Sec13 promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin repair through autocrine pleiotrophin signaling

Dysfunction of protein trafficking has been intensively associated with neurological diseases, including neurodegeneration, but whether and how protein transport contributes to oligodendrocyte (OL) maturation and myelin repair in white matter injury remains unclear. ER-to-Golgi trafficking of newly synthesized proteins is mediated by coat protein complex II (COPII). Here, we demonstrate that the COPII component Sec13 was essential for OL differentiation and postnatal myelination. Ablation of Sec13 in the OL lineage prevented OPC differentiation and inhibited myelination and remyelination after demyelinating injury in the central nervous system (CNS), while improving protein trafficking by tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) or ectopic expression of COPII components accelerated myelination. COPII components were upregulated in OL lineage cells after demyelinating injury. Loss of Sec13 altered the secretome of OLs and inhibited the secretion of pleiotrophin (PTN), which was found to function as an autocrine factor to promote OL differentiation and myelin repair. These data suggest that Sec13-dependent protein transport is essential for OL differentiation and that Sec13-mediated PTN autocrine signaling is required for proper myelination and remyelination.     

多种神经营养因子联合诱导培养骨髓间充质干细胞向少突胶质样细胞的定向分化

背景:轴突再牛后髓鞘化是影响脊髓损伤后恢复的一个关键性因素,而少突胶质细胞存活的多少直接影响轴突再生后髓鞘化.目的:探讨骨髓间充质干细胞经神经营养因子诱导培养后,向少突胶质样细胞定向分化的可行性.设计、时间及地点:细胞分子生物学的体外实验,于2006-09/2007-06在同济医院骨科实验室完成.材料:选用2～4周龄SD大鼠5只,雌雄不拘,取其舣侧股骨、胫骨骨髓,分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞.培养用诱导因子表皮生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、胰岛素样生长因子为美国Invitrogen公司产品.方法:取培养至第4代的骨髓间充质干细胞,加入含有20 ng/mL碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、20 ng/mL表皮生长因子、N2添加剂的无血清培养基的诱导液诱导48 h后,加含500 ng/mL胰岛素样生长因子1、N2添加剂的分化培养液培养3 d.主要观察指标:相差显微镜观察诱导过程中骨髓间充质干细胞的形态学变化.半定量RT-PCR检测少突胶质细胞特异性标志物mRNA的表达.应用神经元细胞标志物抗微管相关蛋白,星形胶质细胞标志物抗神经纤维酸性蛋白,少突胶质细胞标志物抗半乳糖脑苷脂、抗磷脂碱性蛋白抗体进行免疫细胞化学染色,检测骨髓间充质干细胞定向分化为少突胶质样细胞的阳性率.结果:①骨髓间充质干细胞向少突胶质样细胞诱导分化过稃中的形态学变化:经诱导分化后,大部分骨髓间充质干细胞表现出少突胶质细胞的形态学特征,胞质向细胞核回缩,细胞突起向外延伸,折光性增强,随时间延长多个细胞突起相互连接形成典犁的网状结构.②少突胶质细胞特异性标志物mRNA的表达:细胞诱导分化后可检测到磷脂碱性蛋白mRNA、半乳糖脑苷脂mRNA的特异性条带.③少突胶质细胞阳性率:在诱导分化条件下,半乳糖脑苷脂阳性率为65%.磷脂碱性蛋白阳性率为45%,微管相关蛋白2阳性率为10%.结论:碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、表皮生长因子与胰岛素样生长因子联合应用能够有效促进骨髓间充质干细胞向少突胶质样细胞定向分化.     

An Alzheimer's Disease-Relevant Presenilin-1 Mutation Augments Amyloid-Beta-Induced Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction

研究表明,家族性阿尔茨海默病(FAD)患者处于无症状或临床前阶段时,脑白质即出现病理改变.此种改变在髓鞘破坏及阿尔茨海默病(AD)病理生理中的作用有待进一步研究阐明.笔者前期研究证实,三重转基因AD小鼠(人淀粉前体蛋白基因的Swedish突变,早老素-1 M146V (PS1M146V)敲入突变及tauP301L突变)...     

Carprofen induction of p75NTR-dependent apoptosis via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in prostate cancer cells

The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) functions as a tumor suppressor in prostate epithelial cells, where its expression declines with progression to malignant cancer. Previously, we showed that treatment with R-flurbiprofen or ibuprofen induced p75(NTR) expression in several prostate cancer cell lines leading to p75(NTR)-mediated decreased survival. Using the 2-phenyl propionic acid moiety of these profens as a pharmacophore, we screened an in silico database of 30 million compounds and identified carprofen as having an order of magnitude greater activity for induction of p75(NTR) levels and inhibition of cell survival. Prostate (PC-3 and DU-145) and bladder (T24) cancer cells were more sensitive to carprofen induction of p75(NTR)-associated loss of survival than breast (MCF-7) and fibroblast (3T3) cells. Transfection of prostate cell lines with a dominant-negative form of p75(NTR) before carprofen treatment partially rescued cell survival, showing a cause-and-effect relationship between carprofen induction of p75(NTR) levels and inhibition of survival. Carprofen induced apoptotic nuclear fragmentation in prostate but not in MCF-7 and 3T3 cells. Furthermore, small interfering RNA knockdown of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein prevented induction of p75(NTR) by carprofen in both prostate cell lines. Carprofen treatment induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK as early as within 1 min. Expression of a dominant-negative form of MK2, the kinase downstream of p38 MAPK frequently associated with signaling cascades leading to apoptosis, prevented carprofen induction of the p75(NTR) protein. Collectively, we identify carprofen as a highly potent profen capable of inducing p75(NTR)-dependent apoptosis via the p38 MAPK pathway in prostate cancer cells.     

Glucose or diabetes activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase via different pathways

Hyperglycemia can cause vascular dysfunctions by multiple factors including hyperosmolarity, oxidant formation, and protein kinase C (PKC) activation. We have characterized the effect of hyperglycemia on p38 mitogen-activated protein (p38) kinase activation, which can be induced by oxidants, hyperosmolarity, and proinflammatory cytokines, leading to apoptosis, cell growth, and gene regulation. Glucose at 16.5 mM increased p38 kinase activity in a time-dependent manner compared with 5.5 mM in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC). Mannitol activated p38 kinase only at or greater than 22 mM. High glucose levels and a PKC agonist activated p38 kinase, and a PKC inhibitor, GF109203X, prevented its activation. However, p38 kinase activation by mannitol or tumor necrosis factor-α was not inhibited by GF109203X. Changes in PKC isoform distribution after exposure to 16.5 mM glucose in SMC suggested that both PKC-β2 and PKC-δ isoforms were increased. Activities of p38 kinase in PKC-δ– but not PKC-β1–overexpressed SMC were increased compared with control cells. Activation of p38 kinase was also observed and characterized in various vascular cells in culture and aorta from diabetic rats. Thus, moderate hyperglycemia can activate p38 kinase by a PKC-δ isoform–dependent pathway, but glucose at extremely elevated levels can also activate p38 kinase by hyperosmolarity via a PKC-independent pathway.     

Antihypertrophic effect of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 inhibition is mediated by reduced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation secondary to improved mitochondrial integrity and decreased generation of mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species

Although inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE-1) reduces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, the mechanisms underlying this effect are not known. Recent evidence suggests that this may be associated with improved mitochondrial function. To understand the mechanistic bases for mitochondrial involvement in the antihypertrophic effect of NHE-1 inhibition, we examined the effect of the NHE-1-specific inhibitor N-[2-methyl-4,5-bis(methylsulphonyl)-benzoyl]-guanidine, hydrochloride (EMD, EMD87580; 5 microM) on the hypertrophic phenotype, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim), permeability transition (MPT) pore opening, and superoxide generation in phenylephrine (PE)-treated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. EMD significantly suppressed markers of cell hypertrophy, including cell surface area and gene expression of atrial natriuretic peptide and alpha-skeletal actin. EMD inhibited the PE-induced MPT pore opening, prevented the loss in Deltapsim, and attenuated superoxide generation induced by PE. Moreover, the activation of p38 MAPK (p38) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 MAPKs induced by PE was significantly attenuated in the presence of EMD as well as the antioxidant catalase. To examine the role of MPT and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniport in parallel with EMD, the effects of cyclosporin A (0.2 microM) and ruthenium red (10 microM) were evaluated. Both agents significantly attenuated PE-induced hypertrophy and inhibited both mitochondrial dysfunction and p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK activation. Our results suggest a novel mechanism for attenuation of the hypertrophic phenotype by NHE-1 inhibition that is mediated by a reduction in PE-induced MAPK activation and superoxide production secondary to improved mitochondrial integrity.     

Distinct roles of Smad pathways and p38 pathways in cartilage-specific gene expression in synovial fibroblasts

The role of TGF-beta/bone morphogenetic protein signaling in the chondrogenic differentiation of human synovial fibroblasts (SFs) was examined with the adenovirus vector-mediated gene transduction system. Expression of constitutively active activin receptor-like kinase 3 (ALK3CA) induced chondrocyte-specific gene expression in SFs cultured in pellets or in SF pellets transplanted into nude mice, in which both the Smad and p38 pathways are essential. To analyze downstream cascades of ALK3 signaling, we utilized adenovirus vectors carrying either Smad1 to stimulate Smad pathways or constitutively active MKK6 (MKK6CA) to activate p38 pathways. Smad1 expression had a synergistic effect on ALK3CA, while activation of p38 MAP kinase pathways alone by transduction of MKK6CA accelerated terminal chondrocytic differentiation, leading to type X collagen expression and enhanced mineralization. Overexpression of Smad1 prevented MKK6CA-induced type X collagen expression and maintained type II collagen expression. In a mouse model of osteoarthritis, activated p38 expression as well as type X collagen staining was detected in osteochondrophytes and marginal synovial cells. These results suggest that SFs can be differentiated into chondrocytes via ALK3 activation and that stimulating Smad pathways and controlling p38 activation at the proper level can be a good therapeutic strategy for maintaining the healthy joint homeostasis and treating degenerative joint disorders.     

乌苯美司增强全反式维甲酸诱导急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞分化的体外研究

目的探讨氨肽酶N抑制剂乌苯美司（ubenimex）对全反式维甲酸（ATRA）诱导人急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）细胞分化的影响及可能机制。方法采用流式细胞术检测细胞表面分化抗原CD11b，四氮唑蓝（NBT）还原实验检测细胞分化；Western blot法检测细胞c—Myc、ERK1／2及P—ERK1/2 、p38MAPK及p—p38MAPK蛋白表达。结果ubenimex单独应用对NB4细胞的NBT还原能力及CD11b表达无明显影响，但ubenimex能增强ATRA诱导NB4细胞的NBT还原能力及CD11b的表达。100μg／mlubenimex能增强10nmol／LATRA诱导原代APL细胞的NBT还原能力。100μg／mlubenimex增强10nmol／LATRA下调NB4细胞c—Myc蛋白的表达；抑制10nmol／LATRA引起的NB4细胞的p38MAPK磷酸化。结论ubenimex能够增强ATRA对APL细胞的诱导分化作用，可能与抑制p38MAPK的磷酸化及对原癌基因c—Myc表达的调控有关。     

Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) attenuates leptin-induced cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of p115Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor-RhoA/Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation

Leptin is a 16-kDa peptide primarily derived from white adipocytes and is typically elevated in plasma of obese individuals. Although leptin plays a critical role in appetite regulation, leptin receptors have been identified in numerous tissues including the heart and have been shown to directly mediate cardiac hypertrophy through RhoA/ROCK (Ras homolog gene family, member A/Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase)-dependent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation; however, the basis for RhoA stimulation is unknown. Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) catalyze the exchange of GDP for GTP resulting in Rho activation and may be the potential upstream factors mediating leptin-induced RhoA activation and therefore a potential target for inhibition. We investigated the effects of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), reported to reduce cardiac hypertrophy, on RhoA/ROCK and MAPK activation in ventricular cardiomyocytes exposed to leptin (50 ng/ml) and the possible role of p115RhoGEF and p63RhoGEF in these responses. Leptin produced a robust hypertrophic response that was associated with RhoA/ROCK activation resulting in a significant increase in cofilin-2 phosphorylation and actin polymerization, the latter evidenced by a reduction in the G/F actin ratio. These effects were prevented by ginseng (10 μg/ml). The stimulation of RhoA/ROCK by leptin was associated with significantly increased p115RhoGEF gene and protein expression and exchange activity, all of which were completely prevented by ginseng. The ability of ginseng to prevent leptin-induced activation of RhoA/ROCK was further associated with diminished p38 MAPK activation and nuclear translocation. These results demonstrate a potent inhibitory effect of ginseng against leptin-induced cardiac hypertrophy, an effect associated with prevention of p115RhoGEF-RhoA/ROCK-dependent p38 MAPK activation.     

MAPK通路参与小鼠骨实质来源间充质干细胞向成骨的分化

本研究探讨丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen—activated protein kinase,MAPK）通路对间充质干细胞（mesen chymal stemcell,MSC）向成骨分化的影响。采用骨片法分离培养C57／BL小鼠骨实质来源的MSC;取第4代MSC进行成骨诱导,利用Western blot检测在MSC向成骨分化过程中MAPK所包含的细胞外信号调节激酶（ex—tracellular signal—regulated kinase,ERK）、c-JunN端激酶（c—Jun N—terminal kinase,JNK）和p38通路磷酸化水平的变化,以及分别加入3种相应通路抑制剂PD98059、JNK Ⅱ和SB203580后碱性磷酸酶（ALP）和钙沉积的相应变化。结果表明：MSC在向成骨分化过程中MAPK通路所包括的ERK、INK和p38通路均发生活化;加入PD98059后,ALP的表达在诱导早期显著提高,而后无显著改变;加入JNKII后不影响ALP和钙的沉积;而加入SB203580后,可显著抑制MSC中ALP的表达和钙的沉积。结论：p38通路在MSC向成骨分化中起正调控作用,ERK通路可能在早期起负调控作用,而JNK通路在其中未见显著作用。     

Preventive and therapeutic potential of p38 alpha-selective mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor in nonobese diabetic mice with type 1 diabetes

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs) are ubiquitous proteins that function within T cells in both normal and stress-related pathophysiological states, including type 1 diabetes. The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops T cell-mediated autoimmune pancreatic beta cell destruction that is similar to type 1 diabetes in humans. Because p38 MAPKs have been shown to modulate T cell function, we studied the effects of a p38alpha MAPK-selective inhibitor, indole-5-carboxamide (SD-169), on the development and progression of type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse. In preventive treatment studies, SD-169 significantly reduced p38 and HSP60 expression in T cells of the pancreatic beta islets. Following treatment, the incidence of diabetes as determined by blood glucose levels was significantly lower, and immuno-histochemistry of pancreatic beta islet tissue demonstrated significant reduction in CD5+ T cell infiltration in the SD-169 treatment group as compared with untreated NOD mice. In therapeutic studies using mildly and moderately hyperglycemic NOD mice, SD-169 treatment lowered blood glucose and improved glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, following cessation of SD-169 treatment, NOD mice showed significant arrest of diabetes. In conclusion, we report that this p38alpha-selective inhibitor prevents the development and progression of diabetes in NOD mice by inhibiting T cell infiltration and activation, thereby preserving beta cell mass via inhibition of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. These results have bearing on current prophylactic and therapeutic protocols using p38alpha-selective inhibitors in the prediabetic period for children at high risk of type 1 diabetes, in the honeymoon period, and for adults with latent autoimmune diabetes.     

Osthole-mediated cell differentiation through bone morphogenetic protein-2/p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway in human osteoblast cells

The survival of osteoblast cells is one of the determinants of the development of osteoporosis in patients. Osthole (7-methoxy-8-isopentenoxycoumarin) is a coumarin derivative present in many medicinal plants. By means of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and type I collagen, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we have shown that osthole exhibits a significant induction of differentiation in two human osteoblast-like cell lines, MG-63 and hFOB. Induction of differentiation by osthole was associated with increased bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 production and the activations of SMAD1/5/8 and p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 kinases. Addition of purified BMP-2 protein did not increase the up-regulation of ALP activity and osteocalcin by osthole, whereas the BMP-2 antagonist noggin blocked both osthole and BMP-2-mediated ALP activity enhancement, indicating that BMP-2 production is required in osthole-mediated osteoblast maturation. Pretreatment of osteoblast cells with noggin abrogated p38 activation but only partially decreased ERK1/2 activation, suggesting that BMP-2 signaling is required in p38 activation and is partially involved in ERK1/2 activation in osthole-treated osteoblast cells. Cotreatment of p38 inhibitor SB203580 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1H-imidazole] or p38 small interfering RNA (siRNA) expression inhibited osthole-mediated activation of ALP but only slightly affected osteocalcin production. In contrast, the production of osteocalcin induced by osthole was inhibited by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor PD98059 (2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone) or by expression of an ERK2 siRNA. These data suggest that BMP-2/p38 pathway links to the early phase, whereas ERK1/2 pathway is associated with the later phase in osthole-mediated differentiation of osteoblast cells. In this study, we demonstrate that osthole is a promising agent for treating osteoporosis.     

FR167653, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, prevents Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils

FR167653 was discovered as a cytokine production inhibitor, but its target molecule has remained unclear. We examined the effect of FR167653 on activities of purified protein kinases. FR167653 dose dependently inhibited p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase activity without affecting the activities of other kinases. FR167653 had no effect on cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 or COX-2 activities, whereas SB203580 inhibited them. FR167653 suppressed endogenous p38 kinase activity in interleukin-1-stimulated NRK-F cells. These results indicate that FR167653 is a p38 kinase-selective inhibitor without affecting COX activity. To evaluate the role of p38 kinase in Helicobacter pylori gastritis, we therefore examined the effect of FR167653 on H. pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils. H. pylori infection activated p38 kinase in the gastric mucosa and caused neutrophil infiltration from 2 and 3 weeks of infection, respectively. At 4 weeks, severe mucosal inflammation with erosive injury was observed. When FR167653 was administered to H. pylori-infected gerbils from 2 weeks, both neutrophil infiltration and mucosal injury at 4 weeks were significantly prevented. FR167653 markedly reduced the H. pylori-induced increase in endogenous p38 kinase activity in the gastric mucosa, and also significantly inhibited neutrophil chemokine production. In contrast, the drug did not affect H. pylori colonization or acid secretion. FR167653 did not cause any pathological change in the gastric mucosa of normal animals. These results indicate that p38 kinase plays a crucial role in H. pylori-induced gastritis in Mongolian gerbils.     

Attenuating burn wound inflammation improves pulmonary function and survival in a burn-pneumonia model

OBJECTIVE: We previously showed that topical inhibition of inflammatory signaling in burn wounds reduced systemic inflammatory response and burn-induced pulmonary inflammation. We hypothesized that this topical intervention would attenuate burn-induced lung injury, improve pulmonary function, protect lungs from bacterial invasion, and reduce mortality. DESIGN: Controlled, in vivo, laboratory study. SETTING: University laboratory. SUBJECTS: Female mice, 8-10 wks old. INTERVENTIONS: Animals received 30% total body surface area burn followed by topical application of a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, a key inflammatory signaling pathway, or vehicle to the wound. Twenty-four hours after injury, pulmonary collagen deposition and pulmonary function were assessed. One day postburn, some of the animals received intratracheal instillation of Klebsiella pneumoniae and were subsequently monitored for 7 days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Topical inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase significantly decreased pulmonary collagen deposition and prevented a decline in pulmonary function at 1 day after burn injury. Compared with sham controls, animals with burn injury had a significantly higher mortality in response to intratracheal bacterial challenge. Application of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor to the burn wound attenuated pulmonary neutrophil infiltration and reduced the mortality rate to a level experienced by sham controls. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory source control in burn wounds with topical p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition attenuates acute lung injury, avoids pulmonary dysfunction, protects lungs from bacterial challenge, and improves survival.     

Modulated adhesion: a proposal for the role of myelin-associated glycoprotein in myelin wrapping

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a 100-kDa integral membrane glycoprotein expressed by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems, respectively. It is found first in loosely wrapped myelin and then periaxonally after compaction. Clinical findings, structural analysis, and cell assays indicate a role for MAG in adhesion. We propose that the phosphorylation state of MAG modulates its adhesion and that a minimum spatial requirement for the separation of the kinase and phosphatase activities postulated by this model may explain the correlation between axon size and myelination state.     

The mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways: role in megakaryocyte differentiation

Summary.  Megakaryopoiesis is a process by which bone marrow progenitor cells develop into mature megakaryocytes (MKs), which in turn produce platelets required for normal hemostasis. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family comprises four main groups of proteins: extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs) (ERK1/2 or p44/p42), ERK5, p38MAPKs (α, β, γ, δ) and c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs) (JNK 1, 2, 3). These intracellular signaling pathways play a pivotal role in many essential cellular processes including proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge on the role of MAPKs in MKs, specifically regarding differentiation in immortalized cell lines and primary MKs. A critical role of the MEK (MAPK kinase)-ERK1/2 pathway in MK development has been demonstrated although the details remain controversial. There is at present no functional evidence for a role of p38MAPKs whereas the role of JNKs and ERK5 in MK development is not known. Characterization of these molecular event cascades remains crucial for the understanding of the megakaryopoiesis process.     

p38MAPK信号转导通路与肿瘤关系的最新研究进展

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)级联是细胞内广泛存在的一类丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶超家族,其亚族主要包括细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶/应激激活蛋白激酶(JNK/SAPK)和p38MAPK。他们主要是将细胞外信号转入细胞核内并引起相应变化的重要信号通路,调节细胞生长、分化、对环境的应激适应、炎症反应等多种细胞生理/病理过程。迄今为止各类研究发现,p38MAPK可介导应激、炎性因子及生长因子等多种刺激引起的细胞反应,也可以通过下游效应蛋白磷酸化而改变基因的表达水平,获得不同的细胞效应应答,参与各种肿瘤细胞的发生、侵袭、转移和耐药等过程,故阐明p38MAPK信号通路参与不同肿瘤的调控机制,将为不同肿瘤的诊治过程提供新的门径。