饮食治疗苯丙酮尿症患儿全血钙及微量元素水平分析

【目的】　探讨低苯丙氨酸饮食对苯丙酮尿症 ( phenylketonuria ,PKU)患儿血钙 (Ca)及微量元素铁、铜、锌、硒、铬、锰、镉、铅、碘 (Fe、Cu、Zn、Se、Cr、Mn、Cd、Pb、I)的影响。　【方法】　采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪 (ICP MS)对 3 2例PKU患儿全血钙及微量元素进行测定 ,并以 46名正常儿童的全血水平作为正常值对照。　【结果】　PKU患儿全血Ca及微量元素Fe、Zn、Se、Cr、Mn、Pb、I明显低于正常儿童对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,血Cu、Cd与对照组相比差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。　【结论】　对低苯丙氨酸 (Phe)饮食治疗的PKU患儿有必要检测血钙和微量元素水平 ,并及时补充以纠正低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗过程中这些元素的摄入不足 ,保证患儿得到全面营养     

用“能全特XP-2”营养粉治疗儿童苯丙酮尿症临床观察

【目的】　观察能全特XP- 2对苯丙酮尿症(phenylretonuria,PKU)的临床反应,为临床治疗提供依据。【方法】　根据《食物成份表》和《中国食物成份表2002》,制定“含1份(50 mg)苯丙氨酸的常见食物列表”和“苯丙氨酸含量很少的食物列表”;以能全特XP -2作为PKU患儿蛋白质需要的主要来源;按不同年龄、体重和对苯丙氨酸(Phe)的耐受量,制定低Phe食谱。监测血Phe浓度,记录低Phe饮食相关的消化系统表现和行为。　【结果】　本组39 例PKU的血Phe浓度,12例1~3岁者为(132±18)μmol/L [(22±3)mg/L)];23 例4~6 岁者Phe 为(228±24)μmol/L,[ (38±4) mg/L];4例7~9岁者为(366±36)μmol/L[(61±6) mg/L)]。出现特殊饮食相关的消化系统表现者有12例,占30.8%;饮食行为异常者有16例,占40.1%。　【结论】　用能全特XP- 2 作为机体蛋白质的主要来源进行低Phe饮食治疗能够使PKU患儿血Phe得到较好的控制,同时能增加自然的低Phe食品的摄入,减少特殊饮食引起的消化系统症状和异常行为的发生。     

饮食治疗的苯丙酮尿症患儿智力发育分析

【目的】 通过对青岛地区32例饮食治疗的苯丙酮尿症(phenylketonuria, PKU)患儿智力发育的情况进行分析,探讨PKU患儿智力发育的影响因素,为PKU的临床治疗提供指导。 【方法】 选取青岛市疾病筛查中心确诊为经典型苯丙酮尿症的患儿32例(病例组)及与之相匹配的正常儿童46例作为研究对象,采用自制一般情况问卷、韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WYCSI)进行调查分析。 【结果】 1)起始治疗时间≤30 d组的PKU患儿的智力测试结果与起始治疗时间＞30 d组的PKU患儿的智测结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2)依从性不同的三组病例及正常儿童在小韦氏智力测试(C-WYCSI)的9项分测验(图画填充除外)和语言智商、操作智商及总智商得分的差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。 【结论】 通过严格的饮食治疗将PKU患儿血苯丙氨酸(phe)浓度控制在正常范围对患儿的智力发育至关重要,应从提高患儿依从性入手,以确保患儿饮食治疗的效果,使PKU患儿健康成长。     

经典苯丙酮尿症患儿饮食喂养行为对其治疗效果的影响

目的 研究经典苯丙酮尿症(PKU)患儿家长饮食喂养行为对患儿血苯丙氨酸(Phe)浓度和智能发育(DQ)的影响。方法 选择2000年1月-2010年5月在泰安市新生儿疾病筛查中心确诊并持续保偿治疗6年的经典PKU患儿及其长期随访家长49例,其中患儿:男28例,女21例;家长,父亲9例,母亲40例。家长饮食喂养行为采用自制问卷进行调查,统计分析采用单因素方差分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果 26项分布各异的患儿家长饮食喂养行为,经多元逐步回归结果显示:高蛋白饮食喂养行为、趋向高蛋白饮食喂养行为、单独做饭、饭菜种类对患儿血Phe浓度、DQ的影响有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。结论 家长饮食喂养行为对经典PKU患儿的治疗效果影响显著。     

山东省高苯丙氨酸血症分型及治疗效果评价与基因分析

【目的】 了解本省高苯丙氨酸血症(hyperphenylalaninemia,HPA)的分型、不同类型治疗效果、影响因素及四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症(tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency,BH4D)基因分析情况。 【方法】 对在济南市新生儿疾病筛查中心确诊的396例HPA患儿根据BH4负荷试验及尿蝶呤谱分析结果判断患儿的临床分型(苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏症及BH4D)。根据不同类型对症治疗,并定期监测血苯丙氨酸浓度及生长发育评价,对BH4D患儿进行基因分析。 【结果】396例HPA患儿中356例为苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏,40例BH4D,128例BH4反应性苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏症。155例随访患儿,末次随访6月~15岁,平均年龄6.5岁。治疗后HPA患儿体格发育与同年龄组正常儿童相比差异无统计学意义。155例HPA患儿智商正常132例(占85.2%)。经典型PKU患儿智商与血Phe浓度相关分析显示二者呈负相关(r=0.416,P<0.01)。BH4D患儿智商水平与开始治疗时有无神经系统症状密切相关。11例BH4D携带6种基因突变,259C>T占42.1%。 【结论】 不同临床表型和生化表型的HPA患儿经早期诊断治疗体格发均在正常范围,85%的患儿智力正常。经典型PKU患儿智力发育水平与血Phe浓度负相关,浓度的升高或波动较大均能严重影响患儿智力水平。BH4D患儿治疗效果与开始治疗的时间密切相关。本地区BH4D患儿较为集中的基因突变位点是259C>T。     

苯丙酮尿症患儿微量营养素、氨基酸、肉碱营养状况的研究

【目的】 研究低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗的苯丙酮尿症(phenylketonuria, PKU)儿童饮食治疗过程中微量营养素、氨基酸、肉碱的营养状况,为寻求其最佳治疗方案提供依据。 【方法】 选取1997年12月－2005年6月经青岛市新生儿疾病筛查中心确诊的PKU患儿46例作为病例组,选取性别、年龄与病例组匹配、无任何躯体及精神疾病的正常儿童61例作为对照组,对所有病例进行血常规、微量元素、氨基酸和肉碱检测。 【结果】 1)两组儿童血锌、铜含量的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且病例组儿童锌缺乏明显多于对照组(χ²=7.017,P=0.008); 2)两组儿童血液中天冬氨酸、甲硫氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、瓜氨酸、甘氨酸、鸟氨酸含量的差异均有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。 3)游离肉碱、乙酰基肉碱、丙酰基肉碱、丁酰基肉碱的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 【结论】 经新生儿疾病筛查得到早期诊断,早期进行常规饮食治疗的PKU患儿仍然存在某些微量营养素缺乏,治疗过程中氨基酸、肉碱虽在正常范围之内,但仍低于正常儿童。因此,必须定期对低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗的PKU的患儿进行氨基酸、肉碱的监测,及时发现并纠正PKU儿童所存在的营养偏差,寻求PKU儿童最佳的饮食治疗方案。     

持续性高苯丙氨酸血症11例随访分析

【目的】　进一步探讨持续性高苯丙氨酸血症的诊治。　【方法】　通过Guthrie细菌抑制法进行新生儿苯丙酮尿症筛查 ,可疑者采用毛细血管电泳法测定血苯丙氨酸 (phe)和酪氨酸 (tyr)。自 1993～ 2 0 0 1年 6月北京地区共筛查新生儿 6 5 85 72名 ,确诊经典型PKU48例、高苯丙氨酸血症 (HPA) 11例 ,PKU/HPA 48/11=4.36、四氢生物喋呤(BH4 )缺乏症 4例。　【结果】　 11例HPA定期随访 6月～ 6年 ,9例血phe浓度维持在 0 .12～ 0 .36mmol/L智能发育正常 ,2例血phe浓度维持在 0 .48～ 0 .6 0mmol/L偶有 0 .72mmol/L出现了智能发育落后 ,而且 11例患儿的phe耐受量不尽相同。　【结论】　HPA的定期随访监测十分必要 ,若血phe >0 .48mmol/L应给予低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗。治疗不仅依据血苯丙氨酸浓度还要考虑其苯丙氨酸的耐受量才能使治疗更趋于合理。     

母亲知识影响苯丙酮尿症患儿血苯丙氨酸浓度

目的:探讨母亲知识水平与苯丙酮尿症(PKU)患儿血苯丙氨酸浓度控制的相关性。方法:收集139例PKU儿童(男孩74例,女孩65例),均在医生指导下接受低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗。16道有关PKU综合知识及其饮食治疗知识的问题提供给患儿的母亲,患儿3岁前的平均血苯丙氨酸浓度用作评估PKU控制效果的指标。结果:83个孩子平均血苯丙氨酸值高于推荐水平,母亲对PKU相关知识与患儿血苯丙氨酸水平呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论:母亲知识水平对PKU患儿预后有着重要影响。     

高苯丙氨酸血症1 066例随访分析

【目的】 了解高苯丙氨酸血症(hyperphenylalaminemia, HPA)患者治疗随访及预后。 【方法】 对在本院诊断治疗的1 066例HPA的治疗随访结果进行回顾性分析。 【结果】 1)在1 066例HPA患儿中,共有1 016例为苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏症,即经典型苯丙酮尿症(phenylketonuria, PKU),50例为四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症(tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency, BH₄D)。在这些PKU患者中,有369例(34.62%)患儿在新生儿筛查时被确诊并在3个月内开始规律治疗,241例(22.61%)在生后3～12个月内确诊, 456例(42.78%)在1岁后才确诊。2)3个月内筛查治疗的患儿智力发育明显高于非筛查确诊的患儿(96±15, 69±11;t=14.19,P＜0.01﹚。3)3个月后才确诊的经治疗后智力水平也有明显提高﹙46±15,69±11,t=7.13,P＜0.05﹚。4)氢质子磁共振波谱(¹HMRS)检测22例HPA患儿的脑苯丙氨酸(phenylalanine, Phe)浓度表明患儿血、脑Phe浓度与智商均呈负相关关系(r_血=0.505,r_脑=0.647,P<0.01)。 【结论】 对所有HPA患者均应进行鉴别诊断,尽早确诊和治疗, 控制血、脑苯丙氨酸浓度是减少智能落后的有效措施。     

甘肃省6万例新生儿苯丙酮尿症筛查和治疗分析

【目的】研究甘肃省新生儿苯丙酮尿症(phenylketonuria,PKU)的发病情况,以便做到早确诊、早治疗。【方法】应用化学荧光分析法进行苯丙酮尿症检测,确诊患者给予低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗,定期检测血苯丙氨酸水平及体格和智能发育。【结果】自1999~2006年共筛查60 000例新生儿,确诊36例,检出率为1∶1 666,明显高于全国平均水平。【结论】新生儿PKU的筛查及早期治疗,是减少出生缺陷,提高人口素质的重要措施之一。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.