侧块中的位置和螺钉长度。结果：寰椎椎弓根平均宽度为7．78mm，进钉点在寰椎椎弓根中线外缘2．2mm，即枢椎下关节突中点的矢状线，CT测量螺钉均位于寰椎侧块内，螺钉长度为28--30mm。结论：寰椎椎弓根钉进钉点可用枢椎下关节突中点的矢状延长线来确定，螺钉长度28--30mm。     

枢椎椎弓根及其内固定的临床应用解剖

目的：为枢椎椎弓根内固定提供解剖学基础。方法：用１００例枢椎干骨标本,观测：①椎弓根的宽度以及高度;②椎弓根与枢椎椎体间的角度。结果：枢椎椎弓根上部宽度明显大于中、下部,中部宽度双侧平均为６．０±１．６ｍｍ,约８０％的枢椎椎弓根中部宽度大于４．５ｍｍ。但枢椎椎弓根的个体差异较大。结论：枢椎椎弓根的宽度以上宽判定不准确,依中宽大多数枢椎椎弓根适用于内固定。由于椎弓根的个体差异,临床上术前应常规进行枢椎椎弓根的ＣＴ扫描,以明确固定的可行性和安全性     

三维CT重建参照下徒手寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉置入内固定治疗外伤性寰枢椎不稳

背景：寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定在三维CT重建参照下比传统方法能提高置钉的准确率,减少置入并发症。 目的：探讨以寰枢椎三维CT重建为参照,进行寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗外伤性寰枢椎不稳的方法,明确其手术指导意义以及临床治疗效果。　 方法：对30例因外伤导致寰枢椎不稳需行寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗的患者内固定置入前行三维CT重建。 结果与结论：与螺钉置入前设计钉道内倾度、设计钉道测得进钉点与中线的距离比较,经C1、C2椎弓根螺钉实际钉道内倾角及进钉点与中线的距离差异均无显著性意义。30例患者观察到的C1后弓及C2椎弓表面解剖特征与置入前CT容积再现的影像一致。说明根据三维CT重建图像为参照进行寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉内固定,徒手置入,节省时间,并减少术中接收X线辐射,个性化置钉,精确、安全性高、疗效优良。     

Morphologic features of the liver in sarcoidosis]

Granulomatous hepatitis with non-caseous epithelioid-cell granulomas (43 cases, 86%) and non-specific reactive hepatitis (7 cases, 14%) were observed in liver biopsies of 50 patients with sarcoidosis. Three types of granulomas are distinguished: macrophagal, florid and fading epithelioid-cell granulomas which are consequent stages of the granuloma transformation. Fibrosis arises in the macrophagal granuloma, is increasing in both epithelioid-cell granulomas and is ended by a formation of a small scar. Nonspecific liver changes were also found (hydropic and fat hepatocyte degeneration, hypertrophy and proliferation of the stellate reticulo-endotheliocytes, sinuses capillarization, lymphoid-histiocytic infiltration of the intralobular stroma and portal tract, step-like necrosis which are probably induced by the action of the sarcoidosis unknown etiological factor.     

直肠系膜的形态学特点及其临床意义

目的：以直肠系膜为中心，探讨直肠癌手术切除术的最佳的解剖层次。方法：应用尸体标本27例、新鲜尸体标本10例、临床取材标本10例，分别进行解剖、测量及灌注。结果：直肠系膜是由直肠周围包裹在盆脏筋膜周围之内的脂肪组织、神经、血管、淋巴管等组成。直肠系膜上端与乙状结肠系膜相连续，下端与直肠肛管相连接，盆腔内的生殖管道，髂内血管，盆自主神经及盆腔侧壁的肌肉均为壁层筋膜覆盖，外面是一层光滑的盆脏筋膜，长8～10cm，宽6～8cm，直视下清晰可见脂肪、毛细血管等。结论：直肠系膜是被盆筋膜脏层完整地包裹着的脂肪、血管和淋巴即称为直肠系膜，是一独立的解剖单位；从常规病理可见直肠系膜是由脂肪、血管和淋巴组织组成；MRI及VCH上直肠系膜清晰可见。     

输卵管的形态观测及临床意义

目的通过对育龄期妇女输卵管内部形态的观察和测量,提供输卵管各部位的活体和离体数据,为输卵管生育和节育研究提供科学依据。方法输卵管造影100例、宫腔镜检查30例和离体标本20例进行输卵管各部位长度,径线及内口的形态的观察和测量,采用两样本t检验进行分析。结果⑴造影观测双侧输卵管内口直径为(1.07±0.48)mm;间质部中段(0.50±0.22)mm;间质部远端(0.32±0.12)mm;峡部内径(0.46±0.28)mm;壶腹部内径(2.43±1.45)mm;间质部长度(5.27±4.28)mm;峡部长度(24.35±12.27)mm;壶腹部长度(39.94±22.05)mm;总长(70.78±32.07)mm。⑵宫腔镜观测内口为圆形占76.7%和椭圆形占23.3%;⑶离体标本观测内口周径(5.87±1.46)mm;峡部周径(2.83±1.87)mm;间质部长度(6.73±2.49)mm;峡部长度(20.56±7.61)mm;全长(85.42±22.93)mm。结论⑴输卵管是内外口扩大而内径不均匀走行曲折迂回的管道,间质部呈漏斗状,最狭窄的部位在间质部远端。⑵了解输卵管的内部形态对生育和节育的研究都具有重要意义。     

肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的形态学变异和免疫组织化学特征

目的探讨肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(AML)的临床病理学和免疫组织化学特征、诊断和鉴别诊断要点。方法对44例手术切除肝AML的临床病理学特征进行详细分析,并对10种免疫组织化学标志物的表达状况进行检测。结果肿瘤由平滑肌细胞、厚壁血管及脂肪3种成分混合组成,根据瘤组织成分的比例可分为经典型(13例)、肌细胞为主型(25例)、脂肪细胞为主型(4例)、血管瘤型(2例);肌细胞可呈多种形态变异,主要有上皮样细胞型、中间细胞型、梭形细胞型、嗜酸细胞型和多形细胞型5种;8例可见髓外造血。免疫组织化学染色显示,瘤细胞呈HMB45(44／44,100％)、SMA(38／38,100％)和CD117(30／38,78．9％)阳性。结论肝AML形态学变异较大,容易造成误诊,HMB45阳性瘤细胞具有重要的诊断意义,CD117可作为诊断AML的一个有用的辅助标记物。     

Morphologic features resembling transplant rejection in core biopsies of native livers from patients with Hepatitis C

Morphologic differentiation of recurrent Hepatitis C from transplant rejection is a major problem in posttransplant liver biopsies. Although biopsies of the native livers from patients with Hepatitis C are known to display bile duct damage, other morphologic features similar to those seen in rejection, such as endotheliitis, portal eosinophils, and pericentral fibrosis, are not generally acknowledged. To determine the frequency with which features morphologically similar to rejection might be present, we examined 50 cases of core-needle biopsy from the native livers of patients with Hepatitis C for the presence of the following: bile duct damage, portal eosinophils, portal or central vein endotheliitis, ductopenia, vascular obliteration, pericentral fibrosis, and pericentral mononuclear cell infiltrate. Biopsy specimens with other concurrent disease processes were excluded. The frequency of each morphologic feature was as follows: bile duct damage (30%), portal eosinophils (42%), portal endotheliitis (20%), central vein endotheliitis (0%), pericentral mononuclear cell infiltrate (14%), ductopenia (2%), atrophic-looking bile ducts (2%), vascular obliteration (0%), and pericentral fibrosis (10%). Bile duct damage and portal endotheliitis were both more common with higher grade hepatitis (Fisher exact test, P = .001). None of the morphologic parameters correlated with biopsy stage, viral genotype, or liver function tests. We conclude that features similar to those found in acute rejection are common in Hepatitis C, whereas features resembling chronic rejection are less frequent. This study provides quantitative data that supports the need to interpret these features with great caution in posttransplant liver biopsies from patients with recurrent Hepatitis C who are suspected of rejection.     

Morphologic and immunohistochemical features of fulminant delta hepatitis

Recent studies have indicated that some cases of fulminant hepatitis that were ostensibly type B were actually acute viral hepatitis, types B and delta, or persistent hepatitis, type B with superimposed acute delta infection. Histologic characterization of the various types has not yet been undertaken. Within ten to 37 days of the onset of initial symptoms, liver tissues from a total of 16 patients who had acute delta hepatitis with fulminant clinical courses were examined. Tissues were from biopsies in nine cases and from autopsies in seven. Based on the serologic absence of IgM hepatitis B core antibody, chronic forms of hepatitis B with acute delta infection were diagnosed in five of the 16 patients. The underlying liver disease in three of these five patients was identifiable as chronic active hepatitis with fibrosis, and that in the others was apparently persistent hepatitis B. Coded liver tissues from these seven autopsies were evaluated without the knowledge of serologic diagnosis for qualitative and quantitative light microscopic features, together with autopsy liver tissues from five patients with fulminant B hepatitis without serologic evidence of delta infection and five patients with fulminant non-A, non-B hepatitis. No specific features that would allow discrimination among these three types of hepatitis were found.     

Morphologic features of the endothelial lining of the blood vessels and endocardium

The endothelial lining (EL) of ventricular endocardium and coronary arteries of a dog, minipig and humans, as well as that of the abdominal aorta of a rat and superior vena cava (minipig) was studied using luminescent microscope in the reflected light after staining of the non-fixed tissue with thioflavine-T and argentation. Marked heterogeneity of the endotheliocytes was shown to be both specific and depending on the localization of the cells in the cardiovascular system. Comparative analysis of EL in different animal species and in man, as well as in different parts of the CVS, indicated the relationship between the cellular morphologic features and local hemodynamics.     

Unusual site of an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the mesenchymal hepatic pedicle

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of children. Tumors arising in the extrahepatic biliary tree are extremely rare (less than 1% of cases). In this location, most are RMS of the botryoid type. We report a case of a 10-year-old child with embryonal RMS arising in the mesenchyma of the hepatic pedicle. Most tumor cells were large, round with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. A few cells were small round or spindle-shaped. Tumor cells showed positive immunostaining for muscle markers: desmin and sarcomeric actin. Electron microscopy revealed 2 types of cells: some were undifferentiated and others showed striated muscle differentiation features.     

Morphologic features of chronic otitis media in children]

Surgical material from the middle ear of 80 children at the age of 5 months to 15 years who suffered from chronic otitis media as well as 20 temporal bones of foetuses (24-36 weeks) and stillborns without ear diseases are studied. It is established that the character of topography and inflammation in the ear is associated with persistence of myxoid tissue and a low degree of differentiation in the retrotympanic regions of the middle ear this excluding the possibility of its functioning as a local immune barrier. Myxoid tissue is the main reactive substrate of purulent otoantritis and otomastoiditis in children of early age and, as mesenchymal tissue with angioplastic potencies, may be regarded as a conductor of a secondary cholesteatoma of the attico-antral region.