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1.
Isabelle Ruhnke Nicholas Matthew Andronicos Robert A. Swick Brad Hine Nisha Sharma Sarbast K. Kheravii 《Avian pathology》2017,46(6):602-609
Broilers commonly suffer from necrotic enteritis (NE). Other gastrointestinal infectious diseases affect poultry, including nematode infections which are considered a re-emerging disease in barn and free-range systems. The aim of this study was to characterize the immune response of broilers after artificial infection with NE and contrast these with responses to the nematode Ascaridia galli and determine whether immune parameters measured during the course of infection can be used to distinguish infected from uninfected birds.A total of 96 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were used in this study. At 10 days of age, broilers were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: control birds (n?=?32), A. galli infected birds (n?=?32), or NE infected birds (n?=?32) and inoculated with the appropriate infective agents. The immune response of birds was monitored through evaluation of haematology parameters, acute phase protein production, and intraepithelial intestinal lymphocyte population changes at 11, 16, 20, and 32 days of age.T-helper cells (CD4+CD8?) increased significantly over time, and were significantly higher in A. galli and NE compared to day 10 controls. In conclusion, α-1 glycoprotein levels can distinguish birds with NE from other birds, including those infected with A. galli; also T-helper cell numbers can distinguish both NE and A. galli from uninfected birds and thirdly, 10 days post infection is the best time point to evaluate the bird’s immune response for A. galli infections. 相似文献
2.
Eva Medina Susanne Ruth Talay Gursharan Singh Chhatwal Carlos Alberto Guzmn 《European journal of immunology》1998,28(3):1069-1077
A common problem in human vaccinology is the limited availability of efficient and non-toxic adjuvants capable of promoting mucosal responses. The potential usefulness of fibronectin-binding protein I (SfbI) of Streptococcus pyogenes as immunological adjuvant was assessed using ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen. Mice were immunized by intranasal route, either with soluble OVA or OVA covalently coupled to SfbI. Immunization with OVA-SfbI resulted in the elicitation of about 100-fold higher titers of anti-OVA serum IgG than using OVA alone. The anti-OVA IgG subclass pattern was dominated in both groups of mice by IgG1, followed by IgG2b, IgG2a, and IgG3. Immunization with OVA-SfbI also resulted in the elicitation of OVA-specific IgA in lung washes (24 % of the total IgA), which was absent in mice immunized with OVA alone. Spleen cells from OVA-SfbI-immunized mice also gave a much stronger proliferative response to restimulation with soluble OVA in vitro. Phenotypic analysis of proliferating cells showed an enrichment in CD4+ T cells, producing a pattern of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10) characteristic of Th2-type cells. In contrast to immunization with soluble OVA alone, OVA-SfbI induced the generation of CD8+ OVA-specific cytotoxic cells. These results demonstrate that SfbI represents a promising mucosal adjuvant able to substantially improve cellular, humoral and mucosal responses when coupled to an antigen administered by intranasal route. 相似文献
3.
Natalie A. Parlane Wayne B. Severn Margot A. Skinner Gavin F. Painter Anne C. La Flamme 《Immunological investigations》2013,42(2):129-142
The development of defined sub-unit vaccines requires the inclusion in the vaccine of an immunological adjuvant. The most important property of adjuvants for vaccines aimed at inducing optimal protection against intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis is the ability to enhance cell-mediated immunity, specifically Th1 responses. In this paper, we describe a system where transgenic mice expressing a high proportion of T cells specific for an ovalbumin (OVA) peptide are used to assess the ability of a novel class of adjuvants to positively modulate cell-mediated immune responses. Defined fractions containing purified native or synthetic phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) from mycobacteria were assessed for their adjuvant activities in response to the model antigen (OVA). Purified PIM preparations given to mice with OVA by the subcutaneous route were shown to elicit an enhanced release of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in cellular responses to OVA peptide in vitro. Very little interleukin-4 (IL-4) was released by cells from mice immunized with PIMs and OVA, whereas cells from animals immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and OVA released IL-4 as well as IFN-γ. Synthetic preparations of PIM2 and PIM4 also acted as adjuvants in the mouse model studied. In addition, PIM preparations were shown to generate an efficient cell-mediated immune response to OVA, when the antigen/adjuvant preparations were administered via the oral route or intranasal route. PIM preparations elicited substantial release of interleukin-12 (IL-12) from dendritic cells (DCs). These data suggest that purified or synthetic PIMs act as adjuvants when administered at mucosal surfaces and represent a new class of adjuvants for mucosal immunization against intracellular pathogens. 相似文献
4.
Immunization with Vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles induces protective immunity in mice
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The gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) during growth. In this study, we immunized female mice by the intranasal, intragastric, or intraperitoneal route with purified OMVs derived from V. cholerae. Independent of the route of immunization, mice induced specific, high-titer immune responses of similar levels against a variety of antigens present in the OMVs. After the last immunization, the half-maximum total immunoglobulin titer was stable over a 3-month period, indicating that the immune response was long lasting. The induction of specific isotypes, however, was dependent on the immunization route. Immunoglobulin A, for example, was induced to a significant level only by mucosal immunization, with the intranasal route generating the highest titers. We challenged the offspring of immunized female mice with V. cholerae via the oral route in two consecutive periods, approximately 30 and 95 days after the last immunization. Regardless of the route of immunization, the offspring was protected against colonization with V. cholerae in both challenge periods. Our results show that mucosal immunizations via both routes with OMVs derived from V. cholerae induce long-term protective immune responses against this gastrointestinal pathogen. These findings may contribute to the development of “nonliving,” OMV-based vaccines against V. cholerae and other enteric pathogens, using the oral or intranasal route of immunization. 相似文献
5.
Adjuvant activity of monophosphoryl lipid A for nasal and oral immunization with soluble or liposome-associated antigen 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Childers NK Miller KL Tong G Llarena JC Greenway T Ulrich JT Michalek SM 《Infection and immunity》2000,68(10):5509-5516
The effectiveness of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) as a mucosal adjuvant was investigated following oral or intranasal (i.n.) administration of an aqueous adjuvant formulation of MPL (MPL-AF) added to soluble antigen or liposomal antigen or incorporated into liposomal antigen membranes. Groups of BALB/c female mice were immunized with 50 to 100 microg of free or liposomal Streptococcus mutans crude glucosyltransferase (C-GTF) with or without MPL-AF added to the vaccine or incorporated into the liposomal membrane. Plasma, saliva, vaginal wash, and fecal extract samples were collected biweekly following immunization and assessed for antigen-specific antibody activity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mice immunized by the i.n. route had higher levels of salivary, plasma, and vaginal immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti-C-GTF responses and higher levels of plasma IgG anti-C-GTF than the orally immunized groups. A second administration of the vaccine 14 weeks after the initial immunization resulted in an anamnestic response to C-GTF resulting in 10- and 100-fold increases in saliva and plasma IgA and plasma IgG, respectively (in the i.n. immunized groups). Mice receiving a second i.n. immunization with liposomal antigen and MPL-AF had higher salivary IgA anti-C-GTF responses than mice immunized with antigen plus MPL-AF or liposomal antigen (P < 0.05). Plasma IgG anti-C-GTF activity was highest in mice immunized by the i.n. route with antigen formulations containing MPL-AF (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of MPL-AF as an adjuvant for potentiating mucosal and systemic immune responses to liposomal C-GTF following i.n. immunization. 相似文献
6.
Schwarz A Gauly M Abel H Daş G Humburg J Rohn K Breves G Rautenschlein S 《Developmental and comparative immunology》2011,35(7):774-784
Gastro-intestinal nematode infections in mammals are associated with local T lymphocyte infiltrations, Th2 cytokine induction, and alterations in epithelial cell secretion and absorption. This study demonstrates that Ascaridia (A.) galli infection in chicken also elicits local gut-associated immune reactions and changes in the intestinal electrogenic nutrient transport. In A. galli-infected birds we observed infiltrations of different T cell populations in the intestinal lamina propria and accumulation of CD4+ lymphocytes in the epithelium. The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 dominated the intestinal immune reactions following A. galli infection. A. galli-specific systemic IgY antibodies were detected after two weeks post infection, and did only poorly correlate with detected worm numbers. Electrogenic transport of alanin and glucose was impaired in A. galli-infected chicken. Our data provide circumstantial evidence that local immune responses and electro-physiological intestinal functions may be connected and contribute to the elimination of worm infection. 相似文献
7.
Immunization with Single Oral Dose of Alginate‐Encapsulated BCG Elicits Effective and Long‐Lasting Mucosal Immune Responses
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M. Hosseini F. Dobakhti S. R. Pakzad S. Ajdary 《Scandinavian journal of immunology》2015,82(6):489-497
Effective vaccination against pathogens, which enter the body through mucosal surfaces, requires the induction of both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Here, mucosal as well as systemic immune responses in the lung and spleen of BALB/c mice which were orally vaccinated with a single dose of alginate‐encapsulated bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) were evaluated. Twenty weeks after immunization, the vaccinated mice were challenged intranasally with BCG. Twelve weeks after immunization and 5 weeks after challenge, the immune responses were evaluated. Moreover, immune responses were compared with those of mice that were vaccinated with free BCG by subcutaneous (sc) and oral routes. Twelve weeks after the immunization, serum IgG level was higher in the sc‐immunized mice, while serum IgA level was higher in the orally immunized mice with encapsulated BCG. Significant productions of both IgG and IgA were only detected in lungs of mice orally immunized with encapsulated BCG. Proliferative and delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses and IFN‐γ production were significantly higher in mice immunized orally with encapsulated BCG, compared to mice immunized orally with free BCG. After challenge, the levels of IFN‐γ were comparable between sc‐immunized mice with free BCG and orally immunized with encapsulated BCG; however, significantly less IL‐4 was detected in mice which had received encapsulated BCG via oral route. Moreover, significant control of the bacilli growth in the lung of the immunized mice after intranasal challenge with BCG was documented in mice vaccinated with encapsulated BCG. These results suggest that oral immunization with alginate‐encapsulated BCG is an effective mean of inducing mucosal and systemic specific immune responses. 相似文献
8.
Gabrashanska M Teodorova SE Galvez-Morros MM Tsocheva-Gaytandzhieva N Mitov M Ermidou-Pollet S Pollet S 《Parasitology research》2004,93(3):242-247
Hisex chickens were infected with 1,450 embryonated Ascaridia galli eggs and treated with a new synthesized basic mixed salt (ZnxCoyMn1-x-y).(OH)6SO4.2H2O). The worm burden was determined and sex ratios for A. galli of M:F=1.4 and M:F=2 in untreated and treated chickens, respectively, were found. A decrease in the mean establishment rate of A. galli in treated chickens was observed. The levels of zinc, cobalt and manganese were determined in liver and muscle of the host and in male and female A. galli. The survival of the chickens and gain in body weight were improved, and the restoration of microelement content was observed by treatment with the salt. A positive effect of the basic Zn-Co-Mn salt was also observed in the nematode microelement levels. Significant differences were found between the levels of zinc, cobalt and manganese in male and female A. galli. 相似文献
9.
In a study of the immune response of the rat to infection with the nematodeStrongyloides ratti, the antigens of the infective larval stage (L3) and of the parasitic, parthenogenetic female (Fp) were investigated. From both the larvae and the adult females, one metabolic (exoantigen) and two somatic antigens were extracted. Of the two somatic antigens, one was soluble and obtainable by physical means while the other was separated by chemical means from the tegument of the parasite. Humoral responses to the various antigens were evaluated by immunodiffusion and ELISA techniques, while the overall immune response was assayed by the worm burden in the immunized and subsequently infected rats. Agar-gel double diffusion yielded precipitin bands only with larval somatic antigens. ELISA proved positive at a titer of 20 000 with larval metabolic antigen and sera of rats immunized against either larval metabolic or somatic antigens. By 20 days post challenge infection, however, this titer diminished to 4000. In vivo studies of worm burden in rats immunized with the various antigens and then exposed to the live L3 of the nematode showed that there were significantly fewer adult worms in the rats immunized with larval somatic antigen and adult metabolic antigen than in those immunized with adult somatic antigen or larval metabolic antigen. 相似文献
10.
P. A. Bretscher 《Scandinavian journal of immunology》2014,79(6):361-376
It is well recognized that the physiological/pathological consequences of an immune response, against a foreign or a self‐antigen, are often critically dependent on the class of immunity generated. Here we focus on how antigen interacts with the cells of the immune system to determine whether antigen predominantly generates Th1 or Th2 cells. We refer to this mechanism as the ‘decision criterion’ controlling the Th1/Th2 phenotype of the immune response. A plausible decision criterion should account for the variables of immunization known to affect the Th1/Th2 phenotype of the ensuing immune response. Documented variables include the nature of the antigen, in terms of its degree of foreignness, the dose of antigen and the time after immunization at which the Th1/Th2 phenotype of the immune response is assessed. These are quantitative variables made at the level of the system. In addition, the route of immunization is also critical. I describe a quantitative hypothesis as to the nature of the decision criterion, referred to as the Threshold Hypothesis. This hypothesis accounts for the quantitative variables of immunization known to affect the Th1/Th2 phenotype of the immune response generated. I suggest and illustrate how this is not true of competing, contemporary hypotheses. I outline studies testing predictions of the hypothesis and illustrate its potential utility in designing strategies to prevent or treat medical situations where a predominant Th1 response is required to contain an infection, such as those caused by HIV‐1 and by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or to contain cancers. 相似文献
11.
Induction of humoral and cellular immunity against influenza virus by immunization of newborn mice with a plasmid bearing a hemagglutinin gene 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Neonates and infants display an intrinsic disability to mount protective
immune responses to influenza viruses or conventional influenza vaccines.
We investigated the ability of naked DNA to prime protective immune
responses by inoculating newborn and adult mice with a plasmid (pHA)
expressing hemagglutinin (HA) from the neurovirulent strain A/WSN/33 of
influenza virus. Continuous exposure to small doses of antigen subsequent
to neonatal DNA immunization led to effective priming of specific B and Th
cells, rather than tolerance induction. The pHA immunization of adult mice
primed a strongly biased Th1 response, whereas in neonates it induced a
mixed Th1/Th2 response. In contrast to the effect of live-virus
immunization, DNA immunization of neonates was followed by enhanced
cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses subsequent to challenge with A/WSN/33
influenza virus. Mice immunized as neonates or adults with pHA plasmid
exhibited significant increases in survival and decreases in virus lung
titers following lethal challenge with the A/WSN/33 virus or the A/PR8/34
drift variant. Our results demonstrate that DNA vaccination is an efficient
and safe means to generate broad humoral and cellular immune responses to
influenza viruses, during the earliest stages of postnatal life.
相似文献
12.
Kunisawa J Takahashi I Okudaira A Hiroi T Katayama K Ariyama T Tsutsumi Y Nakagawa S Kiyono H Mayumi T 《European journal of immunology》2002,32(8):2347-2355
Peyer's patches (PP) represent a well-characterized inductive site in gut-associated lymphoid tissue that actively acquires antigens from the intestinal lumen. It was reported that organized PP are not required for antigen-specific IgA responses induced by oral immunization with soluble antigen mixed with the mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin. However, the role of PP in the induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses remains to be clarified in the case of particulate antigen. Here, we created PP-null mice by treating them with monoclonal anti-IL-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7 R alpha) antibody during gestation and then immunized with antigen-encapsulated poly-lactic acid (PLA) microspheres. Brisk OVA-specific antibody responses were noted in serum and fecal extracts of normal mice following direct intestinal immunization with OVA in PBS (OVA-PBS) as well as in PLA-microspheres (OVA-MS). Antibody production was similarly elevated in PP-null mice immunized with OVA-PBS via direct injection into the intestinal tract. In contrast, OVA-specific antibody responses were dramatically decreased in both serum and fecal extracts collected from PP-null mice immunized intestinally with OVA-MS. These results were further supported by the number of OVA-specific antibody-forming cells detected in the spleen and intestinal lamina propria. PP deficiency also resulted in the reduction in OVA-specific Th1/Th2 cell responses in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of mice intestinally immunized with OVA-MS. These results suggested that organized PP do, in fact, play a crucial role in the induction of antigen-specific immune responses against ingested particulate antigen. 相似文献
13.
Nasal immunization with homogenate and peptide antigens induces protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
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Mice were successfully immunized against the intestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis by intranasal administration of a 30-mer peptide antigen with cholera toxin B. Immunized mice developed antigen-specific serum immunoglobulin G1, intestinal immunoglobulin A, and a type 2-biased cytokine response. Intranasal immunization therefore generates the Th2-mediated responses required for immunity against intestinal parasites. 相似文献
14.
Lack of Th1 or Th2 polarization of CD4+ T cell response induced by particulate antigen targeted to phagocytic cells 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Several factors are involved in the selective activation of Th1 or Th2
subset of CD4+ T cells, such as the type of antigen-presenting cells, the
dose of antigen, the route of immunization, etc. To analyze the influence
of accessory cells on Th1/Th2 cell differentiation, we used a particulate
antigen prepared by covalent linkage of hemocyanin (LH) to 1 microns
synthetic microspheres. This particulate antigen was efficiently presented
to T cells by macrophages but not by B lymphocytes. BALB/c mice immunized
either with soluble LH in alum or with particulate LH without adjuvant
produced both Th1 (IL-2 and IFN- gamma) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5) cytokines.
Moreover, mice primed either with soluble or particulate LH secreted higher
levels of IgG1- than of IgG2a-specific antibodies. The induction of this
cytokine profile response was independent of the route of administration of
the antigen, and was observed both in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. In contrast,
immunization of mice with particulate LH in the presence of poly(I):(C) or
of IL-12 induced a strong activation of Th1 cells, as shown by an up-
regulated IFN-gamma production, and by decreased IL-4 and IL-5 levels
associated to a greatly enhanced IgG2a antibody response. These results
therefore demonstrate that targeting the antigen to phagocytic cells is not
sufficient to stimulate a polarized Th response and that environmental
cytokines play the major role in the selective activation of Th1 cells.
This study provides important conclusions for the development of new
vaccines and shows that particulate antigen associated with appropriate
cofactor can selectively activate Th1 cells.
相似文献
15.
The study of purified alkaline phosphatase and crude extract antigen immunogenicity from Echinococcus multilocularis was carried out on BALB/c mice. The animals were immunized, then infected with E. multilocularis metacestode. The immune response against purified alkaline phosphatase was studied. Flow cytometry analysis of the CD4+ and
CD8+ lymphocyte populations showed a predominance of CD4+ populations in infected immunized mice. The specific humoral response
to purified alkaline phosphatase was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. We noted a stimulation of an immunoglobulin
IgG response. The isotypic profile showed a prevalence of IgG1 and IgG3 in immunized infected mice compared to IgG2a and IgG2b.
In addition, analysis of the profiles of the in vitro secreted cytokines, after stimulation of the splenocytes from immunized
mice, was performed. The cytokine profile was a mix of Th1/Th2 types in the infected and uninfected immunized mice. The results
of this study suggest a humoral mixed Th1/Th2 response, with a high predominance of Th2 response. A similar study was conducted
in mice immunized with crude total antigen. The comparison of the immune response showed an important immune response in mice
immunized with purified alkaline phosphatase compared to mice immunized with the crude total antigen. 相似文献
16.
Fukutome K Watarai S Mukamoto M Kodama H 《Developmental and comparative immunology》2001,25(5-6):475-484
Induction of intestinal mucosal immune responses against Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis was studied by immunizing chickens with liposome-associated antigen. An ultrasonicated whole cell extract of the bacteria was used for immunizing antigen. Intraocular immunization induced serum IgA, IgG and IgM responses. Also, significant IgA and IgG antibodies were detected in the intestinal tract. Immunization with antigen alone induced only IgG response in the intestine. Salmonella enteritidis-specific antibody-secreting lymphocytes were detected in the spleen and lamina propria of the intestinal tract of immunized chickens. Immunoglobulin (Ig) fractions extracted from intestines of immunized chickens inhibited the adherence of S. enteritidis to cultured HeLa cells. These results indicate that intraocular immunization with liposome-associated S. enteritidis elicits specific antibody-producing lymphocytes in the intestinal tract, and that Ig secreted in the intestine inhibits adherence of the bacteria to intestinal epithelial cells, suppressing the spread of bacterial infection in the host. 相似文献
17.
Jingwei Huang Zhenchao Zhang Menghui Li Xiaokai Song Ruofeng Yan Lixin Xu 《Avian pathology》2015,44(5):392-400
In the present study, the immune protective effects of recombinant microneme protein 7 of Eimeria maxima (rEmMIC7) and a DNA vaccine encoding this antigen (pVAX1-EmMIC7) on experimental challenge were evaluated. Two-week-old chickens were randomly divided into five groups. Experimental groups of chickens were immunized with 100?μg DNA vaccine pVAX1-MIC7 or 200?μg rEmMIC7, while control groups of chickens were injected with pVAX1 plasmid or sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The results showed that the anti-EmMIC7 antibody titres in chickens of both rEmMIC7 and pVAX1-MIC7 groups were significantly higher as compared to PBS and pVAX1 control (P?.05). The splenocytes from both vaccinated groups of chickens displayed significantly greater proliferation response compared with the controls (P?.05). Serum from chickens immunized with pVAX1-MIC7 and rEmMIC7 displayed significantly high levels of interleukin-2, interferon-γ, IL-10, IL-17, tumour growth factor-β and IL-4 (P?.05) compared to those of negative controls. The challenge experiment results showed that both the recombinant antigen and the DNA vaccine could obviously alleviate jejunum lesions, body weight loss and enhance oocyst decrease ratio. The anti-coccidial index (ACI) of the pVAX1-MIC7 group was 167.84, higher than that of the recombinant MIC7 protein group, 167.10. Our data suggested that immunization with EmMIC7 was effective in imparting partial protection against E. maxima challenge in chickens and it could be an effective antigen candidate for the development of new vaccines against E. maxima. 相似文献
18.
S van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk R P Braun B C Karvonen T King D Yoo L A Babiuk 《Virology》1999,260(1):35-46
This study was designed to assess the parameters influencing the magnitude and type of immune responses generated to plasmids encoding the hemagglutinin/neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) proteins of bovine parainfluenzavirus type 3 (BPIV3). Mice immunized with plasmids expressing HN or F under control of the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat promoter were primed, but they did not develop measurable immune responses. In contrast, strong humoral and cellular immune responses were induced with constructs containing the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter and intron A. After immunization with both HN- and F-encoding plasmids, enhanced responses were observed. Analysis of in vitro protein synthesis confirmed that the presence of the intron is crucial for the expression of the BPIV3 HN gene. Plasmid encoding HN induced significantly higher serum antibody titers by intradermal injection than by intramuscular delivery, whereas antigen-specific T cell proliferation was stronger in intramuscularly injected mice. Both the isotype ratios and the cytokine profiles indicated a Th1-type response after intramuscular immunization and a mixed to Th2-type response in intradermally immunized mice. A plasmid encoding a truncated, secreted form of HN induced a Th2-type immune response, regardless of the route of delivery. In cotton rats, HN- and F-encoding plasmids conferred protection from BPIV3 challenge. 相似文献
19.
The quality of the humoral immune response against protein antigens in CBA/J mice is dependent on the antigen dose used for immunization: low doses induce high titers of IgE antibodies, whereas high doses promote the production of IgG2a antibodies but inhibit IgE formation. To investigate whether the reciprocal regulation of antibody production is possibly due to a differential activation of Th1 and Th2 cell populations in the two immunization groups, the cytokine pattern of spleen cells from both groups, cultured with antigen in vitro, was analyzed by measurement of intracellular and secreted cytokine levels. The data presented show that in vitro restimulated spleen cells from mice primed with low as well as with high doses of antigen produce predominantly the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 but reduced levels of IL-12. The release of IFN-γ is only slightly enhanced compared to unstimulated control cultures. The results indicate that CD4+ T cells in both groups belong mainly to the Th2 cell subset. This finding is contradictory to the general allegation that the antigen dose is decisive for the polarization of Th1 versus Th2 immune responses and shows that the antigen dose-dependent regulation of IgE antibody production is not due to differential polarization towards Th1 and Th2 cells. 相似文献
20.
Irina Petrushina Anahit Ghochikyan Mikayel Mkrtichyan Grigor Mamikonyan Nina Movsesyan Rodmehr Ajdari Vitaly Vasilevko Adrine Karapetyan Andrew Lees Michael G Agadjanyan David H Cribbs 《Journal of neuroinflammation》2008,5(1):1-16