荧光原位杂交技术检测43例慢性淋巴细胞白血病患者基因异常

目的:探讨荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术对慢性淋巴细胞白血病(chronic lymphocytic leukemia,CLL)诊断及预后评估的价值。方法:应用常规R显带方法对43例CLL患者进行染色体核型分析,同时应用FISH技术对43例CLL患者的D13S25、RB1、ATM、P53和CEP 12基因进行检测分析。结果:43例CLL患者染色体异常检出率为9.3%(24/43),涉及数目异常和结构异常,异常染色体涉及2号、6号、14号和性染色体。染色体核型正常的患者较多,占79.1%,同时有5例CLL患者未见分裂象。FISH阳性检出率为55.8%,其中D13S25基因缺失阳性率最高,占37.2%;其次依次为RB1基因缺失阳性检出率为20.9%,CEP 12基因扩增阳性检出率为16.3%,ATM基因缺失阳性检出率为9.3%,P53基因缺失阳性检出率为7.0%。在24例FISH阳性的患者中,有20例患者染色体核型正常,3例未见分裂象,只有1例染色体核型异常,但并不涉及FISH检测出的阳性基因。结论:FISH技术能够大大提高CLL患者细胞遗传学异常的检出率,是CLL患者遗传学检测的重要手段,但由于检测的探针数量有限,对于CLL患者仍需使用FISH技术结合染色体核型分析来提高细胞遗传学异常的检出率,为CLL的临床诊断及预后判断提供依据。     

DSP30和IL-2在慢性淋巴细胞白血病常规染色体检测中的应用

目的研究未甲基化胞嘧啶鸟嘌呤二核苷酸寡脱氧核苷酸(DSP30)和IL-2在慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)常规染色体检测中的价值。方法DSP30联合IL-2刺激CLL细胞增殖,CLL细胞培养72 h后进行染色体制备,采用R显带法进行核型分析。对85例患者进行FISH检测,与同期核型结果进行比较。结果89例CLL患者中,无分裂象者5例,84例(94.38%)患者染色体分析成功,51例检测出染色体异常,异常检出率为60.71%(51/84),复杂核型者占52.94%(27/51)。对85例CLL患者进行了FISH检测,FISH探针为D13S25、RB1、P53、ATM、cen12。FISH检测结果显示74例异常,异常检出率为87.06%(74/85),其中复杂核型2例,占2.70%(2/74)。85例进行FISH检测的CLL患者中,50例常规染色体核型分析异常,30例核型正常,5例无分裂象,异常检出率为62.50%(50/80);其中FISH检测异常而核型正常者25例,核型异常而FISH检测正常者4例,两者结合检测出异常者78例,异常检出率91.76%。FISH检测到的13q-异常率明显高于常规核型分析(69.41%对16.67%,P<0.001),11q-、+12、17p-异常检出率两种方法的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。常规核型分析对复杂异常的检出率(50.98%)高于FISH(2.70%)。另外,根据FISH结果进行预后分层的11例低危和9例中危患者均为复杂核型,根据核型结果被归为高危组。结论DSP30联合IL-2可以提高CLL患者常规染色体异常的检出率,对复杂异常核型的检测更为有效。FISH异常检出率高于常规核型分析方法,对缺失片段较小的13q-异常更为敏感,两者结合不仅将染色体异常检出率提高至91.76%,还可对CLL患者进行更为准确的预后分层,为临床提供更多信息。     

多探针FISH技术在检测喀什地区维吾尔族急性白血病患者细胞遗传学异常中的应用

目的：探讨多探针FISH技术在检测喀什地区维吾尔族急性白血病患者细胞遗传学异常中的应用效果。方法临床纳入新疆喀什地区第一人民医院和广东省第二人民医院2013年1月至2015年12月期间收治的100例急性白血病细胞遗传学异常患者,收集患者的骨髓标本,均行预包被式多探针FISH技术与常规染色体核型分析技术检测,并进行对比分析;同时,对患者实施护理干预措施。结果100例急性白血病患者中,50例急性髓系白血病( AML)患者多探针FISH技术检测率60.0%明显高于常规染色体异常核型检测率28.0%,50例急性淋巴细胞白血病( ALL )患者多探针 FISH 技术检测率58.0%明显高于常规染色体异常核型检测率26.0%,差异均有统计学意义( P<0.05)。结论喀什地区维吾尔族急性白血病患者细胞遗传学异常采用多探针FISH技术检测,具有省时、高效且准确率高等优点,值得临床上作为诊断急性白血病的重要手段推广应用。     

53例多发性骨髓瘤细胞遗传学研究

为了探讨多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)常规细胞遗传学(conventional cytogenetics,CC)及部分分子细胞遗传学特点,应用常规R显带方法,对53例MM患者进行染色体核型分析,并对其中20例患者采用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术进行分子细胞遗传学分析。结果显示:53例MM患者染色体异常检出率为32.1%,其中涉及3种及3种以上染色体异常的占82.4%,染色体众数从44到90条不等。染色体核型异常涉及所有24条染色体,其中涉及1q21扩增、13q14缺失,17p13缺失及14q32易位中至少1种染色体异常的占70.6%,同时发现t(11;16)(p11;p13)等一些不常见的结构异常;还有一些在急慢性白血病中经常见到的异常。FISH检测结果显示:12例染色体核型正常的MM患者中有3例FISH检测阳性;8例染色体核型异常的患者中有5例FISH检测阳性。结论:大部分MM患者染色体异常核型比较复杂,具有明显的异质性;FISH分析可提高异常的检出率,但有局限性;常规细胞遗传学检测与FISH技术相结合可提高染色体异常的识别能力,有助于进一步认识和掌握MM细胞遗传学的特点,为临床诊断及治疗MM提供帮助。     

细胞遗传学与荧光原位杂交对急性髓性白血病染色体异常的研究

目的:比较常规细胞遗传学G显带与荧光原位杂交(FISH)对急性髓白血病染色体异常的研究。方法:所有患者初诊时均做常规G显带,根据G显带结果选用相关的特异性探针进行荧光原位杂交。结果:行G显带检测的142例患者中124例获得染色体核型,18例失败。1例正常核型和3例无可供分析的分裂相的患者FISH均检出异常克隆。FISH辨别出2例t(8;21)变异易位。结论:对于有足够可分析分裂相的患者,常规细胞遗传学G显带是检测白血病染色体异常核型的可靠工具。对可疑有变异易位或因染色体形态差难以辨认的核型,或因细胞分裂指数低而分裂相少或无分裂相的患者,FISH检测是重要的补充。     

染色体核型分析联合荧光原位杂交技术对儿童急性髓系白血病M2的诊疗意义

目的探讨染色体核型分析联合荧光原位杂交(FISH)检测在儿童急性髓系白血病M2中的诊疗意义。方法选择25例AML-M2儿童骨髓标本应用染色体G显带进行核型分析,并同时应用荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测AML1/ETO融合基因。结果在25例AML-M2儿童中,核型分析检出t(8;21)染色体易位17例(68%),包括除典型t(8;21)及其它染色体异常,如复杂易位、缺失、额外染色体等,核型正常5例(20%),其中4例为复诊儿童,3例(12%)标本因细胞生长不良,制片质量差,无法分析;25例AML-M2儿童同时做FISH,检出阳性20例(80%),包括17例t(8;21)及3例无分裂相的标本,4例复诊儿童均为阴性,检出信号异常1例(4%),但无阳性改变。结论急性髓系白血病M2患儿特异性t(8;21)/AML1-ETO融合基因阳性改变较易检出,FISH技术检测患儿易位的敏感性较高于染色体核型分析。FISH检测不仅可以提示融合基因是否阳性,也可提示特定基因是否异常。染色体核型分析可同时提示相关染色体是否易位及其余染色体有无畸变。因此,两种分析方法联合应用可多方面提示AML-M2儿童的疾病信息,在AML-M2的诊治及预后中具有重要的应用价值。     

评估FISH组合探针在骨髓增生异常综合征常见染色体异常中的诊断价值

目的:评价荧光原位杂交(FISH)组合探针在检测骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者的常见染色体异常诊断中的价值。方法:采用CSF1R/D5S23,D5S721(5q33),EGR1/D5S23,D5S721(5q31),D7S486/CSP7(7q31),D7S522/CSP7(7q31),D20S108/CSP8(20q12/CSP8)和X/Y共6组探针,对69例初治的MDS患者进行FISH检测,并与常规细胞遗传学分析(CC)结果相比较。结果:联合应用2种技术共检出染色体异常者28例,核型和FISH均正常者为41例。核型分析的异常检出率为30.9%(21/68),FISH的阳性率为31.9%(22/69),两者间差异无统计学意义(P=0.90)。28例染色体异常者中核型与FISH均异常者共15例(53.6%),核型异常但FISH正常者6例(21.4%),核型正常而FISH异常者7例(25.0%)。结论:联合应用FISH及染色体分析技术检测MDS患者可优势互补,尤其可提高核型阴性患者的染色体异常检出率。     

多重RT-PCR技术联合染色体核型分析在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病诊断分型中的应用

目的　研究多重逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)技术联合染色体核型分析在急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL)诊断分型中的价值。方法　采用多重RT PCR技术 ,染色体R或G显带技术对 5 0例儿童ALL进行分析。结果　 5 0例ALL患儿中 18例 (36 .0 % )分别具有 11种融合基因 ,包括E2A/PBX1、TEL/AML1、TLS/ERG、MLL/AF4、MLL/AF9、MLL/AF10、MLL/AFX、MLL/AF6、MLL/ELL、TAL1D、HOX11。在接受染色体检查的 4 8例ALL患儿中 ,染色体异常有 2 4例 (5 7.1% ) ,其中染色体数目和缺失异常为 18例 ,染色体易位 6例。多重RT PCR和核型分析联合使ALL的遗传学异常检出率增至 70 % (5 0例中 35例 )。结论　多重RT PCR和染色体核型分析两种方法相结合 ,可以相互补充 ,从而提高了ALL患儿遗传学异常的检出率 ,为儿童ALL的诊断、分型和预后判断提供可靠依据。     

CpG寡脱氧核苷酸联合IL-2刺激慢性淋巴细胞白血病细胞的细胞遗传学研究

本研究探讨磷酸胞苷酰寡脱氧核苷酸(CpG-ODN)和白介素-2(IL-2)联合刺激培养慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)细胞的遗传学特征。对115例CLL患者的外周血(或骨髓)标本,应用CpG-ODN DSP30联合IL-2刺激培养CLL细胞72小时,常规收获细胞制备染色体并进行R显带分析,探讨CLL的染色体核型特征。结果表明:115例CLL患者中,染色体分析成功率(可分析分裂相≥20个)为74.8%,异常核型检出率为58.1%。检测出一种染色体异常21例(24.4%),2种染色体异常6例(7.0%),复杂核型23例(26.7%),其中高度复杂核型9例(10.5%)。在86例患者中共检出102种163个异常,其中数目异常116个(71.2%),结构异常47个(28.8%),最常见的染色体数目异常是+12(14.0%),结构异常是15q+(5.8%)。结论:大多数CLL患者具有细胞遗传学异常,其中染色体数目异常明显多于结构异常。采用DSP30联合IL-2可以有效的增加CLL细胞的分裂相,提高CLL细胞染色体异常检出率。     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病形态学及细胞遗传学特征的初步研究

摘要：目的：探讨骨髓细胞形态学、分子细胞遗传学在急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)诊断中的价值。 方法：采集62例APL患者骨髓及外周血标本,用细胞化学染色法［瑞-姬氏染色、过氧化物酶染色(POX)、糖原染色（PAS）］检测细胞形态特征;用染色体核型分析检测染色体;荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）检测PML-RARα融合基因。 结果：细胞化学染色结果显示,62例APL患者均以颗粒增多的异常早幼粒细胞增生为主;其中典型捆柴状Auer小体46例（74.19%）,单个Auer小体12例(19.35%),无Auer小体的4例(6.45%);亚型分析发现,M3b型患者外周血WBC升高比例高于M3a型 (χ²=15.25,P<0.01)。56例APL患者染色体核型分析结果表明,43例（76.79%）患者染色体核型t(15;17)(q22;q21)易位(单纯型);4例未见分裂相（7.14%）,5例为正常核型（8.93%）,附加染色体异常者4例（7.14%）［包括+8异常2例,+21异常1例,i(17q-)1例］;FISH检测结果发现,PML-RARα融合基因检出率为96.43%（54/56）,高于染色体异常检出率83.93%（47/56）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=4.94,P<0.05）。 结论: 细胞形态学联合分子遗传学检测可以提高APL诊断的准确性。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.