2型糖尿病患者餐后甘油三酯水平与血管并发症关系的研究

目的 研究２型糖尿病患者餐后甘油三酯水平与血管并发症的关系。方法 ４４例２型糖尿病患者以空腹和餐后４小时甘油三酯（ＴＧ和ＴＧ４ｈ）水平分组：空腹及餐后ＴＧ正常组（１９例）、空腹正常餐后增高组（１４例）、空腹增高组（１０例）、分析其血管并发症的发生情况,结果 按上述分组次序,微血管并发症发生率分别为２１．０５％、４２．８５％和７０％,大血管并发症分别为１０．５２％、５７．１４％和８０％。前两组微血管     

2型糖尿病患者餐后血脂变化与胰岛素和血糖的相关分析

目的 探讨２型糖尿病患者餐后血脂变化及其与胰岛素和血糖的关系。方法 测定６０例２型糖尿病患者空腹及餐后２ｈ血脂、载脂蛋白、胰岛素（Ｉｎｓ）及血糖（ＰＧ）,并与３０例正常人作对照。结果 （１）糖尿病组与正常组比较表明,空腹及餐后２ｈＰＧ、Ｉｎｓ、甘油三脂（ＴＧ）无显著增高（Ｐ〈０．０５）;高密度脂蛋白（ＨＤＬ）及载脂蛋白Ａ１／载脂蛋白Ｂ１００（ａｐｏＡ、／ａｐｏＢ１００）比值均显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０５     

脂餐后血清甘油三酯代谢异常作为冠心病独立危险因素的探讨

目的 为探讨血清富含甘油三酯脂蛋白（ＴＧＲＬ）代谢异常与ＣＨＤ的关系。本研究以脂肪餐负荷后血清甘油三酯（ＴＧ）的反应水平作为反映血清ＴＧＲＬ代谢状况的敏感指标，进行独立危险因素的探讨。方法 ４６例冠状动脉造影确诊的冠心病患者（ＣＨＤ组）及３４例健康人（对照组）禁食１２￣１４小时后，均接受标准胆肪餐负荷试验。分别于餐前（０小时）及餐后２、４、６、８小时采血测定血清ＴＧ浓度及空腹表总胆固醇（ＴＧ）、高     

高脂餐后内皮依赖性血管舒张功能变化及其影响因素

目的：探讨高脂餐后血清甘油三酯（ＴＧ）代谢与内皮依赖性血管舒功能变化的关系。方法７５例血清总胆固醇（ＴＧ）正常的受试在禁食１２ｈ后,接受高脂餐负荷试验。分别采集餐前及餐后２、４、５、７ｈ静脉血标本,用以测定血清ＴＧ浓度以及血清ＴＣ、低密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）、高密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）浓度。采用高分辨血管外超声法检测餐前及餐后４ｈ肱动脉血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能。结果餐后２     

餐后高甘油三酯血症与糖尿病患者的冠状动脉病变程度关系的研究

目的探讨餐后高甘油三酯(TG)血症与糖尿病患者的冠状动脉病变程度的关系。方法选取该院2013年3月—2015年6月收治的180例2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象,按空腹TG及脂肪餐后TG水平将其分为餐后正常组、餐后增高组以及空腹高脂组3组。对3组的血糖与血脂指标进行测定,同时比较3组冠状动脉病变程度。结果餐后正常组的空腹TG、4h TG均明显低于餐后增高组与空腹增高组,餐后增高组又明显低于空腹高脂组(P0.01);餐后正常组患者的双支病变、多支病变率均显著低于餐后增高组与空腹高脂组(P0.05)。结论 2型糖尿病患者餐后高TG血症是引发冠状动脉病变的危险因素。     

高甘油三酯血症是非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病发病的危险因素──432例非糖尿病人群六年前瞻性观察

为了解高甘油三酯血症与糖尿病发病的关系，在４３２例非糖尿病人群中分析了空腹血浆甘油三酯（ＦＴＧ）水平对糖尿病发病率的影响。按初检时ＦＴＧ水平从低到高，以计算机分成三组，最高甘油三酯（ＴＧ）组（为２．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，相当于２２１．４ｍｇ／ｄｌ），６年非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病发病率是最低ＴＧ组（为０．７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，相当于６０．３ｍｇ／ｄｌ）的２．３倍（３８．６％对１６．６％，Ｐ＜０．０１），６年后口服葡萄糖耐量试验２小时血糖（ＯＧＴＴＢＧ２ｈ）平均值高２．４ｍｍｏｌ／以（４３ｍｇ／ｄｌ，即１８０．３ｍｇ／ｄｌ对１３７．４ｍｇ／ｄｌ）。进行多因素线性回归分析，调整年龄、性别、空腹血糖（ＦＢＧ）和体重指数诸影响因素后，ＦＴＧ水平仍与６年后ＯＧＴＴＢＧ２ｈ水平显著正相关（Ｐ＝０．０３３５）。表明ＦＴＧ水平升高是糖尿病发病的独立危险因素。     

一种新的糖代谢监测指标——血清1，5-脱水山梨醇

目的 评价１，５－脱水山梨醇（１，５－ＡＧ）作为一项新指标在糖代谢监测中的临床意义。方法 对５７例非糖尿病对照和１１０例２型糖尿病患者进行研究，对照组测定空腹血糖和１，５－ＡＧ。２型糖尿病患者测定空腹及餐后２小时血糖、糖基化血红蛋白（ＨｂＡ１ｃ）、果糖胺（ＦＭＮ）、１，５－ＡＧ，尿白蛋白（Ａｌｂ）、尿肌酐（Ｃｒ），并计算尿白蛋白指数（Ａｌｂ／Ｃｒ）。部分患者（４５例）第二天行血糖监测，计算Ｍ值＾［     

2型糖尿病,糖耐量低减及糖尿病患者亲属胰岛β细胞功能变 …

目的 观察四川地区２型糖尿病（ＤＭ）患者、糖耐量低减（ＩＧＴ）者及糖尿因缘亲属的胰岛β细胞功能的变化，包括血中脂岛素原（ＰＩ）水平的变化及其意义。方法 采用特异性胰岛素（Ｉ）、Ｃ肽（ＣＰ）和人脂岛素原放射免疫式剂盒（均为美国Ｌｉｎｃｏ公司产品），测定了糖耐量正常（ＮＧＴ）对照组者（Ａ组，４９例）、型ＤＭ血缘亲属ＮＧＴ者（Ｂ组，５２例）、ＩＧＴ／空腹血糖升高（ＩＦＧ）者（Ｃ组，３３例）和新诊断的２型     

糖耐量低减患者动态血压的改变

为观察糖耐量低减（ＩＧＴ）患者动态血压（ＡＢＰＭ）的改变，对血压正常和血压增高的ＩＧＴ患者各２０例进行２４小时ＡＢＰＭ监测及各项生化指标检查，并设有糖耐量正常组和糖尿病组进行对照研究。结果ＩＧＴ患者２４小时ＡＢＰＭ的变化与糖耐量正常者相似，但具有夜间血压增高和昼夜血压差值减小的趋势。血压昼夜节律异常的ＩＧＴ患者ＡＢＰＭ的改变为夜间血压升高。表明ＩＧＴ患者已开始出现早期的血压改变。     

康立舒胶囊治疗2型糖尿病观察

对２型糖尿病６０例，单独使用康立舒胶囊２粒一日３次。２个月。前后观察空腹血糖（ＦＰＧ）、餐后２小时血糖（２ｈＰＧ），ＨｂＡ１ｃ、腺岛素（ＩＮＳ）、血尿酸（ＵＡ）及血常规、肝功、肾功变化。结果：治疗后ＦＰＧ及２ｈＰＧ明显下降（Ｐ＝０．００１，Ｐ＝２．７８７），ＨｂＡ１ｃ平均下和１．７３％（Ｐ＝０．０５１）、甘油三酯（ＴＧ）下降０．５９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ（Ｐ＝０．０１５）。空腹及餐后２小时ＩＮＳ无明显变化（Ｐ＝０．１９７）。未发现血常规、肝功、肾功能的改变。结论：康立舒胶囊单独治疗轻、中型ＤＭ２能够降低血糖、ＴＧ，对胰岛素分泌无明显影响。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.