特发性低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症患者黄体生成素脉冲分泌…

为探讨特发性低促性腺激素性性腺功能减退症（ＩＨＨ）患者黄体生长素（ＬＨ）分泌的缺陷及其与性征发育的关系，对１４例男性ＩＨＨ患者和５例正常男子每１０分钟取血一次，共取２４小时，测定ＬＨ进行ＬＨ脉冲分析。结果１４例ＩＨＨ患者中，２例无ＬＨ脉冲，也无青春期发育，睾丸容积均不足１ｍｌ；９例ＬＨ脉冲频率少（４～１３／２４ｈ），幅度低（１．３～２．２ＩＵ／Ｌ），与正常对照脉冲频率（１４～２０／２４ｈ）和幅度（     

黄体生成素对阿尔茨海默病发病的作用

已有几个假说试图解释阿尔茨海默病的发病机制,包括老年斑、神经原纤维缠结、氧化应激学说和细胞周期异常等。但阿尔茨海默病的病因及其发病机制尚不完全清楚,近来的流行病学和实验结果均支持促性腺激素黄体生成素在阿尔茨海默病发生中也有一定作用。平行对照显示,易于患阿尔茨海默病的女性黄体生成素的水平高于男性,而且在阿尔茨海默病患者中,男女性患者的这一差距更大。这一发现可望支持黄体生成素在阿尔茨海默病发生中的作用并带来一种全新的治疗方法。     

促红细胞生成素在心血管疾病中的作用

促红细胞生成素是一种能刺激骨髓中红系祖细胞分化及增加血液中红细胞数量的糖蛋白,对非造血谱系细胞也具保护作用。其在心血管疾病中的抗炎、抗氧化作用、抗调亡、促进内皮修复和抑制血管内膜增生以及在干细胞移植中的作用已被证实,从而有望成为治疗心血管疾病的有效方法。     

促红细胞生成素在心血管疾病中的作用

促红细胞生成素是一种能刺激骨髓中红系祖细胞分化及增加血液中红细胞数量的糖蛋白,对非造血谱系细胞也具保护作用.其在心血管疾病中的抗炎、抗氧化作用、抗调亡、促进内皮修复和抑制血管内膜增生以及在干细胞移植中的作用已被证实,从而有望成为治疗心血管疾病的有效方法.     

实验性糖尿病大鼠睾丸促黄体生成素/绒毛膜促性腺激素受体及其mRNA的变化

糖尿病患者常伴有性功能障碍 ,男性患者阳萎的患病率为非糖尿病患者的 4～ 5倍 [1 ] 。临床和动物试验显示糖尿病可导致睾酮分泌水平降低 [2 ,3] ,我们发现 [4 ] 糖尿病大鼠睾酮降低的同时间质细胞 L H/CG受体也显著减低 ,其机理尚不十分明确。本研究对糖尿病大鼠睾丸 L H/CG受体表达的影响进行探讨。一、材料和方法1.试剂 :链脲佐菌素 (STZ) (U pjohn公司 ) ;人绒毛膜促性腺激素 (h CG,6 0 0 0 IU/ mg) (中国科学院动物研究所 ) ;大鼠促黄体生成素 (L H )和卵泡刺激素 (FSH)的标记品、标准品及一抗 (美国 NIDDK)用氯胺 T法标记…     

促红细胞生成素在心血管疾病中的作用研究进展

促红细胞生成素是一种由肾脏分泌的相对分子量为34 000的糖蛋白。以往认为促红细胞生成素在体内的主要作用是与红系祖细胞表面的特异性促红细胞生成素受体结合,从而刺激其增殖分化,其在临床上的应用也局限于纠正慢性贫血。新近认为促红细胞生成素属于细胞因子超家族。除肾脏外,许多器官和组织如大脑、肝脏、子宫、血管内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞和心肌细胞等都可产生促红细胞生成素和表达促红细胞生成素受体。促红细胞生成素与促红细胞生成素受体结合后激活某些信号转导途径,发挥抑制细胞凋亡、促新生血管生成等多种与造血无关的组织和细胞保护作用。研究发现,心力衰竭患者接受促红细胞生成素治疗后心功能明显改善。在缺血再灌注损伤的实验动物模型中也发现,促红细胞生成素治疗组梗死面积明显减小。综上所述,促红细胞生成素在临床上除了简单的纠正贫血以外还可用于多种心血管疾病的辅助治疗。现对促红细胞生成素在心血管系统的多种作用及机制进行综述。     

促红细胞生成素在心血管疾病中的应用

目的对促红细胞生成素在治疗心力衰竭的临床效果进行分析和研究,探讨其优势和不足,总结经验,以更好地指导临床应用。方法选择我院近3年来50例心力衰竭患者,采取随机分组的方法分为治疗组30例,对照组20例。对照组采用标准治疗,治疗组在标准治疗的基础上采取促红细胞生成素皮下注射进行治疗,观察患者治疗后心功能指标和血管状态,病情状况,对治疗效果和资料进行分析研究,并加以总结。结果治疗组治疗前后心功能等指标均明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。患者经过促红细胞生成素治疗后,血液中红细胞百分比增加,肌肉中氧气生成,心功能状态较好,有效率较高;治疗组治疗后再住院率和病死率均明显低于对照组(P<0.01)。结论采用促红细胞生成素对心力衰竭进行治疗,能够有效缓解患者病情,增强心功能和血管流动,改善心脏衰竭,使患者得到有效治疗,具有较高的临床使用价值和推广价值。     

促红细胞生成素在心血管疾病中的应用

促红细胞生成素原用于贫血的治疗,但近年研究发现除促造血作用以外,还有细胞保护及促血管生成等作用,可用于缺血性心脏病、心力衰竭等心血管疾病的治疗。本文就其在心血管疾病中的应用进展情况作一综述。     

促红细胞生成素在心血管疾病中的应用

促红细胞生成素原用于贫血的治疗,但近年研究发现除促造血作用以外,还有细胞保护及促血管生成等作用,可用于缺血性心脏病、心力衰竭等心血管疾病的治疗.本文就其在心血管疾病中的应用进展情况作一综述.     

Effects of guanethidine administration on compensatory ovarian hypertrophy,compensatory ovulation and follicular development in the prepubertal female guinea pig

We analyzed the participation of sympathetic ovarian innervation in the prepubertal female guinea pig on regulation of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy (COH) and compensatory ovulation at puberty. The COH of the left ovary was significantly higher that of the right one (left ovary: 41.5+/-5.2 vs. 27.5+/-5.6%, p<0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test). The sympathetic denervation induced by guanethidine administration beginnings at birth or on day 10 resulted in a significant increase of the COH by each ovary (p<0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test). Only one of the six untreated control guinea pigs sacrificed at the follicular phase ovulate. All the hemiovariectomized animals with the left ovary in situ ovulated, while only two out of five with the right ovary in situ did (100 vs. 40%: p<0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test), unlike the denervated animals, which did not ovulate. The number of corpora lutea present in the ovaries was similar among all groups of animals. These results demonstrate differences in the follicular diameter in untreated female guinea pigs and add further support to the concept of asymmetrical response of the ovaries to denervation.     

Growth hormone replacement improved oocyte quality in a patient with hypopituitarism: A study of follicular fluid

BackgroundGrowth hormone (GH) is known to be involved in ovarian folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation. In patients with poor ovarian response without growth hormone deficiency (GHD), adjuvant GH treatment improves in-vitro fertilization (IVF) results. Improvement of oocyte quality in IVF by GH replacement was reported in only a few patients with GHD. We report on a new case with study of follicular fluid.MethodsA 29-year-old patient with hypopituitarism was referred to our infertility center. She was undergoing hormonal replacement for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and diabetes insipidus, and did not consider at first GH replacement. Four IVF procedures were performed between 2011 and 2014. Growth hormone replacement (somatotropin 1.1 mg/day) was initiated before the fourth IVF procedure and unmasked central hypothyroidism; levothyroxine (75 mg/day) was introduced. It took 10 months to reach the treatment objectives for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4). GH, IGF1 and thyroid hormones were measured in the blood and follicular fluid before and after GH and thyroid hormone replacement. Oocyte and embryo quality were also compared.ResultsThe first 3 IVF procedures were performed without GH replacement. 62% to 100% of mature oocytes presented one or more morphologic abnormalities: diffuse cytoplasmic granularity, large perivitelline space with fragments, fragmentation of the first polar body, ovoid shape, or difficult denudation. Embryo quality was moderate to poor (grade B to D), and no pregnancy was obtained after embryo transfer. After GH replacement, hormones levels increased in follicular fluid: GH [7.68 vs. 1.39 mIU/L], IGF1 [109 vs. < 25 ng/mL], fT3 [3.7 vs. 2.5 pmol/L] and fT4 [1.45 vs. 0.84 ng/mL]. Concomitantly, there was dramatic improvement in oocyte quality (no abnormal morphologies) and embryo quality (grade A), allowing an embryo transfer with successful pregnancy.ConclusionsThis is the first report illustrating changes in hormonal levels in follicular fluid and the beneficial effect of GH replacement on oocyte and embryo quality during an IVF procedure in a patient with hypopituitarism. These results suggest that GH replacement is beneficial for oocyte quality in patients with GHD.     

Discovery of a new reproductive hormone in teleosts: pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-related peptide (PRP)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-related peptide (PRP) is a peptide encoded with PACAP in the same precursor protein. Non-mammalian PRPs were previously termed growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)-like peptide, and was regarded as the mammalian GHRH homologue in non-mammalian vertebrates until the discovery of authentic GHRH genes in teleosts and amphibians. Although a highly specific receptor for PRP, which is lost in mammals, is present in non-mammals, a clear function of PRP in vertebrates remains unknown. Using goldfish as a model, here we show the expression of PRP and its cognate receptor in the brain-pituitary-gonadal (BPG) axis, thus suggesting a function of goldfish (gf) PRP in regulating reproduction. We found that gfPRP controls the expression of reproductive hormones in the brain, pituitary and ovary. Goldfish PRP exerts stimulatory effects on the expression of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH) in the brain, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in pituitary primary culture cells, but inhibits the expression of LH in the ovary. Using the same technique, we showed that gfPRP did not alter the mRNA level of growth hormone in the pituitary primary culture. In summary, we have discovered the first function of vertebrate PRP in regulating reproduction, which provides a new research direction in studying the neuroendocrine control of reproduction not only in teleosts, but also in other non-mammalian vertebrates.     

Gut hormones and reproduction

Reproduction and metabolism are intricately linked. Gut hormones play key roles in the regulation of body weight and glucose homeostasis, factors that influence the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and reproductive outcomes. Data from rodent models suggest gut hormones may have direct stimulatory effects on reproductive hormone release. However, the effects of gut hormones on reproductive function in humans are more complex, with possible involvement of direct (e.g. via gut hormone receptor agonism) as well as indirect (e.g. via weight reduction in people with obesity) mechanisms. The use of gut hormone receptor agonists has become an integral part of the management of metabolic diseases (including obesity and type 2 diabetes), with additional indications for their use on the horizon. Future work may identify specific roles for gut hormone receptor agonists in the treatment of reproductive co-morbidities that are increasingly being recognised in people with metabolic diseases.     

Effects of luteinizing hormone and growth hormone on luteal development in hypophysectomized ewes

To test the hypothesis that growth hormone (GH) as well as luteinizing hormone (LH) is required for normal luteal growth and function, 16 western range ewes were hypophysectomized (HPX) on day 5 of the estrous cycle. Ewes were randomly assigned to receive saline (S), LH, GH, or LH + GH (n=4 per group) from the time of HPX until collection of corpora lutea 7 days after HPX (day 12). Corpora lutea were also collected from pituitary-intact ewes on days 5 (day 5 control,n=4) and 12 (day 12 control,n=4) of the estrous cycle. To assess luteal function, concentrations of progesterone in sera, luteal weights and luteal concentrations of mRNA encoding cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450_scc) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5,Δ4 isomerase (3β-HSD) were determined. Concentrations of progesterone in sera and luteal weights increased between days 5 and 12 of the estrous cycle in control ewes, but not in HPX + S ewes. In HPX ewes treated with LH, concentrations of progesterone in sera and luteal mRNA for P450_scc and 3β-HSD increased but luteal weights were unaffected. Treatment with GH increased luteal weight and luteal concentrations of mRNA encoding P450_scc but did not increase concentrations of mRNA encoding 3β-HSD compared to HPX + S ewes. Concentrations of progesterone in sera of GH-treated, HPX ewes were similar to those of day 12 control ewes but not significantly different from those in HPX + S ewes. Treatment of HPX ewes with LH + GH increased all parameters of luteal function measured to values similar to those in day 12 controls. In conclusion, both GH and LH are necessary for normal luteal development in the ewe.     

The role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in zebrafish (Danio rerio) ovarian development

The presence of an ovarian IGF system in teleosts suggests a distinct role in reproductive physiology. This study investigates the role of the ovarian IGF system in oocyte maturation, the acquisition of maturational competence and steroidogenesis in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Recombinant human IGF-I and IGF-II stimulated germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in early vitellogenic (EV; 0.35-0.44 mm), midvitellogenic (MV; 0.45-0.56 mm) and full grown (FG; 0.57-0.65 mm) follicles incubated in vitro. By comparison, the maturation inducing steroid 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20β-P) only induced GVBD in MV and FG follicles. Collectively these studies suggest that IGF is involved in oocyte maturation and that follicles become responsive to IGFs at an earlier stage compared to 17,20β-P. IGF-I also increased the responsiveness of the follicle to 17,20β-P, suggesting a role in promoting maturational competence. IGF-I alone and in combination with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulated the production of 17,20β-P by ovarian follicles incubated in vitro. However, IGF-I had no effect on the production of 17β-estradiol (E₂) or the expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis (20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 20β-HSD and P450c17-II). These results provide evidence that the IGF system plays an important role in the promotion of oocyte maturation and ovarian development in the zebrafish.     

The use of parathyroid hormone in the treatment of osteoporosis

Anabolic skeletal agents have recently broadened our therapeutic options for osteoporosis. By directly stimulating bone formation, they reduce fracture incidence by improving bone qualities in addition to increasing bone mass. Teriparatide [recombinant human parathyroid hormone(1–34)], the only anabolic agent currently approved in the United States for osteoporosis, has emerged as a major therapeutic approach to selected patients with osteoporosis. Teriparatide is approved for both postmenopausal women and men with osteoporosis who are at high risk for fracture. With the use of this anabolic agent, bone density and bone turnover increase, microarchitecture improves, and bone size is beneficially altered. The incidence of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures is reduced with teriparatide use. Combination therapy with parathyroid hormone and an antiresorptive does not appear to offer definitive advantages over the use of PTH or an antiresorptive alone, although recent ideas about combining these agents may offer new insights. In order to maintain increases in bone density acquired during PTH therapy, it is important to follow its use with an antiresorptive agent.     

Characterization of the luteinizing hormone beta (LH-beta) subunit gene in the Indian river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

The cDNA sequence of leuteinizing hormone (LH) beta subunit was determined to understand the molecular basis for silent oestrus behavior and poor response to superovulation in buffalo. The LH-beta cDNA contains an open reading frame 426 bp long. The deduced sequence of the LH-beta is 141 amino acids in length. The amino acid sequences of the Indian river buffalo LH-beta subunit showed overall similarity to those of other mammals. The nucleotide sequence variability of LH-beta was studied in more than approximately 350 Indian buffaloes covering five different breeds. The results of the sequence analysis showed that the buffalo LH-beta gene is not highly conserved and non-synonymous mutations are not rare, at least in the samples collected randomly from five different breeds and buffalo populations. A total of seven different variants were obtained. In spite of its crucial role in reproduction, variation of the LH-beta gene was found present in this species. The polymorphisms found were unique in the Indian river buffalo population.     

严重急性呼吸综合征患者血清甲状腺和甲状旁腺激素水平观察及评价

目的　观察和评价SARS患者血清甲状腺素和甲状旁腺素含量变化。方法 用电化学发光法检测了 48例SARS患者血清甲状腺素、甲状旁腺素和促甲状腺激素含量，并与正常对照组作了比较。结果 患者T₃、T₄ 、FT₃和TSH含量明显低于对照组，重型SARS患者血清T₃含量明显低于普通型。甲状旁腺素水平 2组间无显著性差异。结论 血清甲状腺素和促甲状腺激素含量变化可能是SARS病程中的一个重要表现。     

Placental activin A is required for follicular development during the second half of pregnancy in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

Numerous antral follicles develop during the second half of pregnancy in the golden hamster even though LH and FSH are maintained at basal levels. To investigate the possible hormone actions of activin A associated with follicular development, pregnant golden hamsters were placentectomized on day 6 of pregnancy and animals were sacrificed at day 8, 10, 12, or 14 of pregnancy. There was a drastic decrease in the plasma concentrations of activin A from day 10 of pregnancy in the operated group compared to the controls. Positive immunohistochemical staining of inhibin/activin subunits betaA and betaB in the syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta revealed the source of activin A, AB, or B. The number of healthy follicles did not change until day 12 between the operated and the control groups, but decreased in numbers in the operated groups thereafter. The decreased concentrations of inhibin A, B, and estradiol-17beta in the operated groups at day 10 and 12 correlated well with the number of mature follicles in response to hCG treatment. In conclusion, we revealed that activin A secreted from the placenta induces folliculogenesis to maintain the high levels of estradiol-17beta needed to induce uterine dilatation for fetus growth and impending parturition.