盐酸阿比朵尔颗粒治疗手足口病效果观察

目的 探讨盐酸阿比朵尔治疗儿童手足口病的疗效. 方法 治疗组30例除常规治疗外,同时应用盐酸阿比朵尔治疗,对照组30例进行手足口病常规治疗,比较两组临床疗效、住院时间、住院费用,同时观察其副反应. 结果 治疗组较对照组在退热时间、口腔疱疹隐退时间方面差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 盐酸阿比朵尔治疗手足口病临床疗效明显,副反应少见.     

盐酸阿比朵尔对呼吸道合胞病毒活性抑制作用

目的探讨盐酸阿比朵尔（Ahyd）抑制呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）的作用。方法应用不同浓度及不同的给药方式探讨Ahyd对RSV抑制作用的机理,噻唑蓝（MTT）法检测各实验组病毒感染细胞的存活率,采用RT-PCR方法检测各实验组RSV的相对变化量。结果病毒组细胞存活率为20.2%,Ahyd试验组病毒感染细胞的存活率最高可达71.8%,在无毒范围内呈剂量依赖性;RT-PCR结果显示,病毒对照组的 2^-△△Ct为9.33,Ahyd试验组的2^-△△Ct最低可降至3.21。结论Ahyd对RSV感染具有较强的抑制作用。     

Susceptibility of Oka varicella vaccine strain to antiviral drugs

Susceptibility of Oka varicella vaccine virus to antiherpetic drugs was determined by the effective dose for 50% plaque reduction (ED₅₀) using cell-free virus preparation. ED₅₀ values were 3.02 μ for acyclovir, 3.72 μ for vidarabine, 0.0035 μ for sorivudine, and 4.67 μ for penciclovir. Oka varicella vaccine virus was as susceptible to these drugs as wild-type viruses. Sensitivity of thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient virus to penciclovir and of some DNA polymerase (DPase) mutants to sorivudine suggested that these drugs might be used for the treatment of vaccine recipients, even if Oka varicella vaccine became acyclovir-resistant by mutations in the TK or DPase genes, respectively. This result encourages the wider use of Oka varicella vaccine even for immunocompromised hosts because of its attenuation and susceptibility to chemotherapeutic drugs.     

Vaccines and antiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness

While measures such as closing schools and social distancing may slow the effects of pandemic influenza, only vaccines and antiviral drugs are clearly efficacious in preventing infection or treating illness. Unless the pandemic strain closely resembles one already recognized, vaccine will not be available early. However, studies can be conducted beforehand to address questions concerning vaccine dose, frequency of inoculation, and need for adjuvants. In contrast, antiviral drugs, particularly the neuraminidase inhibitors, will be effective for treatment and available if stockpiling takes place. Special questions need to be answered if a highly lethal virus, such as influenza A (H5N1), produces the pandemic. Both vaccines and antiviral drugs will be required for a coordinated strategy.     

Investment in antiviral drugs: a real options approach

Real options analysis is a promising approach to model investment under uncertainty. We employ this approach to value stockpiling of antiviral drugs as a precautionary measure against a possible influenza pandemic. Modifications of the real options approach to include risk attitude and deviations from expected utility are presented. We show that risk aversion counteracts the tendency to delay investment for this case of precautionary investment, which is in contrast to earlier applications of risk aversion to real options analysis. Moreover, we provide a numerical example using real world data and discuss the implications of real options analysis for health policy. Suggestions for further extensions of the model and a comparison with the expected value of information analysis are put forward. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的发展趋势

抗病毒治疗是慢性乙型肝炎的最根本的治疗.干扰素和各种核苷(酸)类药物是目前用于治疗HBV感染的主要药物,已在临床广泛推广应用.近年,免疫调节药物、新的靶点抗HBV药物、基因治疗也不断发展,成为HBV抗病毒治疗新的发展方向.本文就各类HBV抗病毒药物研究发展加以阐述,以加深对抗病毒治疗的认识,明确发展趋势和研究方向.     

核苷类药物治疗肝硬化失代偿期疗效观察

目的 评价核苷（酸）类抗病毒药物对失代偿期肝硬化患者的临床疗效.方法 98例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,平均随访72周,随访结束时分析患者临床症状、体征、肝功能变化、凝血酶原时间活动度、HBV-DNA定量、HBeAg阴转、HBeAg/HBeAb转换情况.结果 治疗组血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、球蛋白、总胆红素均较治疗前下降,血清白蛋白及胆碱酯酶较治疗前升高,差异有统计学意义.91.6%病例血清HBV-DNA由阳性转至检测水平以下（HBV-DNA〈103 copies/ml）.结论 核苷类抗病毒药物可以改善乙型肝炎肝硬化特别是失代偿期肝硬化患者的肝脏功能指标,改善患者的预后.     

宁波市HIV感染者抗病毒治疗医疗保险药物使用情况及相关因素分析

目的 分析宁波市HIV感染者抗病毒治疗（ART）医疗保险（医保）药物使用情况及影响因素。方法 资料来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统截至2023年2月宁波市所有在治HIV感染者与ART相关历史数据。采用logistic回归模型分析HIV感染者ART医保药物使用的相关因素。使用R 4.2.2软件进行统计学分析。结果 共收集有ART记录的HIV感染者6 433例，其中在治HIV感染者5 783例。在治HIV感染者中，医保药物使用比例为24.8%（1 435/5 783，95%CI：23.7%~25.9%）。ART医保药物使用比例最低的两个区（县）为北仑区（8.7%，43/497）和奉化区（5.7%，14/247）。在治HIV感染者中，ART医保或自费药物组最近1年病毒载量检测≥1次的比例（84.9%，1 352/1 593）显著低于免费药物组（91.4%，3 829/4 190）（χ²=52.50，P<0.001）。多因素分析结果显示，ART医保药物使用的相关因素包括文化程度低（初中及以下：aOR=0.24，95%CI：0.17~0.34），农民或工人（农民：aOR=0.60，95%CI：0.39~0.91；工人：aOR=0.42，95%CI：0.27~0.64），月均收入较低（<3 000元：aOR=0.29，95%CI：0.18~0.45），确诊与ART间隔时间较长（≥21 d：aOR=0.47，95%CI：0.30~0.74）。结论 宁波市HIV感染者ART医保药物使用比例的地区差异较明显，应尽快完善HIV感染者随访管理方案，提高HIV感染者随访依从性，调动各区（县）推广ART医保药物积极性。加强对文化程度较低者和延迟治疗者的ART医保药物的科普宣传。     

Immune-related therapeutics: an update on antiviral drugs and vaccines to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rapidly spread globally. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus with a reported fatality rate ranging from 1% to 7%, and people with immune-compromised conditions, children, and older adults are particularly vulnerable. Respiratory failure and cytokine storm-induced multiple organ failure are the major causes of death. This article highlights the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of host cells activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible therapeutic approaches against COVID-19. Some potential drugs proven to be effective for other viral diseases are under clinical trials now for use against COVID-19. Examples include inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin), viral protein synthesis (ivermectin, lopinavir/ritonavir), and fusion of the viral membrane with host cells (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, nitazoxanide, and umifenovir). This article also presents the intellectual groundwork for the ongoing development of vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials, explaining potential candidates (live attenuated-whole virus vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, protein-based vaccines, nanoparticle-based vaccines, virus-like particles and mRNA-based vaccines). Designing and developing an effective vaccine (both prophylactic and therapeutic) would be a long-term solution and the most effective way to eliminate the COVID-19 pandemic.     

抗流感病毒药物的回顾、现状和展望

抗流感病毒治疗作为救治流感感染的关键手段,但目前临床可及的有效抗病毒药物仅有神经氨酸酶抑制剂（neuraminidase inhibitors,NAIs）。由于NAIs疗效的限制和耐药情况的出现,亟需研发疗效更优和耐药率更低的新型抗流感病毒药物。目前,诸多不同抗流感病毒机制的药物已处于上市前临床试验阶段。