老年肺癌患者合并静脉血栓栓塞的相关因素分析

目的 探讨老年肺癌患者并发静脉血栓栓塞的相关因素,为临床预防和治疗提供理论基础. 方法 收集我院2010年3月至2014年3月收治并确诊为肺癌的869例老年患者的临床资料,分析肺癌患者静脉血栓栓塞的并发情况及其相关因素. 结果 35例并发静脉血栓栓塞,发生率为4.03％(35/869);多因素Logistic 回归分析结果表明,腺癌、并存基础疾病、D二聚体≥300μg/L为老年肺癌患者并发静脉血栓栓塞的独立危险冈索(OR=2.839、1.586、10.514,P=0.007、0.022、0.000). 结论 老年肺癌患者临床治疗过程中,应积极监测患者并发静脉血栓栓塞的危险因素,做好早期抗凝治疗,提高临床治疗效果,减少并发症的发生.     

Hyperlipidaemia and venous thromboembolism in patients lacking thrombophilic risk factors

To ascertain the potential contribution of serum lipids to the development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a case-control study was conducted in 143 DVT patients lacking thrombophilic risk factors and in 194 age- and sex-matched controls. DVT patients showed significantly higher body mass indices (BMI), and triglyceride levels than did controls (P < 0.001 and P = 0.045 respectively). Using multivariate analysis, BMI was the only variable which remained statistically different, thus the risk of DVT was associated with obesity (odds ratio = 2.49). These results were confirmed when additional control for fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) was carried out in a subgroup of cases and controls. When idiopathic (n = 39) and secondary (n = 104) patients with DVT were compared, the former showed a higher mean age, a higher proportion of men, and higher cholesterol levels. Age, sex and total cholesterol were statistically different by multivariate analysis. After age was dichotomized as >or= 50 years and cholesterol >or= 5.69 mmol/l, all three variables constituted independent risk factors for idiopathic DVT, with odds ratios of 2.73 for ages >or= 50 years; 3.72 for men and 2.67 for cholesterolaemia >or= 5.69 mmol/l. Obesity thus constitutes an independent risk factor for DVT, possibly in part mediated through triglyceride, fibrinogen and PAI-1 effects on haemostasis. In addition, cholesterolaemia levels of >or= 5.69 mmol/l constitute an independent risk factor for idiopathic DVT.     

Inherited and acquired risk factors for venous thromboembolism

Venous thrombosis, or venous thromboembolism, comprises deep vein thrombosis with or without symptomatic pulmonary embolus. The development of symptomatic venous thrombosis is highly dependent on gene-environment interaction. In most instances this interaction results in hypercoagulability (the intermediate phenotype) sufficient to result in intraluminal clot formation (the disease phenotype). The genetic framework underlying venous thrombosis is complex, and there is a large material contribution from disease and interaction with environmental factors. For example, venous thrombosis is related to recent hospitalization in approximately half of all adult cases. After a first episode of venous thrombosis patients are 40 times more likely to suffer a further event compared with previously unaffected individuals. However, the risk differs between patients. Duration of anticoagulation (lifelong or not) should be made with reference to whether an episode of thrombosis was provoked and the presence of other risk factors. The results of testing for heritable thrombophilia rarely influence duration of treatment.     

Immune function of peripheral T cells in patients with venous thromboembolism or coronary artery atherosclerosis

Introduction and ObjectivesRecent studies have shown that the major risk factors for arterial thrombotic diseases are closely associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE). This study aimed to investigate the expression of CD3, CD4 and CD8 in T lymphocytes, the CD4/CD8 ratio and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in patients with VTE, coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA) and healthy subjects.MethodsA total of 82 healthy subjects, 51 VTE patients and 114 CAA patients were recruited, and the expression of CD3, CD4 and CD8 in T lymphocytes and the CD4/CD8 ratio were determined. Serum hs-CRP was also measured.ResultsCompared to healthy subjects, VTE patients had significantly reduced CD3 expression (p=0.019), comparable CD4 expression (p=0.868), significantly reduced CD8 expression (p<0.001) and increased CD4/CD8 ratio (p=0.044). However, VTE patients had comparable expression of CD3, CD4 and CD8 and CD4/CD8 ratio to CAA patients. In addition, among patients with VTE or CAA, the proportion of patients with reduced CD3+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes or increased CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly higher than in healthy subjects. In addition, hs-CRP in both VTE and CAA groups was significantly higher than in healthy subjects.ConclusionsThe antigen recognition and signal transduction activation of T cells is significantly reduced in patients with VTE or CAA, and the killing effect of T cells on pathogens, including viruses, is also significantly compromised. In addition, inflammatory and immune mechanisms are involved in the occurrence and development of venous and arterial thrombosis.     

大动脉粥样硬化性卒中患者脑白质疏松危险因素分析

目的探讨大动脉粥样硬化性卒中(LAA)患者脑白质疏松(LA)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析312例经改良急性卒中Org 10172治疗试验(TOAST)分型的LAA患者的临床资料(年龄、性别及高血压、糖尿病、吸烟、血脂水平、同型半胱氨酸水平、狭窄或闭塞脑动脉数等),采用年龄相关性白质改变(ARWMC)量表评估LA,依据MRI T2加权像或液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)序列将患者分为无LA组72例及有LA组240例,同时依据ARWMC评分将有LA组患者分为轻度LA组140例、中度LA组42例及重度LA组58例,并对患者多种危险因素进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 (1)312例LAA患者中男227例(72.8%),平均年龄(64±11)岁,其中240例(76.9%)存在LA。多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄(OR=2.911,95%CI:1.647~5.146,P0.01)、高血压(OR=2.583,95%CI:1.373~4.857,P0.01)、糖尿病(OR=1.882,95%CI:1.058~3.348,P0.05)、狭窄或闭塞动脉支数(OR=1.851,95%CI:1.018~3.367,P0.05)、腔隙性脑梗死(LI)(OR=1.493,95%CI:1.202~1.853,P0.01)是LA的危险因素。(2)不同严重程度LA组患者临床资料比较显示,3组间年龄、高血压、糖尿病、狭窄或闭塞动脉支数及LI差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论年龄、高血压、糖尿病、狭窄或闭塞动脉数及LI是LAA患者LA的危险因素,且与LA的严重程度相关。     

Genetic risk factors of venous thromboembolism

Up to date several hereditary disorders have been identified as prothrombic risk factors. The most common inherited thrombotic disorders include activated protein C resistance (factor V Leiden), prothrombin G20210A mutation, hyperhomocysteinemia, deficiencies of protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, and thrombomodulin. This article focuses on the clinical and the laboratory aspects of some of the inherited venous thrombotic disorders including the factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A mutation and protein S deficiency.     

Epidemiology and risk factors of venous thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common disorder that can affect apparently healthy as well as hospitalized patients. The actual incidence and prevalence of this disease are difficult to estimate because of its often silent nature. The clinical relevance of VTE is highlighted by the important rates of recurrence and mortality. The individual risk of VTE varies as a result of a complex interaction between congenital and transient or permanent acquired risk factors. Risk factors can be either intrinsic (e.g., age, obesity, history of VTE, or thrombophilia) or disease related (e.g., surgical procedures and medical disorders such as cancer, heart failure, or acute respiratory failure). The presence or absence of specific risk factors may play an important role in decisions about the type (and duration) of thromboprophylaxis/anticoagulation to be used.     

Mechanistic view of risk factors for venous thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism is an episodic disease with an annual incidence of 2 to 3/1000 per year that is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism come in many guises. They fit into an extended version of Virchow's triad and they tilt the hemostatic balance toward clot formation. This can be achieved by decreasing blood flow and lowering oxygen tension, by activating the endothelium, by activating innate or acquired immune responses, by activating blood platelets, or by increasing the number of platelets and red blood cells or modifying the concentrations of pro- and anticoagulant proteins in the blood. In this narrative review we will discuss the known common risk factors within this pathophysiological framework.     

肺癌合并静脉血栓栓塞症的临床特点及易患因素分析

目的探讨肺癌合并静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)的临床特点及易患因素。方法收集我院收治的33例肺癌合并VTE患者(VTE组)的临床资料,选择同期入院但未发生VTE的66例患者(非VTE组)病历资料作为对照,分析两组患者的一般情况、实验室检查、肺癌病理类型、分化程度、TNM分期、基因检测、治疗情况等临床信息。结果 VTE组中ZPS评分≥2分的患者显著多于非VTE组(24 vs 8例,P=0.000),血清总蛋白和白蛋白较非VTE组降低(分别为58.23±7.04 vs 61.43±6.03,P=0.021;30.72±5.90 vs 34.84±5.11,P=0.001),D-二聚体升高比例明显大于非VTE组(93.94%vs 60.61%,P=0.001)。两组患者肺癌病理类型均以腺癌为主,低分化多见,Ⅳ期占多数,VTE组腺癌所占比例高于非VTE组(75.76%vs 46.97%,P=0.034),接受EGFR-TKI治疗的患者多于非VTE组(39.39%vs 9.09%,P=0.000)。VTE组在肺癌确诊前、确诊时及确诊后3、6和12个月VTE累积发生率分别为6.06%、33.33%、48.48%、57.58%、69.70%,化疗前及化疗后3、6和12个月VTE累积发生率分别为31.82%、81.82%、86.36%、90.91%。结论 ZPS评分≥2分、血清总蛋白和白蛋白降低、D-二聚体升高以及病理类型为腺癌、接受EGFR-TKI治疗的肺癌患者,发生VTE的风险较高,且多发生在肺癌确诊后和化疗后的3~6个月内。     

Current risk factors for asymptomatic venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty

Abstract

Objective: A history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a risk factor for newly formed VTE after total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, its morbidity and association with postoperative VTE are not clear and, therefore, were investigated in this study.

Methods: Four-hundred and nineteen patients scheduled for primary THA were included. We preoperatively identified any VTE factors such as obesity, age, and history of VTE by interviewing and duplex ultrasonography for all patients, and the patients were assigned into ‘high-’ or ‘low-risk’ groups, that were the indication whether chemoprophylaxis was administered after surgery. Postoperative VTE was also examined on the day 7 by enhanced computed tomography (CT) for all patients.

Results: Preoperative VTE were detected in 48 patients (11.4%), and postoperative VTE were found in 44 (10.5%). Linear and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed osteonecrosis and preoperative VTE were the independent factors associated with postoperative VTE (Odds ratio (OR) 1.0 e-7 and 5.00, respectively). In the survey of each risk group, only preoperative VTE was recognized as a risk factor for high-risk group, and longer operation time for low-risk group.

Conclusion: The present study confirmed high frequency of preoperative VTE which was still the strongest risk factor for postoperative asymptomatic VTE     

The prevalence of risk factors for venous thromboembolism among hospital patients.

BACKGROUND--This study provides an estimate of the prevalence of risk factors for venous thromboembolism among hospital patients. METHODS--The presence of risk factors for venous thromboembolism was determined from a retrospective review of the medical records of 1,000 randomly selected patients in 16 acute care hospitals in central Massachusetts. RESULTS--The most common risk factors for venous thromboembolism were age 40 years (59%) or more, obesity (28%), and major surgery (23%). The average number of risk factors increased with increasing age. One or more risk factors for venous thromboembolism were present in 78% of hospital patients, two or more in 48%, three or more in 19%, four or more in 6%, and five or more in 1%. CONCLUSION--Risk factors for venous thromboembolism are common among hospital patients, suggesting that prophylaxis should be widely employed. The cost-effectiveness and risk benefit of prophylaxis is well established in patients undergoing major surgery. Further studies are needed to confirm the benefit of prophylaxis in patients with nonsurgical risk factors for venous thromboembolism.     

Coronary artery calcification and cardiovascular risk factors: impact of the analytic approach

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) may help identify novel risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis. However, analysis of CAC is challenging because of the distribution of CAC in the population. This has resulted in difficulty in interpreting and comparing results across studies. We applied several analytic approaches to CAC data in order to determine the impact of analytic methods on the association with established cardiovascular risk factors in 914 asymptomatic subjects in the Study of Inherited Risk Factors for Coronary Atherosclerosis. Multivariable analyses included: (1) linear regression of different transformations of CAC scores; (2) tobit regression of the log of (CAC + 1); (3) logistic regression using CAC zero as a cut-point; and (4) ordinal logistic regression using CAC categories. Linear regression of the log CAC scores and logistic regression of CAC zero cut-point failed to detect associations with some risk factors. In contrast, linear and tobit regression of the log (CAC + 1) and ordinal regression of CAC categories identified more associations and provided consistent results. Commonly applied methods of CAC analysis may fail to detect associations with cardiovascular risk factors. We present analytic approaches that are likely to provide consistent results and recommend the use of at least two distinct multivariable methods.     

老龄冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者冠状动脉钙化危险因素分析

目的:分析老龄冠心病患者发生冠状动脉钙化的临床危险因素。方法:分析165例老年冠心病患者的心血管危险因素、生化数据。多排螺旋计算机体层扫描(MDCT)冠状动脉成像评估患者冠状动脉钙化情况,Agatston法计算钙化积分,多因素Logistic回归分析老龄冠心病伴冠状动脉钙化患者的危险因素。结果:钙化组患者收缩压水平、血肌酐及血尿酸水平、糖尿病发生率及吸烟率均高于非钙化组,差异有统计学意义(P0.023~0.035),多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄(OR=1.032,P=0.035)、收缩压(OR=1.546,P=0.024)、吸烟史(OR=1.328,P=0.029)、血肌酐增高(OR=1.325,P=0.025)、糖化血红蛋白(OR=1.697,P=0.031)、血尿酸水平(OR=1.732,P=0.015)为冠状动脉钙化性斑块形成的危险因素,Spearman分析显示糖化血红蛋白、血肌酐和尿酸水平与钙化积分呈线性相关。结论:老龄冠心病患者冠状动脉钙化程度与其糖化血红蛋白、血肌酐和尿酸水平正相关。     

老年晚期肺癌合并静脉血栓栓塞症现状及其危险因素

目的 探讨老年晚期肺癌合并静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)现状及其危险因素。方法 选择空军军医大学第二附属医院2019年1月至2022年1月收治的270例老年晚期肺癌患者为研究对象,统计其VTE发生率及临床特征。采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行数据分析。根据数据类型,分别采用t检验或χ²检验进行组间比较。采用多因素logistic回归模型分析老年晚期肺癌患者VTE发生的影响因素。结果 270例患者中,78例患者发生VTE(28.89%),其中单纯DVT患者占比最多[62(79.49%)],其位置多集中于下肢[52(66.67%)],多数患者在肺癌确诊6个月内发现VTE[71(91.02%)],患者临床表现多样,多采用注射低分子量肝素治疗[54(69.23%)]。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,肺腺癌(OR=2.177,95%CI 1.515~3.129)、化疗(OR=11.531,95%CI 2.988~44.498)、中心静脉置管(OR=4.531,95%CI 1.524~13.474)、D-二聚体(OR=5.562,95%CI 2.796~11.067)及体能状况(PS)得分(OR=2.149,95%CI 1.301~3.549)是老年晚期肺癌患者发生VTE的危险因素,血清白蛋白(OR=0.430,95%CI 0.227~0.813)是其保护因素。结论 老年晚期肺癌患者VTE发生率高,且缺乏特异性表现,肺癌确诊后6个月内是VTE发生的高峰时期。此外,肺腺癌、化疗、中心静脉置管及PS评分高将增加VTE的发生风险,而积极检测血浆D-二聚体、血清白蛋白水平,对于尽早诊断VTE,改善患者预后具有一定意义。