椎管内血管性病变的影像学特征分析

目的 探讨椎管内血管性病变的影像学特征和鉴别诊断。方法：66例椎管内血管性病变包括脊髓动静脉畸形(AVM)25例、髓周动静脉瘘(AVF)12例、硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)21例、海绵状血管瘤5例和血管母细胞瘤3例，均行磁共振(MR)检查和选择性脊髓动脉造影检查，并行栓塞或手术治疗。结果：MRI对于多数脊髓AVM、髓周AVF和SDAVF多能发现椎管内异常血管。海绵状血管瘤显示为团块状异常信号影和周围环状低信号影，血管母细胞瘤显示为髓内的实质性强化影和异常血管影。数字减影血管造影(DSA)可以显示脊髓AVM、髓周AVF和SDAVF的畸形血管团或瘘口以及供血动脉和引流静脉，海绵状血管瘤一般不显影，血管母细胞瘤的瘤体和供血动脉均可以显影。结论：MRI对病变的定位和分类有重要诊断作用，脊髓选择性血管造影检查是具有确定意义的检查。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘的MRI表现

目的:对硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)的 MRI征象进行分析,以期对其临床诊断和鉴别诊断提供帮助。材料和方法:对6例经手术或DSA证实的硬脊膜动静脉瘘的患者的MRI影像资料进行复习。结果:所有病例均见胸段髓外硬膜下串珠状或虫蚀状流空信号,增强扫描见明显串珠状强化,脊髓内有不同程度长T1长T2信号。结论:MRI可根据脊髓外硬膜下流空信号明确诊断硬脊膜动静脉瘘,增强扫描对显示畸形血管有帮助。     

脊髓血管畸形的DSA分析及血管内栓塞治疗

目的：评价血管造影对脊髓血管畸形的诊断及栓塞治疗价值。方法：16例脊髓血管畸形病人做了选择性脊髓血管造影检查，确诊后进行血管内栓塞治疗。结果：根据DSA显示的异常血管的部位、形态、分布和供血动脉及引流静脉情况将其分为三型：髓内动静脉畸形4例；髓周动静脉瘘4例；硬脊膜动静脉瘘8例。栓塞治疗后，13例获得较满意效果，2例无变化。在2个月至3年的随访期间，13例临床症状有改善。结论：脊髓血管造影是诊断脊髓血管畸形的可靠依据，可清晰显示畸形血管及供血动脉和引流静脉。栓塞治疗是一种创伤小、并发症少的方法。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘一例漏诊分析

目的 探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘的临床特征及诊治要点,分析漏诊原因,以提高临床诊治水平.方法 对我院1例硬脊膜动静脉瘘漏诊病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 患者因进行性双下肢乏力、麻木2年,排尿障碍6个月入院,当地医院经CT检查诊断为腰椎问盘突出.入我院后经MRI、脊髓数字减影血管造影等检查证实为腰椎间盘突出、硬脊膜动静脉瘘,行手术治疗,术后患者症状好转出院.结论 硬脊膜动静脉瘘临床表现多样,MRI检查具有一定特异性,脊髓数字减影血管造影检查是其诊断金标准.发病率低及临床表现不典型等是造成该病误诊的主要原因.     

256层螺旋CT全脊髓血管造影诊断脊髓动静脉瘘的临床应用价值

目的：探讨256层螺旋CT全脊髓血管造影（CTA）在诊断脊髓动静脉瘘中的临床应用价值。方法：13例临床表现及MRI符合脊髓血管病变的患者进行CTA检查,其中11例3～5 d内做DSA检查,8例手术治疗。结果：13例患者7例诊断为硬脊膜动静脉瘘（SDAVF）,6例髓周动静脉瘘（SPMAVF）,与DSA或手术诊断一致;CTA全部较好的显示了异常血管病变的范围;7例SDAVF中有5例CTA与DSA或手术对供血动脉的诊断一致,6例对瘘口的诊断一致,1例DSA阴性;6例SPMAVF中3例CTA与DSA或手术对供血动脉的诊断一致,5例对瘘口的诊断一致。结论：256层螺旋全脊髓CTA可以清晰的显示脊髓动静脉瘘的病变范围、供血动脉及瘘口的位置,较DSA相比安全、无创、快速,可以作为DSA检查前、指导手术及术后随访必要的检查手段,部分可取代DSA检查。     

CTA与MRA在诊断脊髓血管畸形中的价值及其临床应用

目的：评价640层多层螺旋CT血管成像（CTA）与3.0T动态MR血管成像（CE-MRA）在诊断脊髓血管畸形中的临床应用价值。方法：19例临床怀疑脊髓血管病变的患者,其中11例行多层螺旋CTA检查,10例行CE-MRA检查,16例接受DSA治疗,3例接受手术治疗。结果：11例行CTA检查中有4例为硬脊膜动静脉瘘（SDAVF）,4例为髓周动静瘘（PMAVF）,2例为脊髓动静脉畸形（SCAVF）,8例与DSA诊断一致,1例DSA为阴性;10例行MRA检查中有7例为SDAVF,其中2例SDAVF CTA检查未显示供血动脉及瘘口,CE-MRA显示很好的供血动脉及瘘口,2例为PMAVF,1例为SCAVF,均与DSA诊断一致。结论：3.0T CE-MRA对显示脊髓血管畸形的供血动脉及瘘口,在诊断脊髓血管畸形中优于CTA;脊髓CTA对脊髓血管畸形的诊断有很大的价值,可作为DSA检查前的筛选检查,并对DSA有指导作用;而3.0T CE-MRA可快速、无创、清晰地显示脊髓血管畸形的供血动脉及瘘口;CTA、CE-MRA在诊断脊髓血管畸形、协助制定治疗方案及术后随访等方面具有重要价值。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘合并Ⅰ型髓周动静脉瘘1例报告

脊髓血管畸形(Spinal vascular malformations,SVM)是一种罕见的疾病,与脑血管疾病类似,可分为先天发育异常性疾病和后天获得性疾病;前者包括脊髓动静脉畸形(Spinal arteriovenous malformation,SAVM)和海绵状血管瘤(Cavernoma),而后者主要是硬脊膜动静脉瘘(Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulae,SDAVF)。SDAVF和SAVM并发极为罕     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘血液动力学改变的血管造影表现

目的探讨硬脊膜动静脉瘘血液动力学改变的血管造影表现.方法回顾性分析28例硬脊膜动静脉瘘的选择性血管造影与栓塞治疗资料,所有患者均行全脊髓动脉血管造影检查.结果 28例硬脊膜动静脉瘘经血管造影检齐均能明确诊断,能显示病变的范围、血供情况及其特征,其特点为硬脊膜动脉与脊髓表面静脉直接相通.18例(64.3%)硬脊膜动静脉瘘位于脊柱左侧,10例(35.7%)位于右侧,23例瘘口(82.1%)位于胸3与腰2椎体平面之间.经超选择插管后17例患者接受了栓塞治疗,其中12例行栓塞后手术切除,随访观察见患者临床症状改善者11例(64.7%),病情稳定者4例(23.5%),病情加重者2例(11.8%).所有栓塞病例均无严重并发症发生.结论血管造影是反映硬脊膜动静脉瘘血液动力学改变的重要手段.     

脊髓动静脉畸形

脊髓动静脉畸形属少见疾病,可分为四型：Ⅰ型,硬膜动静脉瘘;Ⅱ型,球形髓内动静脉畸形;Ⅲ型,青少年型动静脉畸形;Ⅳ型,硬膜内髓周动静脉瘘。在传统的血管造影基础上,近年来开展了ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ、ＭＲＡ及磁共振动力学扫描,为脊髓动静脉畸形的诊治增添了新手段,合理应用血管内栓塞及显微手术可使脊髓动静脉畸形的治疗取得良好疗效,本文就该病的分型、致病机制、影像学检查及治疗进展作一综述。     

硬脊膜动静脉瘘误诊2例分析

脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)由于其发病率低,临床表现的非特异性和影像学征象的多样性,致使及时正确的诊断较为困难,国内外文献常有误诊和漏诊的报道[1,2]。我们收治2例脊髓硬脊膜动静脉瘘,早期均被误诊,后经血管造影和手术证实,分析如下。1病历摘要例1:男,40岁。因进行性双下肢麻木9个月,双下肢瘫痪大小便失禁20 d入院。患者9个月前,出现双下肢麻木,以一侧明显,在当地县医院检查发现腰椎的生理前凸消失,椎间隙狭窄,椎体后缘有增生骨赘,诊断为腰椎退行性变,椎间盘突出,给予牵引,按摩治疗,未见好转。近20 d患者出现双下肢瘫痪,大小便失禁,才…     

3.0T 三维动态增强MR血管成像诊断脊髓血管畸形

目的 评价3.0T MR脊髓三维动态增强MR血管成像(CE-MRA)诊断脊髓血管畸形的临床价值。方法 对临床及MR平扫疑诊脊髓血管病的14例患者行CE-MRA检查,其中13例于3~5天内接受DSA检查,6例接受手术治疗,对比分析MRA与DSA及手术结果。结果 CE-MRA诊断8例为硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF),5例为髓周动静脉瘘(PMAVF),1例为脊髓动静脉畸形(SCAVM);与DSA检查结果对照,14例中,MRA可以准确判断11例的供血动脉及瘘口。结论 3.0T 3D-CE-MRA可快速、无创、清晰地显示脊髓血管畸形的供血动脉及瘘口,在诊断脊髓血管畸形、协助制定治疗方案及术后随访等方面具有重要价值。     

Spinal arteriovenous fistula located in the filum terminale externa: A case report and review of the literature

A filum terminale arteriovenous fistula (FTAVF) is an extremely rare spinal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and typically presents with myelopathy and conus medullaris syndrome caused by venous congestion in the spinal cord. Most reported FTAVFs are intradural pial AVFs with perimedullary drainage in the filum terminale interna. However, there are no reports of AVFs in the filum terminale externa (FTE). We describe a case involving a 68-year-old man with an AVF in the FTE who presented with progressive myelopathy and underwent successful endovascular treatment. We identified the specific shunt point by fusing postoperative computed tomography and magnetic resonance images. The features of the extradural sac AVF developed in the FTE may mimic those of a dural AVF with dural supply to the FTE covered by the dural component, unlike typical FTAVFs where the shunt develops at the pia mater. This case makes a significant contribution to the field by increasing the understanding of the clinical characteristics of an AVF that develops in the FTE and its angioarchitecture.     

Lumbar spinal epidural arteriovenous fistula with perimedullary venous drainage after endoscopic lumbar surgery

Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) with perimedullary venous drainage are rare. This report describes a case of lumbar epidural AVF in a patient with a history of endoscopic lumbar discectomy at the same level 8 years prior to presenting with progressive myelopathy secondary to retrograde venous reflux into the perimedullary vein. A 69-year-old man presented with progressive lower extremity weakness and sensory disturbance and loss of sphincter control 8 years after endoscopic lumbar discectomy for a disc herniation at L4–5 level. Magnetic resonance imaging showed spinal cord edema and dilated intradural perimedullary vessels. Spinal angiography revealed an epidural AVF at the site of the previous endoscopic lumbar surgery with intradural perimedullary venous drainage. The fistula was successfully occluded via endovascular transarterial embolization, and the patient had stabilization of his neurological deficits. Lumbar spinal epidural AVFs, especially those associated with iatrogenic trauma, are rare. Endoscopic surgical procedure can occlude the epidural venous plexus and disturb venous drainage, thereby inducing local venous hypertension and leading to epidural AVF with perimedullary venous drainage. This type of pathology should be considered within the differential diagnosis of delayed neurological deterioration after spinal surgery.     

椎管内脊膜囊肿的低场磁共振成像分析

目的分析椎管内脊膜囊肿在低场磁共振的MR表现,并对其分类与分型、临床症状、MRI表现及诊断与鉴别诊断进行讨论。方法本组42例均行0.35T永磁型磁共振矢状面T_1WI、T_2WI和横断面T_2WI及部分患者加行轴位T_1WI,12例行MR增强扫描。结果按Nabors方法分为:椎管内硬膜外脊膜囊肿(Ⅰa型)4例,骶管内脊膜囊肿(Ⅰb型)32例,根性囊肿(Ⅱ型)4例,椎管内硬膜下脊膜囊肿(Ⅲ型)2例。椎管内脊膜囊肿均边界清楚,T_1WI均匀低信号,T_2WI均匀高信号,与脑脊液相似,12例增强扫描均无强化。Ⅰa型常位于中下段胸椎脊髓背侧,并脊髓受压、硬膜外脂肪推移。Ⅰb型位于骶管内,与硬脊膜囊之间有脂肪相隔。Ⅱ型位于硬脊膜囊侧方,其内有神经根存在。Ⅲ型囊肿常位于胸段脊髓背侧,脊髓受压、前移和变形。结论低场MRI能较好地显示椎管内脊膜囊肿,对椎管内脊膜囊肿的定位和定性诊断提供影像依据,Ⅰa型及Ⅰb型椎管内脊膜囊肿MR征象较典型,诊断不难;而根性囊肿及硬膜下脊膜囊肿需要与囊性神经鞘瘤及肠源性囊肿鉴别。     

以耳鸣为主诉的硬脑膜动静脉瘘二例报告

目的提高对硬脑膜动静脉瘘(dural arteriovenous fistulas,DAVF)的认识,减少误诊。方法回顾分析2例以耳鸣为主诉的DAVF误诊病例的临床资料。结果 2例均以耳鸣伴头痛或视力下降为主诉,发病初期于外院误诊为病毒性脑膜炎、视神经炎,予相应治疗无效。入我院后经腰椎穿刺脑脊液检查及头颅MRI检查排除颅内感染及其他疾病,数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查确诊DAVF。结论临床上对不明原因的耳鸣伴头痛或视力下降等患者需警惕DAVF,应及时行DSA检查以确诊。     

64层螺旋CT血管成像对脊髓血管畸形的初步研究

目的通过与DSA对比,初步探讨64层螺旋CT血管成像(CTA)在诊断脊髓血管畸形方面的应用价值。方法6例患者中,男、女各3例。临床症状主要表现为下肢无力,查体主要见下肢肌力减退及感觉障碍。6例均行CTA和DSA检查。结果6例脊髓血管畸形患者分别为髓内动静脉畸形(2例)、髓周动静脉瘘(2例)、Cobb综合征(2例)。6例患者各部位畸形血管团、瘘口位置、供血动脉、增粗纡曲的引流静脉于CTA均可显示,与DSA所见基本一致。CTA在平均扫描时间15秒内即可完成检查,经各种重建方法可全面立体观察畸形血管与邻近结构的关系。结论64层螺旋CTA可以快速、无创、全面显示各种脊髓血管畸形的病变,缩短DSA诊疗时间,在脊髓血管畸形的诊断和协助制订治疗方案方面起到重要作用。     

Neonatal bilateral cerebral high flow fistulae leading to detection of a HHT-family carrier

Cerebral and spinal cord high-flow arteriovenous fistulae (HFAVF) are part of the spectrum of lesions found in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT). HFAVF consist of communications between large arteries and veins without interposed nidi or capillary transitions. The association between HHT and cerebral or spinal HFAVF in children has been reported and suggested as a potential marker for HHT. We present a newborn with bilateral intracranial HFAVF tested positive for HHT1 and belonging to a family non known for carrying a HHT mutation. We also review reported cases of neonates and infants with cerebral and spinal HFAVF emphasizing their associations with genetic syndromes. Our aim is to add a new case to the pertinent literature and emphasize the need for molecular testing in children with spinal or brain HFAVF.