彩色多普勒超声监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声(CDI)监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症的应用价值。方法 对107例次原位肝移植患者于术前、术后应用CDI进行连续监测，监测指标包括门静脉主干内径、血流速度、血流量、血流频谱、侧支循环及腹水量等。结果 4例受者术后出现门静脉并发症：门静脉狭窄2例，门静脉狭窄并血栓形成1例，门静脉右支闭塞1例。2例门静脉主干血流量明显减少者接受经皮腔内血管成形术治疗后，门静脉高压缓解；而CDI提示门静脉血流量末见下降的2例患者，仅接受保守治疗，存活时间均超过1年。结论 彩色多普勒超声动态检查对肝移植术后门静脉并发症较为敏感，作为无创性检查手段可用于肝移植术后门静脉并发症的监测。     

肝移植门静脉血栓形成的预防和治疗

目的总结原位肝移植门静脉血栓形成（PVT）的预防和治疗经验，提高肝移植疗效和受者存活率。方法分析1995年5月至2005年9月实施的137例肝移植临床资料，肝移植术前存在门静脉血栓10例，其中Ⅰ级5例，Ⅱ级4例，Ⅲ级1例，肝移植术中均行门静脉血栓切除术，结扎术前存在的门腔分流和粗大的侧支循环。术后根据凝血酶原时间（PT），应用普通肝素或低分子肝素预防性抗凝。术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测门静脉血供。结果137例患者肝移植术后PVT发生率为2．92％（4／137）。1例PVT经外科门静脉取栓、重新吻合治愈，2例经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影置管溶栓、支架植人治愈，另1例仅表现肝功能轻度异常，未经特殊处理。与PVT相关的死亡率为0。其余患者随访2～66个月，未发生PVT。结论肝移植术中完整地切除门静脉存在的血栓、结扎门腔存在的分流以及术后有效的抗凝治疗可以减少PVT的发生；多普勒超声监测能早期发现PVT，挽救移植物的功能，避免再次移植。     

肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断和治疗(附6例分析)

目的 探讨肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断和治疗。方法 回顾性分析160例原位肝移植临床资料。结果 肝移植术后门静脉并发症发生率为3．75％,与门静脉并发症相关死亡率为0。门静脉狭窄发生率为1．25％,门静脉栓塞发生率为2．5％,需治疗的门静脉并发症占33．3％。结论 术前有门脉高压症手术治疗史、移植术前门静脉血栓、门静脉手术史以及严重感染病史等是门静脉并发症的高危因素;彩色多普勒超声检查是监测门静脉并发症的有效方法,确诊门静脉并发症依赖门静脉造影;有症状的门静脉并发症需及时行再血管化手术。     

肝移植术中复杂门静脉机化血栓的处理

目的：探讨存在复杂门静脉机化血栓者肝移植术中门静脉的处理要点。方法：为17例机化血栓超过门静脉内径50％的患者施行肝移植，术中9例在切除血栓段门静脉或取栓后，将受者的门静脉与供肝门静脉行端端吻合；5例将供肝门静脉与受者的曲张冠状静脉行端侧吻合；1例切除闭塞段门静脉，利用供者的髂静脉于供肝门静脉与受者肠系膜上静脉间搭桥；1例供肝门静脉与受者的胆总管前曲张静脉行端侧吻合；1例采用供者的髂静脉在供肝门静脉和受者的脾门旁曲张静脉间搭桥，行端侧吻合。结果：17例患者，死亡2例，1例死于感染，1例死于肝动脉出血，但此2例患者的门静脉血流一直通畅。存活的15例随访2～12个月，其中1例术后因门静脉血流量不足，而行二次肝移植，在缝扎分流的侧支后，门静脉血流恢复正常，其他患者的门静脉血流均通畅。结论：存在复杂门静脉机化血栓时首选栓塞段门静脉切除或取栓后门静脉重建，不能取栓或取栓后血流量不足时，可改行供肝门静脉与受者曲张内脏静脉的端侧吻合，也可取得较好效果。     

肝移植中门静脉血栓的处理经验

目的 探讨肝移植术中门静脉血栓的几种处理方法及其疗效.方法 回顾性分析773例次肝移植临床资料.773例中,107例病人有门静脉血栓,其中59例Ⅰ级;33例Ⅱ级;12例Ⅲ级;3例Ⅳ级.Ⅰ、Ⅱ级组行血栓切除或取栓术;Ⅲ级采用取栓术或肠系膜上静脉架桥的方式重建供肝门静脉;对Ⅳ级采用改良门腔静脉半转位术和门静脉胃冠状静脉吻合重建供肝门静脉.结果 Ⅰ、Ⅱ级组移植肝功能恢复良好,围手术期病死率为4.3%.Ⅲ级取栓组5例肝功能恢复良好,围手术期无死亡.静脉架桥组7例中有2例肝功能恢复不佳,围手术期病死率为28.6%.Ⅳ级组肝功能恢复良好,围手术期无死亡.结论 门静脉血栓已非肝移植禁忌证,根据血栓的不同情况采取合理的手术方式重建门脉系统可以获得良好的治疗效果.     

门静脉血栓的肝移植术中处理

目的 探讨门静脉血栓(PVT)的肝移植术中外科处理方法及其效果.方法 肝移植患者2508例,共行肝移植2614次,其中253例术前并发PVT.并发PVT者的Yerdel分级为,Ⅰ级者104例,Ⅱ级者114例,Ⅲ级者29例,Ⅳ级者6例.根据具体情况对并发Ⅰ、Ⅱ级PVT者施行静脉血栓切除术、外翻血栓切除术或外翻式门静脉内膜剥脱切除术;并发Ⅲ级PVT者,18例行外翻式门静脉内膜剥脱切除术,11例行外翻血栓切除术;并发Ⅳ级PVT者行外翻式门静脉内膜剥脱切除术.结果 218例并发Ⅰ、Ⅱ级PVT者中,32例行静脉血栓切除术,52例行外翻血栓切除术,134例行外翻式门静脉内膜剥脱切除术,均获得成功.29例并发Ⅲ级PVT者中,18例行外翻式门静脉内膜剥脱切除术,均获得成功;11例行外翻血栓切除术,其中5例获得成功,6例失败.6例并发Ⅳ级PVT者中,3例行外翻式门静脉内膜剥脱切除术,获得成功,3例取栓失败.253例并发PVT者肝移植术后6个月的存活率为93.7%,与同期无PVT的肝移植患者相比较(94.4%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 并发PVT者可接受肝移植,术中应根据PVT的Yerdel分级情况,采取适合的外科处理方式.     

门静脉血栓与肝移植

门静脉血栓形成(PVT)是指门静脉主干以及门静脉属支内血栓形成。由于PVT常缺乏特征性表现,主要依赖于术前影像学检查发现,甚至在术中偶然发现PVT。随着我国肝移植事业的不断发展,移植过程中发现PVT的案例越来越多,PVT已不再是肝移植禁忌证。因此,针对PVT的诊断、治疗以及移植过程中的处理方法显得尤为重要。本文根据国内外最新研究进展及经典文献报道,对肝移植中PVT展开综述。     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植围手术期的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在肝移植围手术期的应用价值。方法应用彩色多普勒超声监测41例肝移植患者术前术后肝形态和血流改变。结果术前发现门静脉海绵样变性100%(2/2),肝门部淋巴结肿大85.7%(6/7),肝内门静脉癌栓形成80%(4/5),门体系统间交通支1例。术后并发症肝动脉血栓形成(HAT)诊断率66.7%(2/3),肝动脉狭窄(HA S)诊断率100%(1/1),下腔静脉血栓100%(2/2),胸腔积液41例,腹腔积液39例,心包腔积液9例。结论彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后并发症诊断有重要的作用。     

门静脉血栓与肝移植

肝硬化合并门静脉血栓在终末期肝病患者中已并非少见,其中门静脉部分性栓塞较完全性栓塞更为多见.门静脉血栓在肝硬化患者中的发生率逐步升高,特别是在等候肝移植的患者中.此类患者缺乏特异性临床表现,诊断主要依赖于影像学检查.在肝硬化基础上产生的门静脉血栓机制尚不明确,无证据表明血栓的产生会导致肝功能的进一步恶化,但门静脉血栓会对肝移植手术及其预后造成较大影响.本文将针对门静脉血栓的发病机制、术前治疗、手术方式选择及预后作一综述.     

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目的　探讨肝移植围手术期门静脉血栓的处理。方法　回顾性分析 2 0 0 3年 10月至 2 0 0 4年 6月 14 0例原位肝移植病人的临床资料。结果　通过彩色多普勒、螺旋CT加三维血管成像和间接门脉造影共确诊肝移植术前门静脉血栓 5例。其中螺旋CT加三维血管成像 (CTA)对门静脉血栓的诊断特异性为 10 0 % ,彩色多普勒的诊断特异性为 80 % ,间接门脉造影的诊断特异性为 2 0 %。肝移植术中采用门静脉血栓切除术治疗成功率为10 0 %。结论　肝移植术中门静脉血栓切除术是治疗门静脉血栓的有效方法。CTA检查能准确判断门静脉血栓的程度。肝移植术后预防性抗凝能有效预防门静脉血栓复发。     

77例肝移植门静脉血栓处理经验

目的探讨肝移植术中门静脉血栓的处理方法及其对肝移植疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析598例次肝移植临床资料,77例（占12．9％）患者有门静脉血栓,其中39例系Ⅰ级,24例系Ⅱ级,12例系Ⅲ级,2例系Ⅳ级。对Ⅰ,Ⅱ级的门静脉血栓患者施行血栓切除或取栓术;Ⅲ级血栓患者采用取栓术或肠系膜上静脉架桥的方式重建供肝门静脉;对Ⅳ级血栓采用改良的门腔静脉半转流术。结果Ⅰ,Ⅱ级血栓组移植肝功能恢复良好,围手术期死亡率为6．3％（4／63）,Ⅲ级血栓组取栓5例肝功能恢复良好,围手术期无死亡（0／5）,静脉架桥组7例中有2例肝功能恢复不佳,围手术期死亡率为28．6％（2／7）,Ⅳ级血栓组肝功能恢复良好,围手术期无死亡（0／2）。结论门静脉血栓已非肝移植的禁忌证,根据血栓的不同情况采取合理的手术方式可以使患者获得良好的治疗效果。     

肝移植中门静脉血栓形成的处理

目的：探讨肝移植术中门静脉血栓形成的处理方法并评价其对肝移植疗效的影响。方法：回顾性分析246例良性终末期肝病行肝移植的临床资料，并结合文献进行讨论。结果：31例（12．6％）病人术中确认有门静脉血栓形成。其中14例I级；8例Ⅱ级；7例Ⅲ级；2例Ⅳ级。I、Ⅱ级的门静脉血栓病人施行了血栓切除或取栓术：Ⅲ级血栓病人采取供者髂静脉在供肝门静脉与受者肠系膜上静脉间架桥的方式重建供肝门静脉循环：对Ⅳ级血栓，采用了改良的门腔静脉半转流术。病人术后6个月死亡率：门静脉血栓组6．5％，无门静脉血栓组7．4％（P＞0．05）。结论：术前存在的门静脉血栓已非肝移植的绝对禁忌证，根据血栓的不同情况采取合理的手术方式可以使病人获得良好的治疗效果。     

Risk factors for intraoperative portal vein thrombosis in pediatric living donor liver transplantation

Pathologic changes of the recipient native portal venous system may cause thrombosis of the portal vein, especially in pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). This study assessed the utility of Doppler ultrasound (US) for the detection of intraoperative portal vein occlusion and identification of predisposing risk factors in the recipients. Seventy-three pediatric recipients who underwent LDLT at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan, from 1994 to 2002 were included. Preoperative and intraoperative Doppler US evaluation of the portal vein was performed. Age, body weight, native liver disease, type of graft, graft recipient weight ratio (GRWR), type of portal anastomosis, portal velocity, portal venous size and presence of portosystemic shunt were analyzed for statistical significance of predisposing risk factors. Eight episodes of intraoperative portal vein thrombosis, with typical findings of absent Doppler flow in portal vein and prominent hepatic artery with a resistant index lower than 0.5 (p < 0.001), were detected during transplantation, which was then corrected by thrombectomy and re-anastomosis. Children age < or =1 yr (p = 0.025), weight < or =10 kg (p = 0.024), low portal flow < or =7 cm/s (p = 0.021), portal venous size < or =4 mm (p = 0.001), and GRWR >3 (p < 0.017) were all risk factors for intraoperative portal vein thrombosis. Doppler US is essential in the preoperative evaluation, early detection and monitoring of outcome of the portal vein in liver transplant.     

Eversion thromboendovenectomy in organized portal vein thrombosis during liver transplantation

Portal thrombosis is no longer considered a contraindication for transplantation because of the technical experience acquired in the field of liver transplantation and the development of various surgical techniques. All the same, the results obtained in portal thrombosis patients are at times suboptimal, and the surgical technique used (thromboendovenectomy or veno-venous bypass) is also controversial. Between May 1988 and December 2001, 455 liver transplants were performed, of which 32 (7%) presented portal vein thrombosis. Of these, eight belonged to the first 227 transplants (group I), and 24 to the other 228 (group II). Of the 32 cases with portal thrombosis, 20 (62%) were type Ib, seven (22%) type II/III and five (16%) type IV. Twenty-two were males (69%), with a mean age of 50 yr (range: 30-70 yr); the thrombosis in all cases developed over a cirrhotic liver: 15 cases of an ethanolic origin, 11 because of hepatitis C virus, two cases of autoimmune aetiology, one case of primary biliary cirrhosis, one case because of hepatitis B virus and two cases of a cryptogenic origin. Five cases had a history of surgical treatment for portal hypertension. The surgical method in all cases consisted of an eversion thromboendovenectomy (ETEV) under direct visual guidance, with occlusion of the portal flow using a Fogarty balloon. Once re-canalization was achieved, we performed local heparinization and end-to-end portal anastomosis. In no case was systemic post-operative heparinization performed. In the 32 cases in which thrombectomy was attempted it was achieved in 31 of them (96%), failing only in a case of type IV thrombosis, which was resolved by portal arterialization. Of the 31 successful cases, only one with type IV thrombosis re-thrombosed. The 5-yr survival rate of the patients in the series was 69%, with 10 patients dying, of whom only two from causes related to the thrombosis and the thrombosis treatment, both with type IV thrombosis. The ideal treatment for portal thrombosis during liver transplantation is controversial and depends on its extension and the experience of the surgeon. In our experience, ETEV resolves most thromboses (types I, II and III), but management of type IV, which occasionally can be treated with this technique, may require more complex procedures such as bypass, portal arterialization or cavoportal haemitransposition.     

Arterialization of the portal vein in pediatric liver transplantation

Portal vein arterialization (PVA) is an acquired concept in shunt surgery for portal hypertension. This technique, recently described as both a temporary and permanent procedure in adult liver transplantation, is reported by the authors in two cases of pediatric transplantation. The indication was low portal blood flow after reperfusion with poor graft function due to persistence of spontaneous retroperitoneal venous shunts. In both cases described, PVA allowed for satisfactory macroscopic liver reperfusion. The increase in portal blood flow from 150 to 500 ml/min in the second patient enabled the liver to be reperfused correctly and led to successful transplantation. The graft function in both cases improved in the 1st postoperative week, but thrombosis of the PVA occurred in the 1st patient 2 months after transplantation. Signs of hepatic hyperarterialization occurred in the second patient and this necessitated a dearterialization of the portal vein 2 weeks later. Although the benefit of this procedure appears to be beyond doubt in the immediate postoperative period, we have no data on long-term arterialization. We do think that PVA can be performed in pediatric liver transplantation, but it may need to be done only in special, individual situations when no valid alternative can be proposed, such as in the absence of a mesenteric vein and/or the presence of spontaneous retroperitoneal venous shunts. Received: 24 June 1997 Received after revision: 27 November 1997 Accepted: 28 November 1997     

Risk factors for portal vein complications in pediatric living donor liver transplantation

Shibasaki S, Taniguchi M, Shimamura T, Suzuki T, Yamashita K, Wakayama K, Hirokata G, Ohta M, Kamiyama T, Matsushita M, Furukawa H, Todo S. Risk factors for portal vein complications in pediatric living donor liver transplantation.
Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 550–556.
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Background: Portal vein (PV) complications in pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) are often asymptomatic in the early stages after transplantation and can be serious enough to lead to graft failure. There have been few reports on risk factors for PV complications in LDLT. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of hepatic inflow upon PV complications and to predict patients at risk for these complications. Material/method: From 1997 to 2008, 46 pediatric patients underwent LDLT at our center. Portal venous and hepatic arterial flows and PV diameter were analyzed. Results: PV complications were identified in seven patients (15.2%) and occurred at a younger age and lower weight. As a result of appropriate treatment, none of the patients suffered graft failure. Analysis of the 46 patients and 27 patients under two yr of age indentified smaller PV diameter in recipient and larger discrepancy of PV diameter as risk factors. Portal venous flow tended to be low, in contrast to hepatic arterial flow, which tended to be high. Conclusion: PV size strongly influences PV complications. Other factors such as younger age, low portal venous flow, and high hepatic arterial flow may be risk factors for PV complications.