急性冠状动脉综合征患者不稳定性斑块的血管内超声

目的观察急性冠状动脉综合征患者不稳定性斑块的血管内超声特征.方法 36例急性冠状动脉综合征患者和20例稳定型心绞痛患者进行冠状动脉造影及血管内超声检查.应用血管内超声分别观察比较冠状动脉内斑块的性质,同时测量冠状动脉病变部位及其参考部位的血管外弹力膜面积、管腔面积、斑块面积及管腔面积狭窄率,并计算斑块的偏心指数及血管重构指数.结果急性冠状动脉综合征患者中脂质斑块占77.8%(28/36),其中10例发生斑块破裂及血栓形成;稳定型心绞痛患者主要为纤维性斑块及混合性斑块,脂质斑块仅占10%(2/20),无斑块破裂及血栓形成.两组斑块的特征包括偏心性、外弹力膜面积、斑块面积及管腔面积狭窄率具有显著性差异.不稳定性斑块呈现明显的正性重构,占72.2%(26/36),而稳定性斑块主要表现为负性重构,占75%(15/20).结论血管内超声能够准确地识别动脉粥样硬化不稳定性斑块,为早期临床发现不稳定性斑块并预测斑块破裂奠定了基础.     

血管内超声对变异型心绞痛患者冠状动脉病变特征的研究

目的:探讨血管内超声对变异型心绞痛患者冠状动脉病变特征。方法:变异型心绞痛患者10例,稳定型心绞痛患者13例。对每例患者行冠状动脉造影及血管内超声检查。对病变斑块的性质、形态、部位、血管管腔面积狭窄程度、血管重构指数等指标进行分析。结果:变异型心绞痛组与稳定型心绞痛组最小斑块厚度、斑块偏心指数、局部面积狭窄率、管腔面积狭窄率指标差异有统计学意义。IVUS检测血管重构指数、正性重构、负性重构在2组差异有统计学意义。结论:变异型心绞痛患者冠状动脉血管内目标斑块以偏心性纤维化斑块为主,血管管腔面积狭窄程度以轻中度狭窄为主,血管重构以正性重构为主。变异型心绞痛患者冠状动脉有粥样硬化斑块的形成,管腔有不同程度的狭窄。     

稳定型与不稳定型心绞痛患者冠状动脉内超声的对比研究

目的　应用血管内超声对稳定与不稳定型心绞痛患者的冠状动脉病变进行对比分析。方法　 10 5例同时进行了选择性冠状动脉造影和血管内超声的患者 ,按心绞痛性质分为稳定型心绞痛组 (SA组 )和不稳定型心绞痛组 (UA组 ) ,比较两组患者冠状动脉狭窄程度、斑块形态和性质的差异。结果　两组冠状动脉造影显示的病变血管及狭窄程度差异无显著性 ;血管内超声显示 ,UA组病变以脂质斑块多见 ,SA组病变则以纤维斑块和钙化斑块更常见 ;SA组病变钙化的程度较UA组严重 ;UA组病变自发性内膜撕裂和血栓形成的比例明显高于SA组。结论　血管内超声显示 ,稳定型与不稳定型心绞痛患者的冠状动脉病变在形态和性质上存在明显差异。     

稳定型心绞痛患者的血管重构和复杂病变:一项血管内超声和冠状动脉造影研究

目的:损病变不仅限于靶病变部位,而是广泛存在于冠状动脉动脉系统。这种病变典型的表现是正性重构。易损病变在稳定型心绞痛患者中的分布还不清楚。血管内超声(IVUS)和复杂病变(冠状动脉动脉造影发现易损病变在稳定性心绞痛病人中的分布及易损病变在2种检查手段中分布的对应关系。方法:对92例稳定型心绞痛患者(男性52例,平均年龄为(66±12)岁的92个靶病变进行了介入治疗前的血管内超声检查。重构指数被定义为病变处的血管面积除以近段参考血管面积;正性重构定义为重构指数>1.05.包括92个靶病变在内,造影显示为30%以上狭窄的冠状动脉动脉病变数为355个,被分类为简单病变和复杂病变。1个以上复杂病变称为     

稳定型心绞痛患者与不稳定心绞痛患者冠状动脉血管内超声特点的比较

目的:通过对稳定型心绞痛（SAP）与不稳定心绞痛（UAP）患者冠状动脉血管内超声（IVUS）测定,进行斑块定性及定量分析,比较不同心绞痛患者冠状动脉斑块影像学特征性改变。方法:分别对37例SAP患者与34例UAP患者行冠状动脉造影及IVUS影像学检查;分析冠状动脉斑块性质,测定最小面积处外弹力膜面积（EEMA）、管腔横截面积、斑块面积（PA）、斑块负荷、重构指数等指标,并对各指标进行统计学分析。结果:UAP患者冠状动脉病变脂质斑块数明显多于SAP患者（P＜0.05）,而钙化斑块例数在两组间未见显著性差异;定量分析显示两组患者EEMA未见显著差异,而斑块负荷（PA/EEMA）的比较中两组间有显著性差异（P＜0.01）。UAP患者病变处倾向于表现为正性重构,而SAP患者多为负性重构。结论:SAP与UAP冠状动脉病变斑块性质及血管重构存在差异,IVUS能有效反映冠状动脉病变斑块特点。     

急性冠脉综合征病变的血管内超声研究

目的 探讨急性冠脉综合征(ACS)冠状动脉粥样斑块病变的血管内超声(IVUS)特点.方法 应用IVUS观察35例稳定型心绞痛(SA)和49例急性冠脉综合征(包括急性心肌梗死和不稳定型心绞痛)患者冠脉病变处的粥样硬化斑块的特征.结果 ACS组患者冠脉病变处以软斑块为主69.4% (34/49),SA患者冠脉病变处以硬斑块为主77.1% ( 27/35),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中ACS组不稳定斑块和斑块破裂,血栓形成病变占总病变的57.2%,与SA组(8.6%)相比具有显著差异性(P＜0.01);同时两组患者斑块面积、斑块负荷、偏心指数相比差异亦具有显著性(P＜0.01);ACS患者主要以正性重构为主(59.2%),而SA患者主要以负性重构为主(57.1%),二者均有统计学差异(P＜0.01).结论 ACS组软斑块及斑块破裂、血栓形成、血管正性重构发生率明显高于SA组,IVUS检查是在体观察粥样斑块的良好手段,并可以指导治疗策略.     

冠状动脉重构的血管内超声研究

目的应用血管内超声探讨冠状动脉重构的病变特征及其与临床表现的关系。方法39例急性冠脉综合征患者与45例稳定性心绞痛患者进行冠脉造影及血管内超声检查，对病变进行定性和定量测定。包括外弹力膜血管面积（EEMA）、最小血管内膜腔面积、斑块面积、斑块体积及斑块的性状和重构指数，根据血管内超声斑块的性状分为软斑块和硬斑块（包括纤维斑块、钙化斑块和混合斑块）。重构指数（RI）=病变处EEMA／平均参考血管处EEMA。若RI〉1．0为正性重构，RI〈1．0为负性重构。结果正性重构及负性重构两组年龄、性别及冠心病危险因素等无明显差别，急性冠状动脉综合征的患者更多的表现为正性重构（61．4％vs30．0％，P〈0．01）。稳定性心绞痛的患者更多的表现为负性重构（70．0％vs38．6％，P〈0．01）。与负性重构相比，正性重构一般狭窄程度较轻，但病变部位的血管面积及斑块面积较大[（17．8±7．0）vs（13．6±4．9）mm^2，（12．2±5．5）vs（9．5±4．8）mm^2，P〈0．01），同时正性重构多为偏心性软斑块，发生钙化的较少。结论正性重构及负性重构的病理特征不同，正性重构病变以软斑块及偏心性斑块多见，冠状动脉重构与临床表现及斑块特征有关。     

高频体表超声检测急性冠状动脉综合征患者颈动脉结构及功能

应用高频体表超声观察急性冠状动脉综合征患者颈动脉结构及血管内皮功能的变化 ,探讨动脉粥样硬化结构和功能与急性冠状动脉综合征的关系。对 35例急性冠状动脉综合征患者检测了颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、内膜中膜厚度、肱动脉内皮功能的变化 ,并与 2 7例稳定型心绞痛及 31例正常对照组进行比较。结果发现 ,内膜中膜厚度和内皮依赖性血管舒张功能在急性冠状动脉综合征组 (分别为 0 .10± 0 .0 2和 3.98± 1.6 5 )和稳定型心绞痛组(分别为 0 .11± 0 .0 4和 4 .76± 2 .37)与对照组 (分别为 0 .0 7± 0 .0 1和 9.33± 3.4 7)有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,斑块积分和斑块指数在急性冠状动脉综合征组 (分别为 4 .0 6± 2 .2 1和 3.14± 1.97)与稳定型心绞痛组 (分别为 4 .17± 1.76和3.2 1± 1.88)间无差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,急性冠状动脉综合征组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块以不稳定型为主。研究结果提示 ,外周血管超声检查可观察动脉粥样硬化病变 ,颈动脉结构及血管内皮功能与冠状动脉粥样硬化有关。     

血管内超声、64层螺旋CT及定量冠状动脉造影对不稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉病变的评价

目的 应用血管内超声(rvos)探讨不稳定性心绞痛(UAP)低、中及高危组患者动脉粥样硬化斑块的特点,评价定量冠状动脉造影(QCA)和64层螺旋CT(MDCT)的诊断价值.方法 采用IVUS、MDCT和QCA分析61例UAP患者(低危组17例,中危组33例,高危组11例)71支病变血管.分析比较3组患者斑块的形态学特点.根据IVUS斑块回声的强度,将斑块分为软斑块、纤维斑块、钙化斑块、混合斑块,计算最小面积处斑块负荷,并分为≤50%、51%～74%及≥75%3类病变.以IVUS结果为标准,评价QCA计算血管狭窄程度的可信性,MDCT诊断3类病变的敏感性和特异性,及对斑块成分诊断的可靠性.结果 QCA可估计低危组和中危组患者的斑块负荷(低危组r=0.768,P<0.01;中危组r=0.721,P<0.01).高危组患者血管重构明显(冠状动脉重构指数=1.21±0.31),QCA低估了IVUS的斑块负荷[分别为(67±14)%、(75±16)%,r=0.551,P<0.01].MDCT对冠状动脉病变有较高的阴性预测值(87.8%-96.3%),但无法区分典型粥样硬化斑块内的纤维帽(kappa=0.245)及脂质核(kappa=0.235).3组患者IVUS斑块特点分析结果表明,随着危险度程度的增加,软斑块比例、血管正性重构程度、血管外弹力膜面积、最小管腔面积、斑块负荷、斑块破裂及血栓发生率逐渐增加.结论 QCA可以相对准确地评价UAP低危和中危组患者的冠状动脉狭窄程度,同时会低估高危组患者的病变程度.MDCT对于冠心病的诊断有非常高的阴性预测值可用于排除冠心病,但是无法可靠地区分粥样硬化斑块内的纤维帽及脂质核.IVUS检查显示软斑块、正性血管重构和最小管腔面积<4mm~2者可能为UAP高危组患者.     

应用血管内超声显像技术评价冠状动脉病变与颈动脉病变相关性

目的 通过研究血管内超声、冠状动脉造影检查结果与体表颈动脉超声检测的颈动脉病变的相关性,分析颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的关系,进一步探讨颈动脉粥样硬化对冠心病发病的预测价值.方法 38例拟诊为冠心病的患者行冠状动脉造影、血管内超声和体表颈动脉超声检查,其中8例患者经冠状动脉造影和血管内超声检查未发现冠状动脉有明显狭窄病变为对照组;30例经冠状动脉造影和血管内超声检查发现冠状动脉有明显狭窄病变为冠心病组,其中不稳定型心绞痛18例,稳定型心绞痛12例.将血管内超声及冠状动脉造影检查结果与颈动脉超声指标进行分析比较.结果 30例冠心痛患者冠状动脉造影平均直径狭窄率71.21%±9.81%,血管内超声示有不同类型的动脉粥样硬化斑块,平均面积狭窄率80.88%±7.77%;8例对照组无动脉粥样硬化斑块.冠状动脉造影平均直径狭窄率与血管内超声平均面积狭窄率之间差异有显著性(P<0.01);冠状动脉造影平均直径狭窄率与血管内超声平均面积狭窄率之间有显著相关性(r=0.663,P<0.01).根据冠状动脉造影平均直径狭窄率计算的Gensini积分分别与颈动脉粥样硬化的等级积分、Crouse积分和斑块数三项指标间均有相关性(P<0.01).颈动脉斑块对冠心痛的阳性预测值为70%(21/30),阴性预测值为75%(6/8).结论 应用血管内超声显像技术能准确诊断冠状动脉斑块的性质并测量冠状动脉狭窄率;与冠状动脉造影相比,血管内超声对评价冠状动脉病变更准确.颈动脉粥样硬化严重程度与冠状动脉血管内超声检查结果有很好的相关性;颈动脉超声检测对冠心病的诊断有一定的预测价值.     

The site of plaque rupture in native coronary arteries: a three-vessel intravascular ultrasound analysis

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the axial location of plaque ruptures in native coronary arteries. BACKGROUND: It is clinically important to understand the potential sites of plaque rupture. METHODS: We performed three-vessel intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) examination in 392 patients; 231 had acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and 161 had stable angina pectoris (SAP). The IVUS detected plaque ruptures in 206 patients: 158 ACS patients and 48 SAP patients. The distance between each coronary plaque rupture segment and the respective coronary ostium was measured with motorized IVUS transducer pullback in all three coronary arteries. RESULTS: There were a total of 273 plaque ruptures in these 206 patients; 143 in the left anterior descending artery (LAD), 40 in the left circumflex artery (LCX), and 90 in the right coronary artery (RCA). There were 67 plaque ruptures in SAP patients and 206 in ACS patients; there were 197 culprit/target lesion plaque ruptures and 76 non-culprit/non-target lesion plaque ruptures. The LAD plaque ruptures were predominantly located between 10 and 40 mm from the LAD ostium (83%, 119 of 143). The LCX plaque ruptures were evenly distributed in the entire LCX tree. Most RCA plaque ruptures were located in segments between 10 and 40 mm (48%, 43 of 90) and in segments >70 mm from the ostium (32%, 29 of 90). CONCLUSIONS: Three-vessel IVUS imaging showed that plaque ruptures occurred mainly in proximal segments of the LAD (83% of LAD plaque rupture), the proximal and distal segments of the RCA (48% and 32% of RCA plaque ruptures, respectively), and the entire LCX.     

Comparison of virtual histology to intravascular ultrasound of culprit coronary lesions in acute coronary syndrome and target coronary lesions in stable angina pectoris

Coronary plaque composition cannot be assessed accurately using gray-scale intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Using virtual histology IVUS (VH-IVUS), a comparison of coronary plaque composition between acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and stable angina pectoris (SAP) was performed. Preintervention IVUS of de novo culprit and target lesions was performed in 318 patients (123 with ACS and 195 with SAP). Using VH-IVUS, plaque was characterized as fibrotic, fibrofatty, dense calcium, and necrotic core. VH-IVUS-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma (VH-TCFA) was defined as necrotic core>or=10% of plaque area without overlying fibrous tissue in a plaque burden>or=40%. Lesions were classified into 3 groups: ruptured, VH-TCFA, and non-VH-TCFA plaque. Unstable lesions were defined as either VH-TCFA or ruptured plaque. Compared with patients with SAP, those with ACS had significantly more unstable lesions (89% vs 62%, p<0.001). Planar VH-IVUS analysis at the minimum luminal site and at the largest necrotic core site and volumetric analysis over a 10-mm-long segment centered at the minimum luminal site showed that the percentage of necrotic core was significantly greater and that the percentage of fibrofatty plaque was significantly smaller in patients with ACS. The percentages of fibrotic and fibrofatty plaque areas and volumes were smaller, and the percentages of necrotic core areas and volumes were larger in VH-TCFAs compared with non-TCFAs. Ruptured plaques in VH-IVUS analyses showed intermediate findings between VH-TCFAs and non-VH-TCFAs. In conclusion, culprit lesions in patients with ACS were more unstable and had greater amounts of necrotic core and smaller amounts of fibrofatty plaque compared with target lesions in patients with SAP.     

Impact of coronary artery remodeling on clinical presentation of coronary artery disease: an intravascular ultrasound study

OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between the features of the culprit lesion in coronary artery disease (CAD) and clinical presentation as shown by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). BACKGROUND: The association between coronary remodeling pattern and clinical presentation of CAD is unclear. METHODS: We analyzed 125 selected patients who underwent preintervention IVUS. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and unstable angina pectoris (UAP) were categorized as an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and stable angina pectoris (SAP) and old myocardial infarction (OMI) as stable CAD. Coronary remodeling patterns and plaque morphology of the culprit lesion obtained by IVUS were analyzed in terms of their association with clinical presentation or angiographic morphology. RESULTS: Angiographically complex lesions were associated with ACS and OMI. In patients with a complex lesion, positive remodeling was observed more frequently than in those with a simple lesion. In AMI and UAP, positive remodeling was observed more frequently than in SAP and OMI (82% vs. 78% vs. 33% vs. 40%, respectively, p < 0.0001). The remodeling ratio was greater in AMI and UAP than in SAP and OMI (1.26 +/- 0.15 vs. 1.11 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.94 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.96 +/- 0.13, respectively, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, within ACS, the remodeling ratio was greater in AMI than in UAP (1.26 +/- 0.15 vs. 1.11 +/- 0.10, respectively, p < 0.05), whereas the frequency of positive remodeling was not different. CONCLUSIONS: Positive remodeling was more frequently observed in ACS than in stable CAD. Moreover, the degree of positive remodeling was greater in AMI than in UAP. These results may reflect the impact of remodeling types and its degree in the culprit lesion of CAD on clinical presentation.     

冠状动脉斑块显像特征与妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平的关系

目的探讨老年冠心病患者血管内超声冠状动脉斑块显像特征与妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平的关系。方法选择冠心病患者100例,其中急性冠状动脉综合征组50例,稳定性心绞痛组50例,另选除外冠心病的对照组50例,所有患者行冠状动脉造影术检查,术前1h检测妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平,应用血管内超声比较急性冠状动脉综合征组和稳定性心绞痛组冠状动脉斑块显像特征及测量参数,比较3组患者妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平。结果急性冠状动脉综合征组妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平显著高于稳定性心绞痛组及对照组[(34.08±10.57)mU/L vs(11.38±8.56)mU/L,(9.50±6.24)mU/L,P<0.01];急性冠状动脉综合征组冠状动脉斑块纤维帽厚度、管腔面积明显小于稳定性心绞痛组(P<0.05),斑块面积、斑块负荷、偏心指数及重构指数明显大于稳定性心绞痛组(P<0.01)。妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平与偏心指数、重构指数呈正相关(r=0.355,r=0.297,P<0.05),与纤维帽厚度呈负相关(r=-0.367,P<0.01)。结论妊娠相关血浆蛋白A水平与血管内超声的斑块易损性指标存在相关性,妊娠相关血浆蛋白A可作为评价冠状动脉斑块稳定性一个炎性指标。     

Plaque ruptures in stable angina pectoris compared with acute coronary syndrome

BackgroundPlaque rupture is more frequently observed in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) rather than in patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP). Consequently, studies regarding plaque rupture, which occurred in SAP patients, are rare. Therefore, we evaluated the frequency and axial location of plaque ruptures in SAP patients and compared them with those in ACS patients.MethodsThree hundred ninety-two patients (231 ACS and 161 SAP patients) who were scheduled for coronary intervention underwent three-vessel intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) study. IVUS criteria for plaque rupture were a plaque contained a cavity that communicated with the lumen with an overlying residual fibrous cap fragment. Using motorized IVUS transducer pullback in all three coronary arteries, the distance between each coronary plaque rupture segment and the respective coronary ostium was measured.ResultsPlaque ruptures were detected in 206 of 392 patients who underwent three-vessel intravascular ultrasound examination. At least one plaque rupture in any coronary artery was noted in 48 (30%) SAP and 158 (68%) ACS patients (p < 0.001). In both ACS and SAP patients, plaque ruptures were clustered mainly in the proximal segments of the left anterior descending artery and in the proximal and distal segments of the right coronary artery.ConclusionsAt least one plaque rupture in any coronary artery was noted in 30% of SAP patients. Like in ACS patients, plaque ruptures were clustered mainly in the proximal segments of the left anterior descending artery and in the proximal and distal segments of the right coronary artery in SAP patients.     

冠状动脉重构的血管内超声研究及基质金属蛋白酶和高敏C反应蛋白检测

目的用血管内超声(IVUS)对比研究不同类型冠心病患者的冠状动脉重构(remodeling)特点,探讨冠状动脉重构与临床表现、基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)及高敏C反应蛋白(hs CRP)的关系。方法在行冠状动脉介入治疗前,应用IVUS研究38例急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)和18例稳定性心绞痛(SA)患者,测量“罪犯”血管病变处及其近端、远端参考段的外弹力膜(EEM)面积、管腔面积,计算斑块面积和重构指数(RI),定义RI>1.05为正重构,RI<0.95为负重构。识别出高危斑块,检测外周血基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP2)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)和hs CRP水平。结果ACS组“罪犯”血管处的斑块面积大于SA组[(11.94±4.90)mm2比(9.17±3.36)mm2,P=0.035]。ACS组RI明显大于SA组(0.972±0.222比0.796±0.130,P=0.003)。两组正、负重构分布比率显著不同正重构在ACS组比SA组更常见(34.2%比5.6%,P=0.047),而负重构在SA组更常见(负重构在ACS组和SA组分别为52.6%与88.9%,P=0.003)。ACS组高危斑块发生率多于SA组(76.3%比50.0%,P=0.040)。ACS组患者血清MMP2高于SA组[(250.65±47.97)μg/L比(214.21±47.20)μg/L,P=0.029],前者的血浆MMP9也高于后者[(84.26±9.78)μg/L比(68.46±22.82)μg/L,P=0.038],前者的血清hs CRP亦高于后者[(3.62±3.37)mg/L比(1.48±1.52)mg/L     

Impact of histological plaque characteristics on intravascular ultrasound parameters at culprit lesions in coronary artery disease

Prior intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) studies have demonstrated that a positive remodeling pattern of a culprit lesion is observed more frequently in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) than stable angina (SA). However, the relationship between the plaque morphology detected by IVUS and the histological type of atherosclerotic plaque has not been well defined. This is a prospective study on 37 consecutive patients who underwent directional coronary atherectomy. The 37 patients were divided into 2 groups; 21 patients with SA and 16 with ACS. Vessel and plaque cross sectional area were measured at the culprit lesion and the remodeling index (RI) was calculated by IVUS. The plaque tissue was assessed for the presence of inflammatory cells and lipids, and the presence of each was scored as 0 (absent), 1 (sparse), 2 (dense), or 3 (predominant). The RI of the patients with ACS was higher than that of SA. Inflammatory cells were present to a greater extent in patients with ACS. Inflammatory cells and lipids were significantly correlated with the RI (Inflammatory cell score grade > or = 2 patients; 1.14 +/- 0.13 versus grade 0 patients; 0.87 +/- 0.24, and grade 1 patients; 0.93 +/- 0.17, P < 0.01 and lipid score grade > or = 2 patients; 1.13 +/- 0.17 versus grade 0 patients; 0.85 +/- 0.18, P < 0.001 and grade 1 patients; 0.95 +/- 0.19, P < 0.05). The results clearly indicate that the evaluation of vessel morphology by vascular imaging is an important indicator of plaque instability.