人胚胎肾小体系膜细胞的发育

对２８例（８￣２８周）人胚胎肾小体的系膜细胞进行光镜和电镜观察。结果表明：原始期肾小体内无系膜细胞，发育期肾小体系膜细胞形成，成熟期肾小体系膜细胞数量增多。胚胎系膜细胞可能来源于原始期肾小体的间充质细胞。系膜细胞具有丰富的粗面内质网，游离核糖体以及大小不等的溶酶体和吞噬体，在胚胎期具有合成系膜基质，参与基膜形成和维护滤过膜通透性的功能，并对毛细血管起支持作用。文内描述了系膜细胞的形态结构并对其功能     

3—20周人胚和肥儿肾小体的组织发生

应用光，电镜对３－２０周２２例人胚和胎儿肾小体的组织发生进行了观察，受精后第２５天胚肾已有肾小体发生。随着胚龄的增长，肾小体的发生数目增多，肾小体的形成方式是；胚肾内先形成许多厚壁小管，在一部分厚壁小管的诱导下，另一部分厚壁小管的一侧壁呈帽状增厚，分化形成造血干细胞，毛细血管内皮及肾小囊脏层，对侧壁形成肾小囊壁层。     

Slit2在小鼠肾脏发育过程中的表达

目的观察并检测Slit2在小鼠肾脏发生发育过程中的定位和表达变化,探索Slit2对肾脏发生发育的调节作用。方法分别选取胚龄(E)12、14、16、18天胎鼠和生后(N)1、7、14、21、40天仔鼠,每组随机选取10只。胚龄12天取全胚,其余各组胎鼠或小鼠剖腹取肾脏,制备石蜡切片和提取蛋白。通过免疫组织化学技术系统观察小鼠肾脏Slit2的表达和定位;通过蛋白印迹技术检测各组小鼠肾脏Slit2的表达变化。结果Slit2在胚龄12天肾脏的生肾区即开始表达。其中,Slit2在输尿管芽明显表达,在生后肾组织中仅在输尿管芽周围的间充质聚集部位表达,其余部位并无广泛表达。随着肾脏的发育,Slit2在肾小体发育的逗号小体阶段、S小体阶段有较强的表达,在Ⅲ期肾小体阶段,Ⅳ期肾小体阶段及成熟肾小体阶段有微弱的表达。在肾脏早期髓质出现后,Slit2在近端小管、远端小管和集合管均有表达。Slit2表达量从胚龄14天到胚龄16天轻度增加,从胚龄16天到生后40天逐渐减少。结论 Slit2在发育各阶段的肾小体、发育及成熟期的泌尿小管中均有表达,提示其对肾小体和泌尿小管的发育可能具有重要的作用。     

小鼠肾小体的形态发生

目的 探讨小鼠肾小体形态的发生规律。方法 应用光镜、电镜技术并结合体视学方法和图像分析技术对生前和生后小鼠肾脏中各发育阶段的肾小体进行形态学观察和立体计量学的测量。结果 可见肾小体发育的4个阶段,胚龄14d时,Ⅰ、Ⅱ期肾小体出现,生后7d消失。胚龄16d时,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肾小体出现,其体积从胚龄16d到生后4JDd增大约70倍,数目从胚龄16d到生后7d增加约20倍,生后7d后基本恒定。结论 小鼠肾小体于胚龄14d发生,生后7d前增殖明显,生后7d后不再增殖,肾小体的发育以单个体积迅速增大为特点。     

细胞内吞受体megalin 和cubilin在胚胎期小鼠肾的表达

目的 研究细胞内吞受体megalin和cubilin在胚胎发生发育小鼠肾的表达,及其与肾小管发生发育的相关性. 方法 采用免疫组织化学方法 检测不同胚龄小鼠肾(每组5只)megalin和cubilin的表达.同时,结合透射电镜观察肾近端小管与细胞内吞功能相关的细胞器的发育变化. 结果 胚龄9.5d时,megalin和cubilin表达于中肾管及中肾小管上皮细胞游离面.胚龄11d至18d,两受体表达于输尿管芽上皮细胞游离面,在S小体期肾小管近腔面呈弱阳性表达,肾小管胞内吞体及溶酶体少见,微绒毛稀疏.随着近髓肾单位细胞内吞体及微绒毛发育成熟,两受体表达局限于近端小管近腔面及刷状缘. 结论 megalin和cubilin 在胚胎肾发生发育中,从表达在分化早期所有小管近腔面胞质,到局限于成熟期近端小管游离面刷状缘,提示两受体协同重吸收功能是随着近端小管上皮细胞的发育而逐渐形成的.     

FGF10及其受体FGFR2 Ⅲb在小鼠肾脏发育中的表达

 摘要：目的 观察FGF10及其受体FGFR2 Ⅲb在小鼠肾脏发生发育中的表达和分布,探讨它们在肾脏发生发育中的作用。方法 选取胚龄12、14、16、18 d和生后1、7、14、21、42 d小鼠肾组织,用免疫组织化学和蛋白印迹技术（Western blot）,检测FGF10和FGFR2 Ⅲb的表达。结果 E12 d FGF10及FGFR2Ⅲb开始在输尿管芽微弱表达;随着肾脏发育成熟,FGF10及FGFR2Ⅲb主要表达于远端小管和集合管;FGF10在近曲小管表达,近直小管无表达;FGFR2Ⅲb在近端小管无阳性表达;生后肾组织及发育各阶段肾小体未见FGF10及FGFR2Ⅲb表达。Western blot显示随着胚（日）龄的增加,FGF10及FGFR2Ⅲb在肾脏的表达量先增后减。结论 FGF10和FGFR2Ⅲb在肾脏发生发育过程中发挥重要作用。     

人胚肾脏组织发生发育的形态学研究

目的 深入对肾脏组织学结构和功能的认识,并为丰富肾脏的组织学内容提供资料.方法 收集附属医院药流或引产的4～38周人胚肾组织,进行石蜡切片,用HE染色,对不同阶段人体胚胎肾脏组织结构观察.结果 ①胚胎6周,中肾移至胚体下段,中肾中可见肾小体和肾小管样结构;中肾尾端可见后肾,后肾的皮质部可见逗号样小体和S小管,无髓质结构...     

发育期小鼠肾小体细细胞增殖与凋亡的研究

目的研究小鼠肾小体发育过程中细胞增殖与凋亡的变化规律.方法采用PCNA免疫组织化学方法、末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法（TUNEL染色法）和光、电镜技术,对发育不同阶段肾小体的细胞增殖和凋亡进行观察.结果 PCNA免疫组织化学染色显示：在Ⅰ和Ⅱ期肾小体内几乎所有细胞PCNA呈强阳性反应,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肾小体PCNA阳性细胞数逐渐减少,Ⅴ期肾小体PCNA阳性细胞少见.TUNEL阳性细胞多出现在出生前,主要在Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肾小体表达.电镜观察：早期肾小体所有细胞核分裂象机率均高,Ⅲ期肾小体中的内皮细胞、足细胞核分裂象机率高,Ⅳ期肾小体中只见到内皮细胞核分裂象,Ⅴ期细胞核分裂象少见.电镜下所见的细胞凋亡多在Ⅲ、Ⅳ期肾小体,其中以内皮细胞、肾小囊壁层细胞凋亡居多.结论细胞增殖与凋亡行为在小鼠肾小体发育的整个过程中普遍存在,协同参与了调控肾小体正常发育过程.     

大鼠肾小体发生发育的形态学变化

目的:探讨大鼠肾小体发生发育过程中的形态变化规律。方法:采用光镜、电镜技术并结合体视学测量方法,对不同发育阶段大鼠肾小体进行形态观察和体视学计量。结果:大鼠肾小体的发育经过了逗号小体、S小体、Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期肾小体4个阶段,从胚龄18d到生后40d肾小体的体积大约增大86倍,肾小体的数目大约增大7倍,生后7d之后基本稳定。结论:大鼠肾小体发生始于胚龄16d,肾小体的体积于生后40d达到成年水平,肾小体的数目在生后7d达到高峰。     

始动caspase凋亡相关蛋白在大鼠肾发育中的表达

目的:探讨始动caspase凋亡相关蛋白在大鼠肾发育中的表达。方法:采用免疫组织化学与免疫印迹法,对大鼠肾发育中始动caspase凋亡相关蛋白caspase-8和caspase-9的表达进行定性和定量观察。结果:免疫组织化学结果显示caspase-8主要表达在大鼠发育肾的近端小管和远端小管,在胚期其在远端小管的表达弱于近端小管,但在生后肾发育期其在远端小管的表达强于近端小管。而caspase-9在整个肾发育期主要表达在近端小管,远端小管的表达十分微弱。免疫印迹结果显示caspase-8蛋白表达在胚期较高,从P1d开始逐渐升高,在P7d时达到顶点,随后则逐渐减弱;caspase-9蛋白表达从E18d开始逐渐升高,在P3d其表达达到顶点,随后则逐渐降低。结论:在大鼠肾发育中,近端小管的细胞凋亡与caspase-8和caspase-9的表达密切相关,而远端小管的细胞凋亡则在生后肾发育期与caspase-8的表达有关。     

Developing nephrons in adolescent dogfish,Scyliorhinus caniculus (L.), with reference to ultrastructure of early stages,histogenesis of the renal countercurrent system,and nephron segmentation in marine elasmobranchs

Light and electron microscopy of the excretory kidney of adolescent dogfish, Scyliorhinus caniculus (L.), revealed immature and mature nephrons as well as four developmental stages of nephrons. At stage I the nephron was characterized by a condensed mass of mesenchymal cells in the center of several concentric layers of connective tissue. At stage II of the nephron, the S-shaped body was an elongate cyst with a high prismatic epithelium that was connected by a developing collecting tubule with the collecting duct system. At stage III, the developing nephrons already possess the essential features of the mature nephron but lack complete differentiation. Developing renal corpuscles had one afferent arteriole and two efferent vessels. Developing tubules ran four times between the lateral bundle zone and the mesial tissue zone before they joined the collecting duct system. A continuous sheath of flat cells, encompassing the collecting duct system, extended around the developing lateral bundle. A rudimentary central vessel ran from the developing lateral bundle to the venous sinusoid capillaries between the mesial convolutions. Developmental stage IV was similar to the mature nephron, however, renal corpuscles and tubular segments were smaller than those of mature nephrons. Conclusive evidence for morphological homology of elasmobranch nephron segments and collecting tubule-collecting duct system with those of other vertebrates is provided. The origin and nature of the central vessel and the bundle sheath is clarified. These specific structures of marine elasmobranch kidney supposedly are of great functional relevance for the renal countercurrent system that in turn is essential for ion- and osmoregulation.     

3～20周人胚和胎儿肾小体的组织发生

应用光、电镜对3～20周22例人胚和胎儿肾小体的组织发生进行了观察.受精后第25天胚肾已有肾小体发生.随着胚龄的增长,肾小体的发生数目增多,肾小体的形成方式是:胚肾内先形成许多厚壁小管,在一部分厚壁小管的诱导下,另一部分厚壁小管的一侧壁呈帽状增厚,分化形成造血干细胞、毛细血管内皮及肾小囊脏层,对侧壁形成肾小囊壁层.即厚壁小管的双侧壁形成肾小体.     

发育期小鼠肾小体细胞凋亡的研究

目的 研究小鼠肾小体发育过程中的细胞凋亡规律及形态学特点。方法 应用光镜、电镜技术和脱氧核糖核酸末端转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记法(TUNEL法)分别对不同胚龄和生后日龄小鼠肾小体内细胞凋亡进行观察。结果 胚龄14d肾小体发生时就出现细胞凋亡，胚龄18d左右达到高峰，l随后缓慢下降。肾小体内凋亡细胞以内皮细胞和足细胞多见。凋亡细胞的两种结局：1．被邻近的细胞所吞噬；2．落人肾小体的毛细血管腔或肾小囊中。结论 小鼠肾小体的整个发育过程均存在细胞凋亡现象，肾小体内细胞凋亡与肾小体发育的完善有关。     

Ultrastructural and biochemical observations on the metanephros of normal and cultured chick embryos

Summary A comparative electron microscopical study was conducted on the metanephros from chick embryos differentiated either in shell-less culture or in ovo. Developmental characteristics were very similar in both cases. Up to stage 37 (Hamburger-Hamilton) the metanephros contained large numbers of immature nephrons; their renal corpuscles were crescent-shaped and consisted of an outer layer of flat cells and an inner one of cuboidal cells. In more advanced corpuscles also found at this stage the inner layer had formed numerous rudimentary pedicels and the tunica media of the glomerular arteriole contained juxta-glomerular cells with numerous, small, electron dense granules.In the metanephros from embryos at stage 38 or older, large numbers of nephrons had completed their differentiation; their rounded renal corpuscles had fully differentiated podocytes with thin interdigitating pedicels and the proximal convoluted tubules had numerous apical microvilli, vesicles, vacuoles and tubular invaginations indicating an active process of resorption. These results appear to indicate that both in culture and in ovo-developed embryos, the metanephri start to function around stage 38. In the case of normal embryos this conclusion agrees with previous physiological and biochemical determinations. The injection of 20 USP parathyroid hormone into 16-day old chick embryos produced an increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP in the metanephros. This favours the idea that the regulation of kidney function by the hormone begins during the embryonic period.     

Histogenesis and Morphogenesis of Hassall's Corpuscles in Human Fetuses: A Light Microscopic Study

Twenty-eight healthy fetuses between 11-40 weeks were selected to study the histological and morphological growth of Hassall's corpuscles. We were found that Hassall's corpuscle appreciated earliest at 14th weeks and seen as two to three cells nest in area having degenerated tissues. Later, as the age of fetus advanced the size and shape of Hassall's corpuscles rapidly increasing by additions of more apoptotic cells and aggregation of reticulo-epithelial cells. Near 28th week these corpuscles showed spurt of growth and initially corpuscles were distant from each other, they started to come together e.g. reducing inter-corpuscular distance. In late stage (near term) these corpuscles fused together giving variable shapes and sizes.     

胸腺小体在胸腺发育中的形态发生及其功能探讨

用组织化学与免疫组织化学技术对8例人胎(胎龄16～32周)的胸腺进行研究,观察在其发育过程中胸腺小体的形态变化及增殖细胞核抗原(Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen,PCNA)、花生凝集素(Peanut Aggulutinin,PNA)和细胞角蛋白(Cytokeratin,CK)等的表达特征.结果显示:胸腺小体是在胸腺发育阶段由胸腺上皮细胞呈同心圆状排列而成,且胎儿胸腺中单个和融合状的胸腺小体都较成体胸腺中明显增多.围成胸腺小体的上皮细胞从周边向中央,角蛋白含量明显减少,增殖能力逐渐减弱,表现为逐渐退化的过程.证实胸腺小体是处理退变的上皮细胞的场所.另外,在胸腺小体的上皮细胞膜有PNA受体的表达,这提示在胸腺的发育成熟过程中,胸腺小体上皮细胞与胸腺细胞之间可能存在着相互识别相互诱导的作用.     

The morphogenesis of the renal plexus: Renal artery and sympathetic fibers

To examine the origin and development of the renal plexus and its relationship to the renal vessels in embryos and early human fetuses. Serial sections of 34 human embryos (stages 16 to 23 of Carnegie, 4 or 5–8 weeks) and 38 fetuses (9–19 weeks) were analyzed. Throughout the embryonic period, the kidney was not innervated by the renal plexus. Those nerves appeared at the beginning of the early fetal period (9 weeks) as branches given off by the immature autonomic abdominal plexus. The renal nerves started to approach to the kidney during the early fetal period at 9–10 weeks of development. They were distributed in close proximity to the renal arteries and their branches. They were observed first with the settlement of the renal veins. The renal artery is present as a branch of the abdominal aorta at stage 19 (between 6 and 7 weeks) prior to development of the renal plexus. The renal veins were not present during the embryonic period but appeared at the start of the fetal period, along with the renal nerves that emerged from segmented sympathetic para‐aortic bodies (SPBs). Clin. Anat. 32:272–276, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.