早期有创干预对高危无ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征近远期预后的影响

目的探讨早期有创干预对高危无ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者的近远期预后影响。方法2001年10月至2003年10月期间连续入院的无ST段抬高ACS患者545例,随机分成早期保守治疗组(284例)与早期有创干预组(261例),随访患者30d与6个月的复合心血管事件(包括心脏性死亡、非致命性心肌梗死、非致命性心力衰竭、因反复缺血性心绞痛发作住院),评价早期有创干预对肌钙蛋白(Tn)Ⅰ或高敏感C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平增高的高危患者近、远期预后的影响。结果与早期保守治疗组比较,早期有创干预降低随访30d时的反复心绞痛发作住院事件及随访30d与6个月时的复合心血管事件(P值均<0·05);亚组分析示早期有创干预可明显降低TnI增高或hs-CRP增高患者30d及6个月的复合心血管事件及6个月硬性终点事件发生率(均P值<0·01),对TnI或hs-CRP水平正常者,早期有创干预无明显优势。结论早期有创干预能明显降低TnI或hs-CRP水平增高的高危患者的心血管事件,改善患者的近、远期预后。     

血浆脑钠素在非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征中的变化及其意义

目的探讨血浆脑钠素(BNP)在非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者中的变化,并分析其判断预后及指导治疗的价值。方法在2004年6月至2005年5月间连续入院的非ST段抬高的ACS患者共65例,入院时检测血浆BNP水平。并随机分为保守治疗组和有创干预组,随访6个月复合心血管事件发生,评价BNP在判断预后中的价值。结果非ST段抬高ACS患者及健康对照组的血浆BNP水平分别是(139.6±112.7)pg/ml、(20.1±9.1)pg/ml,两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,BNP是患者复合心血管事件危险性的独立预测因子(OR=2.96,95%CI:2.62～11.32,P<0.01)。有创干预可以降低BNP水平减少6个月复合心血管事件发生率。结论非ST段抬高ACS患者血浆BNP水平在早期即明显升高,是患者复合心血管事件危险性的独立预测因子,有创干预能明显减少非ST段抬高ACS患者的复合心血管事件。     

心肌梗死溶栓试验危险评分对无ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征患者不同干预策略的影响

目的探讨心肌梗死溶栓试验（TIMI）危险评分对无ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）患者不同干预策略的影响。方法将2001年10月至2003年10月期间连续入院的无ST段抬高ACS患者共545例,随机分成早期保守治疗组（284例）与早期有创干预组（261例）,并根据TIMI危险评分分为低分组、中分组和高分组,随访30天与6个月的复合心血管事件（包括心脏性死亡、非致命性心肌梗死、非致命性心力衰竭、反复缺血性心绞痛发作住院事件）,评价不同TIMI危险评分对两种干预策略疗效的影响。结果早期有创干预组的随访30天反复心绞痛发作住院事件[3．5％（9／261）]及30天与6个月复合心血管事件[分别为10．0％（26／261）,21．1％（55／261）]低于随访同时期的早期保守治疗组[分别为8．1％（23／284）、16．9％（48／284）和28．2％（80／284）,均P〈0．05];早期有创干预组随访30天TIMI危险评分高分组[12．2％（5／41）]和随访6个月的高分组及中分组患者的复合心血管事件发生率[22．0％（9／41）,12．7％（20／158）]明显低于随访同时期保守治疗组[随访30天高分组37．3％（19／51）;随访6个月高分组74．5％（38／51）,中分组30．4％（49／161）;均P〈0．01];在TIMI危险评分低分组中两种治疗对策对心血管事件的影响差异无统计学意义。结论在TIMI危险评分高及中分组无ST段抬高ACS患者中,早期有创干预较早期保守治疗策略能明显降低复合心血管事件、改善预后;对TIMI危险评分低分组者,两种干预策略的疗效无明显著别。     

肌钙蛋白I对非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征临床转归的预测价值

目的　前瞻、多中心、随机对照研究肌钙蛋白(Tn)I阳性的非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征病人(NSTEACS)发生心血管事件的危险程度,探讨TnI对其临床预后的预测价值。方法在10个医院入选起病后24h内就诊的NSTEACS患者,随机接受早期介入或保守治疗。随访30d和6个月,观察终点为心血管事件,包括心脏性死亡、非致命性心肌梗死、非致命性心力衰竭、因反复心绞痛发作住院。结果　6个月时,TnI阳性组患者因反复心绞痛住院及复合心血管事件明显增多,与TnI阴性组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0 01)。早期介入干预可明显降低TnI阳性患者30d及6个月的复合心血管事件发生率(P值均<0 01)。结论　TnI阳性患者6个月心血管事件较TnI阴性者明显增加,TnI阳性是NSTEACS患者的预后预测因素。早期介入干预治疗能减少TnI阳性患者随访期内心血管事件的发生,不能使TnI阴性患者从中受益。     

心电图变化及肌钙蛋白水平对无ST段抬高的急性冠状动脉综合征患者的危险分层与预后预测的价值

目的　探讨心电图变化及肌钙蛋白水平对无ST段抬高的急性冠状动脉综合征患者的危险分层与预后预测的价值。方法　自 2 0 0 0年 7月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月 ,在急诊室因急性胸痛拟诊不稳定性心绞痛及无ST段抬高心肌梗死而收入住院且记录资料完整的连续 2 56例患者。入急诊室后仔细询问病史、查体 ,并在 10min内完成常规 18导联心电图检查 ,将患者入院时心电图的改变分为ST段压低组 (包括伴有T波倒置者 )、单纯T波倒置组、尚不能诊断的心电图组及正常心电图组 ,同时床旁抽静脉血做肌钙蛋白I(TnI)检测。并据TnI水平将患者分成TnI阳性组 (TnI定量检测≥ 0 1μg/L)和TnI阴性组 (TnI <0 1μg/L )。观察各组住院期主要心血管事件 (心脏性死亡、非致命性心肌梗死、反复缺血性心绞痛发作 ) ,并随访 1～ 12 (7 2± 3 8)个月主要心血管事件变化。结果　与正常心电图组比较 ,ST段压低组的反复心绞痛发作及复合心血管事件明显增多。 3 2 1%的不稳定性心绞痛及所有无ST段抬高心肌梗死患者的TnI阳性 ,TnI阳性组有明确冠心病诊断者较TnI阴性组多 ,TnI阳性组较TnI阴性组的住院期非致命性心肌梗死发生率增高 ,住院期与随访期反复心绞痛发作增加 ,总心脏性病死率也上升 ,且复合心血管事件显著增多。对复合心血管事件的预测 ,T     

肌钙蛋白Ⅰ及肌红蛋白对非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征的预后评价

目的探讨肌钙蛋白(troponinI,TnI)、肌红蛋白(myoglobin,Mb)对非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征病人预后的预测价值。方法因急性胸痛拟诊非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征病人而连续收入院的120例病人,入院后仔细询问病史、检查体格,并在10min内完成常规12导联心电图检查,同时测定静脉血TnI、Mb。以血TnI1.0μg/L将病人分成TnI阳性组和TnI阴性组;Mb70μg/L分为Mb阳性组和阴性组。随访各组6个月主要心血管事件发生率。结果TnI阳性组及Mb阳性组的随访期因反复心绞痛住院及复合心管事件显著增多。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,TnI阳性较Mb阳性及ST段压低因素对病人随访期复合心血管事件有独立预测价值。结论TnI及Mb水平对非ST段抬高ACS病人的危险分层及心血管事件预测有重要价值。     

低分子肝素钙治疗非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征疗效观察

目的:观察低分子肝素钙治疗肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(TnI)阳性和TnI阴性非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征(NSTE ACS)的疗效及价值。方法:NSTE ACS160例住院患者,TnI阳性者和TnI阴性者分别随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组常规治疗同时加低分子肝素钙,对照组仅接受常规治疗。随访30d、6个月,观察心血管事件发生率。结果:TnI阳性治疗组患者因反复心绞痛住院及复合心血管事件发生率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而TnI阴性患者中治疗组与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:早期低分子肝素钙干预治疗能减少TnI阳性患者随访期内心血管事件发生率,但不能使TnI阴性患者从中受益。     

心肌梗死溶栓疗法危险评分在无ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征患者危险分层中的作用

目的　探讨心肌梗死溶栓疗法 (TIMI)危险评分在无ST段抬高的急性冠状动脉综合征 (ACS)患者危险分层及预后预测中的作用。方法　连续收入住院且随访资料齐全的无ST段抬高的ACS患者 2 4 8例 ,仔细询问病史、体检、心电图检查及检测心肌损伤标志物变化。按TIMI危险评分的 7个变量进行计分 ,将患者分成不同的危险层次。分析患者危险评分值对住院期与随访期复合心血管事件的影响。结果　复合心血管事件 (共 4 1例 )的发生随评分增加而呈进行性增高。对比分析TIMI危险评分与肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)水平对复合心血管事件的预测性 ,显示 4 1例复合心血管事件中cTnI阳性组占 38例 ,cTnI阳性患者的复合心血管事件发生率也随TIMI危险评分值增加而逐渐增高。结论　TIMI危险评分用于无ST段抬高ACS患者的危险分层与预后预测操作方便、实用、有效 ,且较单用cTnI检测或许更能显示出对危险分层与预后预测的量化特性     

非ST段抬高的急性冠状动脉综合征患者早期介入治疗与单纯药物治疗对预后的影响

目的探讨非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者早期介入治疗与单纯药物治疗对预后的影响。方法收集2005年9月至2007年11月入院的非ST段抬高ACS患者共181例临床资料,分成单纯药物治疗组和介入治疗组,随访患者发病30d和6个月心血管不良事件的发生率。结果与早期单纯药物治疗相比,早期介入治疗能够降低30d和6个月时心血管不良事件(P<0.05)。经随访,中危患者早期介入治疗组与药物治疗组30d时心血管不良事件发生率分别为8.1%和9.5%,6个月随访时分别为11.7%和15.0%,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);高危患者心血管不良事件30 d时的发生率分别为14.6%和43.4%,6个月时发生率分别为25.8%和86.9%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于中危患者早期介入治疗和药物保守治疗对心脏事件的影响差异无统计学意义,而对于高危患者早期介入治疗可显著降低近期和远期的心脏事件的发生率。     

心电图对非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征危险分层的价值

目的探讨心电图变化对非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者危险分层的价值。方法自2006年1月-2007年7月，在我院因急性胸痛拟诊不稳定型心绞痛及非ST段抬高心肌梗死而收入住院且记录资料完整的616例患者。人院后采集病史、查体，并在10min内完成常规18导联心电图检查，将患者人院时心电图的改变分为ST段压低组（包括伴有T波倒置者）、单纯T波倒置组、尚不能诊断的心电图组及正常心电图组；又将ST段压低组分为：胸前导联（V4-V6）ST段压低合并负向T波、胸前导联ST段压低合并正向T波、其他导联ST段压低合并正向T波、其他导联ST段压低合并负向T波4组。观察各组住院期主要心血管事件（心脏性死亡、非致命性心肌梗死、反复缺血性心绞痛发作），并随访1-12（7．2±3．8）个月，观察主要心血管事件变化。结果与正常心电图组比较；ST段压低组的复合心血管事件明显增多。胸前导联ST段压低合并T波倒置组的患者较其他导联ST段压低合并或不合并T波倒置组的复合心血管事件明显增多。结论．心电图的ST段变化对非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者的危险分层及心血管事件预测均有重要价值。     

非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征的预后危险因素与危险评分

目的：探讨非 ST 段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征的预后危险因素及不同危险评分的预测预后价值。方法：2003年1月至2004年4月期间,连续入院且资料完整的非 ST 段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征患者337例,随访 30天与1年的终点事件(心原性死亡和非致命性心肌梗死)。根据入院时的临床指标分别计算每例患者的心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验(TIMI)评分和全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(GRACE)评分,进行多变量回归分析,筛查30天和1年时心血管事件的预测危险因素(根据有无终点事件发生分为30天事件组、30天无事件组和1年事件组、1年无事件组)；分析 TIMI 评分和 GRACE 评分的预后价值,以及与血运重建的相互关系。结果：随访1年共发生终点事件57例(16.9%)。死亡19例(5.6%),非致死性心肌梗北38例(11.3%)。预测危险因素包括：年龄、血肌酐升高、入院时心率、左心室射血分数＜0.40和高血压。TIMI 评分和 GRACE 评分方法预测30天终点事件的敏感性和特异性相似,但 GRACE 评分预测1年终点事件的敏感性和特异性优于 TIMI 评分,GRACE 评分＞ 133分的患者进行血运重建治疗后远期终点事件发生率明显下降(P=0.01)。结论：除传统危险因素外,血肌酐水平升高是非 ST 段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征患者预后的重要危险因素；GRACE 评分较 TIMI 评分能更好的预测非 ST 段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征患者1年的终点事件危险,GRACE 评分＞133分的患者进行血运重建的获益更多。     

Risk Stratification and Timing of Revascularization: Which Patients Benefit from Early Versus Later Revascularization?

In acute coronary syndromes, risk stratification is essential, particularly in patients without ST elevation, and is based upon clinical, electrocardiogram (ECG), and biological markers. Among them, recent and repeated attacks of angina, ST-segment deviation from baseline on the admission ECG as well as elevated markers of myonecrosis (particularly increased troponin levels), myocardial dysfunction (B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP]; N-terminal prohormone of BNP[NT-proBNP]), and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) are predictors of an adverse outcome. These variables can be incorporated into broader risk predictive scores, among which the TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) and GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) scores are the most widely used. Two general therapeutic strategies (routine invasive vs conservative or selective invasive) are employed in the treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS). Evidence-based analysis and the current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions clinical practice guidelines recommend an early invasive treatment strategy (8-24?h) for intermediate or high clinical risk patients with NSTEACS.     

Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Coronary Syndrome After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

ObjectivesThis study sought to address a knowledge gap by examining the incidence, timing, and predictors of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in Medicare beneficiaries.BackgroundEvidence about incidence and outcomes of ACS after TAVR is scarce.MethodsWe identified Medicare patients who underwent TAVR from 2012 to 2017 and were admitted with ACS during follow-up. We compared outcomes based on the type of ACS: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina. In patients with non–ST-segment elevation ACS, we compared outcomes based on the treatment strategy (invasive vs. conservative) using inverse probability weighting analysis.ResultsOut of 142,845 patients with TAVR, 6,741 patients (4.7%) were admitted with ACS after a median time of 297 days (interquartile range: 85 to 662 days), with 48% of admissions occurring within 6 months. The most common presentation was NSTEMI. Predictors of ACS were history of coronary artery disease, prior revascularization, diabetes, valve-in-TAVR, and acute kidney injury. STEMI was associated with higher 30-day and 1-year mortality compared with NSTEMI (31.4% vs. 15.5% and 51.2% vs. 41.3%, respectively; p < 0.01). Overall, 30.3% of patients with non–ST-segment elevation ACS were treated with invasive approach. On inverse probability weighting analysis, invasive approach was associated with lower adjusted long-term mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.69; 95% confidence interval: 0.66 to 0.73; p < 0.01) and higher risk of repeat revascularization (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.29; 95% confidence interval: 1.16 to 1.43; p < 0.001).ConclusionsAfter TAVR, ACS is infrequent (<5%), and the most common presentation is NSTEMI. Occurrence of STEMI after TAVR is associated with a high mortality with nearly one-third of patients dying within 30 days. Optimization of care is needed for post-TAVR ACS patients and if feasible, invasive approach should be considered in these high-risk patients.     

Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in patients treated with tirofiban, aspirin and an early conservative initial management strategy: results from the A phase of the A-to-Z trial.

AIMS: In high risk patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS), enoxaparin is generally preferred to unfractionated heparin (UFH). However, less is known about the relative merits of these two forms of heparin in patients receiving concomitant glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. METHODS AND RESULTS: The A phase of the A-to-Z trial was an open label non-inferiority trial in which 3987 patients with non-ST elevation ACS were randomised to receive either enoxaparin or UFH in combination with aspirin and tirofiban. Inclusion required either ST depression or cardiac biomarker elevation. While the selection of an early management strategy (invasive or conservative) was at the discretion of the local investigator, investigators were asked to designate their plans for an invasive or conservative strategy on the case record form. An early conservative strategy was specified for 1778 patients (45%); this subgroup forms the population for the present analyses. Among patients with a planned conservative strategy, baseline characteristics were similar between those randomised to UFH (n = 872) and those randomised to enoxaparin (n = 906). The primary endpoint of death, new MI, or documented refractory ischaemia within 7 days of randomisation occurred in 10.6% of patients randomised to UFH and 7.7% of patients randomised to enoxaparin (HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.53-0.99; p = 0.04). The combined rate of TIMI major, minor, or loss no-site bleeding was 1.3% in patients treated with UFH and 1.8% in those treated with enoxaparin (p = ns). CONCLUSIONS: When a conservative approach to catheterisation and PCI was planned for ACS patients receiving tirofiban and aspirin, enoxaparin was associated with superior efficacy and similar bleeding vs UFH.     

Prospective analysis of creatine kinase muscle-brain fraction and comparison with troponin T to predict cardiac risk and benefit of an invasive strategy in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether elevation of plasma creatine kinase muscle-brain fraction (CK-MB) would be useful to triage patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) to early angiography/revascularization. BACKGROUND: It is unknown whether the measurement of CK-MB is effective for triage to an aggressive management strategy. METHOD: Patients in the Treat Angina With Aggrastat and Determine Cost of Therapy With an Invasive or Conservative Strategy (TACTICS-TIMI) 18 study received aspirin, heparin, and tirofiban for treatment of ACS, were randomized to an invasive or a conservative strategy (angiography/revascularization between 4 and 48 h), and were followed up for a composite end point of death, myocardial infarction, or rehospitalization for ACS.Of 2,220 patients, CK-MB was elevated in 826 (37%). Of the patients with negative CK-MB, troponin T was elevated in 361 (31.2%). Event rates at 30 and 180 days were twice as high in patients with elevated CK-MB than in patients without elevated CK-MB. Both groups had similar benefit from an invasive strategy; there was no evidence of interaction between CK-MB elevation and strategy on the composite end point at 30 or 180 days. When patients were stratified according to both CK-MB and troponin status, there was evidence of a benefit in the invasive strategy among patients who were CK-negative but troponin-positive (odds ratios [95% confidence interval]: 0.13 [0.04 to 0.39] at 30 days and 0.29 [0.16 to 0.52] at 180 days). CONCLUSION: Patients with minimal amounts of recent onset myonecrosis but elevated risk as indicated by CK-MB and troponin, respectively, benefit most from invasive management. Determination of troponin levels yielded significant information regarding triage to an invasive strategy, particularly in CK-MB-negative patients.     

Quantitative analysis of the admission electrocardiogram identifies patients with unstable coronary artery disease who benefit the most from early invasive treatment

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the effect of an early invasive treatment strategy differed between patients sub-grouped according to their severity of myocardial ischemia, as evaluated by quantitative electrocardiographic (ECG) analysis at the time of presentation. The present study is a sub-study of the previously published Fast Revascularization during InStability in Coronary artery disease trial (FRISC-II). BACKGROUND: An early invasive treatment strategy has been shown to be the preferable treatment for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The population of patients with unstable coronary artery disease is heterogeneous regarding both the underlying pathology and prognosis. Early risk stratification is important to select patient subgroups that will benefit the most from a given treatment. METHODS: In 2,201 patients with non-ST-segment elevation ACS, the ischemic burden at hospital admission was determined by quantitative measurements of ST-T-segment deviations on the ECG. The patients were subsequently sub-grouped in tertiles based on the amount of ST-segment deviation. The primary end point for this analysis was death or myocardial infarction (MI) within one year after study inclusion. RESULTS: The invasive treatment strategy produced a reduction of approximately 50% in death or MI among the patients with intermediate or major ST-segment deviation. The findings were independent of age, gender, or troponin T status. The patients with confounding factors precluding ST analysis had a poor outcome regardless of the treatment strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic burden on the admission ECG identifies patients with ACS who benefit the most from an invasive treatment strategy. When the standard ECG is scrutinized with complete quantitative measurements, it provides independent information on prognosis and benefit of treatment.