人工耳蜗植入术后NRT与EABR动态变化研究

目的观察人工耳蜗植入后短期神经反应遥测（neural response telemetry,NRT）、电诱发听性脑干反应（electrically auditory brainstem response EABR）的动态变化,探讨人工耳蜗植入术后神经传导通路的动态变化。方法：对12例极重度感音神经性聋患者分别于人工耳蜗植入术后1月（开机）及术后2月（开机1月）行NRT、EABR检测,观察NRT、EABR阈值及EABR波v潜伏期变化。结果：术后1月及术后2月NRT阈值无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;术后2月与术后1月相比,20号电极EABR阈值显著降低（P〈0．05）、EABR波V潜伏期显著缩短（P〈0．05）。10号、3号电极在两个不同时间点EABR阈值、EABR波V潜伏期均无显著性差异（P〈0．05）.结论：人工耳蜗植入术后短期内,NRT阈值变化不明显,而EABR阈值、波V潜伏期在发生变化,提示人工耳蜗术后患者的听觉神经传导通路具有动态变化趋势。     

听神经病人工耳蜗植入术中EABR监测及其疗效评估

目的:探讨听神经病的病变部位并观察听神经病人工耳蜗植入术后的疗效。方法:选择在我院行人工耳蜗植入术的8例听神经病患者,同时筛选背景接近的8例非听神经病极重度聋人工耳蜗植入患者作为对照组进行配对。回顾性分析2组患者术前听力学资料;术中耳蜗植入前采用自制电极行电刺激听性脑干诱发反应(EABR)评估听觉通路;植入后检测神经反应遥测(NRT)、EABR;并随访术后调机T、C值,采用听觉行为分级标准(CAP)、言语可懂度分级标准、言语识别率评估术前和开机后1年时听力言语情况。结果:8例听神经病患者术中植入前均可引出EABR波形,但是波形较正常有变异,需要刺激量加大或者调整参数,Ⅴ波潜伏期长短不一;植入耳蜗后NRT反应好,EABR和术中测试波形接近。术后开机均有听性反应,随访开机T、C值与对照组差异无统计学意义;听神经病组患者术前及开机1年CAP分别为6.50±0.94和6.90±0.77,言语识别率(双字词)分别为(85.00±11.66)%和(89.50±9.02)%,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论:术前EABR可以做为评估听神经病(听同步不良患者)听觉通路的有效工具,筛选合适植入者;人工耳蜗可以帮助听神经病患者提高听力及言语能力。     

ECAP检出与否的人工耳蜗植入患者的EABR表现

目的比较分析ECAP检出与否的耳蜗植入患者EABR特点,探讨EABR检测的意义。方法对26例人工耳蜗植入患者分别行神经反应遥测neural response telemetry,NRT）检测评估ECAP,并进行电诱发听洼脑干反应（electrically auditory evoked response,EABR）检测,将第20、10、3号电极均引出ECAP波形的14例患者纳入A组,未检出ECAP波形的12例患者纳入B组。对A、B两组患者的EABR阈值、V波潜伏期进行比较分析。结果A、B两组患者20、10、3号电极EABR阈值之间的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）,V波潜伏期之间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论ECAP波形引出与否人工耳蜗植入患者的EABR阈值有显著差异,v波潜伏期无明显差异。     

人工耳蜗植入后EABR动态变化的初步研究

目的观察人工耳蜗植入儿童电诱发听性脑干反应(electrically auditory evoked response EABR)的动态变化,了解慢性电刺激后听觉通路反映特性的变化,为听觉系统的可塑性变化研究提供实验依据。方法本研究采用前瞻性设计,对19例平均年龄为3.2±1.0岁的语前聋儿童在接受人工耳蜗植入术中电极植入后进行EABR检测,患者在人工耳蜗植入后5.4±3.2月后再次进行EABR检测,观察EABR阈值、波III、波V潜伏期以及EABR输入输出曲线指标的变化。结果EABR平均阈值从人工耳蜗植入术中的196.9±11.1CL下降到术后5.4±3.2个月的189.2±13.2CL CL,配对t检验显示显著性差异（p=0.006）。平均阈上20CL V波潜伏期从人工耳蜗植入术中的4.72±0.21ms缩短到术后5.4±3.2月的4.60±0.18ms,配对t检验显示显著性差异（p=0.032）。结论耳聋儿童在接受人工耳蜗电刺激后EABR的反应阈值和潜伏期变化在最初的5.4±3.2月已经出现,提示3岁左右年龄段儿童听觉系统具有较好的可塑性,人工耳蜗植入后早期的听觉、言语训练尤为重要。     

人工耳蜗植入者EABR与ECAP分析

目的探讨听觉电诱发电位对人工耳蜗植入者的电听觉传导功能客观评价的意义。方法对14例人工耳蜗植入者行电诱发听性脑干反应（electrically evoked audiotory brainstem responses,EABR）和电诱发听神经复合动作电位（electrically evoked compound action potential,ECAP）检查,根据第1、10、22号电极ECAP波形的检出与否将其分成A（1、10、22号电极ECAP均检出）、B（1、10、22号三个电极中有一个及以上ECAP未检出）两组,检测A组和B组患者的EABR阈值、波Ⅲ、Ⅴ潜伏期、Ⅲ-Ⅴ波间期并对其结果进行比较。结果刺激脉宽分别为25、50、75、100、125μs时,22号电极的EABR阈值B组高于A组,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.001）;刺激脉宽为50μs时：1号和10号电极的EABR阈值B组高于A组,差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.001）。A、B两组患者22、10、1号电极EABR波Ⅲ、Ⅴ潜伏期和Ⅲ-Ⅴ波间期之间的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 ECAP波形较好者的EABR阈值较ECAP波形较差者的EABR阈值低。EABR波Ⅲ、Ⅴ潜伏期、Ⅲ-Ⅴ波间期与ECAP波形引出与否无明显相关性,ECAP灵敏性高而EABR稳定性好。     

人工耳蜗植入者EABR、NRT与ESR检测

目的探讨应用客观检测方法评价人工耳蜗植入患者术后听觉传导功能并指导术后调试的可行性。方法对39名人工耳蜗植入者分别选取第3、10、20电极,进行电诱发听性脑干反应(electric allyevok edaudito rybrainstem responses,EABR)、神经反应遥测(neuralresponset elemetry,NRT)、电刺激镫骨肌反射(electricall yevokedstap ediusresponses,ESR)检测及主观心理物理测试,测定EABR、电诱发听神经复合动作电位(electricallyevokedcompoundactionpotentials,ECAP)、ESR阈值、主观阈值(T-levels)和主观最大舒适强度(C-levels),分别对EABR、ECAP阈值与主观阈值,ESR阈值与主观最大舒适强度进行相关性研究。结果EABR平均阈值分别为158.63±10.86、159.71±11.17、152.92±10.82电流级(currentlevel,CL);ECAP平均阈值分别为188.71±15.19、194.61±10.21、185.07±11.52CL;ESR平均阈值分别为210.10±16.16、209.81±14.24、204.55±12.90CL。EABR阈值与主观阈值间、ESR阈值与最大舒适强度间显著相关(P<0.01);ECAP阈值与主观阈值间无显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论EABR是判断人工耳蜗植入者听觉传导功能的有效客观方法;EABR和ESR阈值的测定可协助判断人工耳蜗植入者的主观阈值和最大舒适强度。     

电诱发听性脑干反应在人工耳蜗植入中的应用

人工耳蜗植入是治疗重度、极重度耳聋的重要手段,其效果依赖于听神经通路的完整性。在对无残余听力耳聋患者的术前评估中,电诱发听性脑干反应（EABR）能直接刺激听神经末梢,较常规的听力学测试更具有优势。本文针对该技术在特殊病例人工耳蜗植入及术后调机中的应用进行综述。     

不同脉宽条件下人工耳蜗植入者术中 电诱发听性脑干反应检测的特点分析

摘要：目的比较不同脉宽条件下人工耳蜗植入者术中电诱发听性脑干反应（electrically evoked auditory brainstem response,EABR）的特点,分析脉宽与EABR波V引出率和阈值之间的关系,总结不同脉宽条件对EABR波V引出率和阈值的影响,选择更优化的EABR脉宽测试参数。方法无残余听力的人工耳蜗植入患者24例作为实验组,其中耳蜗形态正常12例、大前庭导水管综合征（large vestibular aqueduct syndrome,LVAS）4例、Mondini畸形4例、共同腔畸形（common cavity deformation,CCD）2例、内听道狭窄2例;筛选条件相近的24例有残余听力的人工耳蜗植入者配对作为对照组。应用改装的Cochlear Freedom人工耳蜗及自制的铂铱合金球电极对拟行人工耳蜗植入的两组者术中分别给予50、100、200 μs不同脉宽的电刺激,Bio logic Navigator Pro听觉诱发电位仪记录不同脉宽条件下EABR波V引出率和阈值。结果脉宽50、100、200 μs时,EABR波V引出率实验组（均为91.7%）低于对照组（分别为100%、100%、95.8%）,差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;而EABR阈值实验组［分别为(183.73±8.96)CL、(151.28±10.05)CL、(120.56±12.82)CL］高于对照组［分别为(175.50±9.14)CL、(142.71±11.45)CL、(110.63±10.24)CL］,差异均具有统计学意义(t值分别为18.87、16.82、17.64,P均<0.05)。结论蜗内单极刺激能诱发出良好的EABR波形,无残余听力的患者EABR阈值要明显高于有残余听力的患者。相对于脉宽200 μs,50、100 μs时EABR波形波V引出率高;脉宽50 μs波形分化更好、动态范围广,内耳畸形严重可能需要适当加大刺激量（如将脉宽改为100 μs）。     

大鼠多通道人工耳蜗植入模型的建立

目的:建立多通道人工耳蜗植入的大鼠动物模型.方法:5只正常听力的Hooded Wister大鼠经药物致聋后,采用在前期研究中所创立的新手术步骤,在鼓阶内植入多通道电极.对双极电刺激诱发的听性脑干反应(EABRs)进行分析,对耳蜗组织学切片进行评价.结果:在电极植入后,顺利描记到正常EABRs波形,从而确认了有效的人工耳蜗功能状态.组织学观察表明,电极植入后的大鼠耳蜗内未见组织结构的严重损伤.结论:本文介绍的大鼠多通道人工耳蜗植入法有效,安全,所建立的大鼠动物模型为进行多通道人工耳蜗植入研究提供了一个新的途径;也为其他小啮齿动物(如沙鼠和小鼠)的实验性耳显微外科研究提供了思路.     

人工耳蜗植入者电听性脑干反应测试

目的　通过对人工耳蜗植入者的电听性脑干反应 (electricallyevokedauditorybrainstemresponses,EABR)检测 ,探讨术后患者的电听觉传导通路的功能状态和EABR阈值。方法　对 6例人工耳蜗植入患者术后进行EABR检测。分别选取近耳蜗底转、中部和近蜗顶部三个固定部位的蜗内电极作为刺激电极 ,进行EABR记录 ,将所测EABR阈值与主观阈值和NRT(neuralresponsetelemetry)阈值进行比较。结果　 6例患者 ,用 175电流级 (currentlevel)的刺激强度 ,每一部位都可记录到清晰易识别、重复性良好的EABR波形 ,在耳蜗底转 ,中部和蜗顶部电极测得EABR波Ⅲ平均潜伏期分别为 1.83± 0 .19、1.80± 0 .18、1.6 8± 0 .2 3ms ,波Ⅴ平均潜伏期分别为 3.90± 0 .16、3.74±0 .18、3.6 2± 0 .2 4ms;测得EABR平均阈值分别为 16 5 .33± 7.6 6、16 2 .6 7± 7.2 8、15 3.33± 8.0 2电流级。结论　EABR是了解人工耳蜗植入者听觉传导功能的存在及测定人工耳蜗植入术后听觉阈值的客观方法之一     

电诱发听性脑干反应在人工耳蜗植入中的应用

目的分析人工耳蜗植入患者耳蜗植入前电诱发听性脑干反应（electrical auditory brainstem response,EABR）的测试结果并初步探讨其意义。方法对14例不同病因、不同年龄的人工耳蜗植入患者耳蜗植入前进行测试,采用EMG外置电刺激器连接面神经探针作为刺激电极,采用Neuro Soft公司生产的Neruo Audio听觉诱发电位仪及调试软件进行EABR测试,测量并分析EABR波形,各波潜伏期和波间期,Ⅴ波波幅、阈值。结果EABR的Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ波与声诱发ABR相似,Ⅲ、Ⅴ波的潜伏期较声诱发ABR缩短,但Ⅲ~Ⅴ波间期与声诱发ABR相同。14例耳聋患者均记录到EABR的Ⅲ波/Ⅴ波,引出率为100％。4例极重度感音神经性聋未合并其他异常患者术中2.5、2.0 mA刺激Ⅲ、Ⅴ波典型,潜伏期和波间期均正常,术中神经反应遥测技术（neural response telemetru,NRT）引出,提示其听神经脑干传导通路无异常,预后效果良好。其他部分患者存在潜伏期延长或波形分化不良或刺激阈值较高等表现,提示可能由于不同因素所导致听觉传导通路异常。结论EABR是通过电刺激耳蜗来了解听觉系统对电刺激的生理反应,最接近人工耳蜗的工作状态,可以对患者听力康复的效果提供更准确的预测;特别是对于一些特殊患者,具有评估人工耳蜗植入效果的优势。而对各种特殊类型耳聋的人工耳蜗植入术前检测、术后评估数据仍需深入探索。     

Establishing the standard method of cochlear implant in Rongchang pig

Conclusions: In this investigation, a large mammal, Rongchang pigs were used to successfully establish a research platform for cochlear implant study on the routine use of it in clinic.

Objective: The aim of this study was to establish a standard method of cochlear implant in a large mammal—pig.

Methods: Rongchang pigs were selected, then divided into two groups: normal-hearing group (Mitf?+/+) and mutation group with hearing loss (Mitf ?/?). Cochlear implants were used and ABR and EABR were recorded. The implanted electrodes were observed by X-ray and HE stains.

Results: The success with cochlear implant and the best electrode position could be defined in all animals, the coiling of the cochlea reached 1.5–1.75 turns. Immediately after the operation of cochlear implants, the ABR threshold of the operated ear (right) could not be derived for each frequency at 120?dB SPL. Moreover, 7 days after surgery, the low-frequency ABR threshold of the operated ear (right) could be derived partly at 100?dB SPL, but the high-frequency ABR threshold could not be derived at 120?dB SPL. Immediately or 1 week after cochlear implants, the EABR threshold was 90?CL in the Mitf?+/+?group. This was obviously lower than the 190?CL in the Mitf ?/? group.     

人工耳蜗在老年性聋患者中的应用

目的随着社会人口老龄化,听力障碍在老年人群中的发病率也逐年增加,老年性聋引起的沟通障碍会给老年人群带来生活及心理上的变化,严重影响了老年人的生活质量。目前老年性聋的干预措施较多,其中重度及极重度感音神经性老年性聋患者可选择人工耳蜗植入,本文就老年性聋人工耳蜗植入的选择标准、术前评估、术后并发症、术后康复及效果评估等进行综述。     

Tinnitus modifications after cochlear implantation

Tinnitus can be defined as a phantom sensation in the absence of an external sound. In our study, we evaluated the effect of cochlear implant on tinnitus evolution. Among adult, postlingually deaf patients who underwent cochlear implantation at our clinic, we selected 20 subjects with pre-implantation tinnitus (group A) and 10 subjects without pre-implantation tinnitus (group B). Pre- and post-surgery tinnitus was assessed through two questionnaires: the first one dealing with tinnitus characteristics and psychosocial impact, and the second one represented by THI, an internationally validated score of evaluation of the effects of tinnitus on patient’s emotions and activities of daily living. None of the patients belonging to group B developed tinnitus after surgery. As for group A, 40% of patients declared suppression of tinnitus, 30% attenuation of tinnitus after surgery, 25% reported tinnitus was unchanged and 5% reported worsening of tinnitus. In the nine patients with bilateral tinnitus (45%), after implantation tinnitus disappeared from both sides in four patients and attenuated bilaterally in four patients. A comparison between pre- and post-implantation THI scores showed decreased score in 65% of cases, unchanged score in 30% and increased score in 5%. The beneficial effect of cochlear implant on tinnitus, reported by a majority of patients, could be due to acoustic masking, to direct electrical stimulation of the acoustic nerve, and above all to a possible cochlear implantation dependent reorganization of the central auditory pathways and associative cerebral areas. In the light of these results, the authors propose (1) to include tinnitus in the selection criteria of which ear to implant; (2) to consider implantation eligibility for patients with bilateral severe hearing loss associated with severe tinnitus; and (3) to inform patients about the small risk of post-operative tinnitus worsening.     

人工耳蜗植入术后X线投照位置的探讨

目的:确定耳蜗在颅骨的空间位置,设计最佳耳蜗X线摄片投照角度,用于评价电极位置。方法:测量26例耳蜗植入候选患儿术前CT和32例正常成人中内耳CT片上,耳蜗底周与正中矢状线的夹角;并根据测量的X线投射角度拍摄耳蜗位X线平片。结果:蜗轴中线与正中矢状线的角度为40°到68°,平均52.66°;其中儿童组的平均值为52.52°(s=7.07),成人组的平均值为52.80°(s=5.78),两者间差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:按所测的X线投射角度拍摄的耳蜗平片,能清晰完整显示电极系列的整体和所有的单个电极,确定电极的插入深度和准确的位置,为频率的匹配定位、语言处理方案的优化提供帮助。     

Tinnitus and cochlear implantation

Tinnitus is a common experience, but there is very marked heterogeneity of aetiology, perception and the extent of distress among individuals who experience tinnitus. In view of this, a modern approach to tinnitus should consider homogeneous groups of individuals. This review considers tinnitus experiences in patients undergoing cochlear implantation, this being of interest because the prevalence of tinnitus in this patient group prior to surgery may shed some light on the link between cochlear dysfunction and tinnitus. Second, any change in tinnitus experience as a result of electrode placement surgery or cochlear implant activation has relevance for patient counselling and informed consent. Finally, in recent tinnitus retraining therapy literature there has been the suggestion that unilateral sound therapy for tinnitus patients may set up an unhelpful asymmetry of input to the auditory system, with possible exacerbation of contralateral tinnitus. Unilateral cochlear implant use represents the most dramatic asymmetry possible and hence is a test of that hypothesis. Relevant papers (n = 32) were identified from literature databases. The standard of reporting tinnitus results was inconsistent. Tinnitus is experienced by up to 86% of adult cochlear implant candidates, but is not universal and is only troublesome in a small proportion (reported as 27% in one study). Electrode insertion may induce tinnitus in a small (up to 4%) number of patients, but this is rare. Cochlear implant device use is associated with reduction of tinnitus intensity and awareness in up to 86% of patients, and rarely with exacerbation (up to 9%). There are some indications in the literature that the more complex the simulation strategy, the larger that effect. Specifically, unilateral cochlear implant use was generally associated with reduction of contralateral tinnitus (in up to 67% of individuals) rather than exacerbation, and so the assertion that unilateral sound therapy for tinnitus is contraindicated is not proven.