Recurrent hemarthrosis after knee joint arthroplasty: etiology and treatment

This study reports the results for 10 patients with recurrent hemarthrosis after knee joint arthroplasty. The average interval between arthroplasty and the first instance of hemarthrosis was at 26 months, and the average number of hemarthroses per patient was 3.8. In 3 patients, the bleeding responded to simple conservative measures. The remaining 7 needed surgery; there were 6 arthroscopic synovectomies and 1 polyethylene revision. Impingement of the proliferative synovium was observed in only 2 patients during surgical intervention. In the 2 patients in whom arthroscopic management was successful, another procedure with an electric coagulator, in addition to a formal synovectomy, was performed. The use of a coagulator may be helpful for direct coagulation when arthroscopic management is selected, although open synovectomy is curative in most cases.     

Embolization of the Geniculate Arteries Is an Effective Treatment of Recurrent Hemarthrosis Following Total Knee Arthroplasty That Can Be Safely Repeated

Background

Recurrent hemarthrosis is a late complication in up to 1.6% of patients following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In the absence of intrinsic coagulopathy, one etiology is bleeding of hypertrophic vascular synovium. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcome of patients referred to our center for angiographic embolization of geniculate arteries for recurrent hemarthrosis following TKA.

急诊介入动脉栓塞术联合经皮微创螺钉内固定术救治骨盆骨折合并失血性休克(附21例分析)

目的探讨急诊介入动脉栓塞术联合经皮微创螺钉内固定术治疗骨盆骨折合并失血性休克的可行性及安全性。方法回顾性分析21例骨盆骨折并失血性休克患者的资料,21例患者均接受急诊介入动脉栓塞术联合经皮微创螺钉内固定术。经皮微创螺钉内固定术均在介入栓塞术后立即进行。结果 21例患者中,经股动脉造影明确动脉出血18例,均接受相应介入栓塞治疗;另3例造影未见明显动脉出血,接受可疑出血侧髂内动脉预防性栓塞治疗。每例患者经皮微创螺钉内固定术用时均不超过90min。患者术后均未出现严重介入动脉栓塞相关并发症。18例术后好转出院;3例死亡,其中2例术后因多器官衰竭或弥散性血管内凝血死亡,1例术后仍继续出血,因失血性休克死亡。术后随访3个月~18个月,平均(10.81±2.62)个月,所有存活患者骨折均达到骨性愈合,功能良好。结论急诊介入动脉栓塞术联合经皮微创螺钉内固定术治疗骨盆骨折并失血性休克安全、快速、有效且并发症少。     

内镜难治性胃肠道出血介入诊疗的安全性和有效性

目的评价内镜难治性胃肠道出血介入诊疗的安全性和有效性。方法对31例内镜难治性胃肠道出血患者行DSA检查,明确出血部位后行出血动脉栓塞治疗,并评价其安全性和疗效。结果血管造影发现出血阳性率为80.65%(25/31),28例行栓塞止血治疗,1次栓塞止血成功率75.00%(21/28),2次栓塞总成功率82.14%(23/28)。7例介入术后行外科手术,包括2例空肠间质瘤及5例胃恶性肿瘤。4例胃恶性肿瘤患者介入术后30日内再发间断出血,其中2例因基础疾病致心肺衰竭死亡。除1例胃肠吻合术后吻合口出血患者栓塞止血术后出现吻合口瘘,经支持治疗后恢复出院,余患者未出现严重胃肠缺血坏死。结论介入诊疗对胃肠道出血的诊断及止血治疗高效、安全,尤其对胃恶性肿瘤出血亦能取得良好效果,可作为内镜难治性胃肠道出血的一种较好的诊治手段。     

Recurrent spontaneous hemarthrosis after total knee arthroplasty successfully treated with synoviorthesis

A case of spontaneous recurrent hemarthrosis—due to developed hypertrophied synovium—after total knee arthroplasty is reported. The patient was successfully treated with radiosynovectomy. The first hemorrhage occurred 18 months after the total knee arthroplasty. Several similar episodes followed over a period of 4 years. Because conservative treatment failed to control the bleeding, an arthroscopic lavage was performed, which revealed the existence of proliferative synovium. A significant part of the hypertrophic tissue was excised with the use of a thermocoagulator. However, 1 month later, another episode of hemarthrosis occurred. As a final step before reoperation, the patient was treated with intra-articular injection of ytrium 90. Eighteen months later, she remains symptom-free, is very satisfied with the result, and reports no new episode of hemarthrosis.     

Magnetic resonance angiography in the management of recurrent hemarthrosis after total knee arthroplasty

Spontaneous hemarthrosis is an infrequent but disabling complication after total knee arthroplasty. The purpose of this case series is to demonstrate the utility of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in the evaluation of hemarthrosis after total knee arthroplasty. Patients presenting with hemarthrosis unexplained by trauma, anticoagulation, or a bleeding diathesis were retrospectively identified. Eighteen patients were referred for MRA to evaluate recurrent hemarthrosis after failing conservative therapy (n = 16) or synovectomy (n = 2). Despite artifact caused by the metallic components, diagnostic evaluation of regional vessels was made. In 12 of 13 cases that underwent embolization or synovectomy, a hypertrophic feeding artery (or arteries) was visualized on MRA. One case of negative MRA did not have subsequent surgery, and we are unable to comment on the rate of false-positives because all patients in this case series had evidence of bleeding. By characterizing the vascular anatomy and identifying a dominant artery (or arteries) supplying the hypervascular synovium, MRA can serve as a guide for subsequent embolization or synovectomy, as indicated.     

不明原因消化道大出血急诊选择性内脏血管造影及介入治疗的临床价值

目的 探讨不明原因消化道大出血急诊选择性内脏血管造影诊断及介入治疗的临床应用价值。方法 1992—2002年期问对25例不明原因消化道大出血患行急诊选择性内脏血管造影，其中20例灌注血管收缩剂，5例予以经导管栓塞术。结果 显示出血灶23例(92．0％)，表现为造影剂外溢征(15例)、新生肿瘤血管和肿瘤染色征(15例)以及动静脉畸形(2例)。5例经导管栓塞治疗，获永久性止血；20例灌注血管收缩剂治疗后24h复发出血1例。造影后17例手术，其中急诊手术6例、择期手术11例；术前血管造影与外科术后诊断符合率为88．2％。未出现并发症。结论 急诊选择性内脏血管造影诊断及介入治疗，对不明原因消化道大出血有较大的临床实用价值且安全可行。     

介入栓塞治疗上消化道大出血术后再出血的疗效评估

目的观察分析介入栓塞治疗上消化道大出血术后再出血的临床价值.方法选择!!例上消化道大出血术后再出血的患者,应用超选择性腹腔动脉造影确定出血部位,指导注入栓塞剂达到止血目的.结果!!例患者共行!'次选择性腹腔动脉造影及栓塞, !%例获得满意止血效果.结论选择性腹腔动脉造影结合介入栓塞止血,能够使上消化道大出血术后再出血患者得到及时的定位诊断和迅速、有效的治疗,是处理上消化道大出血术后再出血的重要方式.     

Embolization of traumatic pseudoaneurysms after total knee arthroplasty

We report on 2 cases of traumatic pseudoaneurysm after total knee arthroplasty. In one patient, a hemarthrosis and a pulsatile antecubital mass developed 1 month after arthroplasty, prompting angiography. In the second patient, evacuation of a large hemarthrosis was performed before angiography and embolization. In both patients, the pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated without the need for surgical repair, using percutaneous thrombin injection or transcatheter embolization. No recurrence of hemarthrosis was seen in either patient at up to 24 months of follow-up evaluation. These cases show the use of angiography in reconstructed joints when acute or delayed hemarthrosis occurs, and the role of embolization techniques in this setting.     

DSA诊断不明原因下消化道出血

目的探讨DSA诊断不明原因下消化道出血的价值。方法对18例临床诊断不明确的急性或慢性反复消化道出血患者行DSA,穿刺右侧股动脉后,将5FYashiro导管选择性插管至腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉、肠系膜下动脉以及髂内动脉造影,对部分疑有病变部位以3F微导管行超选择性插管造影。造影有阳性发现时,保留靶血管内导管,将患者送往外科手术;对有栓塞适应证者使用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞止血。结果血管造影阳性率为66.67%(12/18);5例可见对比剂外溢,间接征象包括肿瘤血管及染色2例,血管性病变5例。6例DSA阴性。5例经导管栓塞后即刻止血。结论 DSA对不明原因下消化道出血具有重要诊断价值。     

超选择性动脉栓塞对外伤性肝破裂假性动脉瘤的应用价值

目的探讨超选择性动脉栓塞对外伤性肝破裂假性动脉瘤的临床应用价值。方法对20例经MSCT扫描确诊为外伤性肝破裂假性动脉瘤的患者行介入栓塞治疗,栓塞材料采用COOK弹簧圈。术后第3天、第1个月及第3个月复查MSCT及肝功能。结果 20例MSCT检查发现肝破裂假性动脉瘤,DSA检查表现为肝内动脉瘤样扩张并见对比剂外溢征象。20例栓塞治疗后出血均立即停止,瘤样扩张的血管消失。随访3个月,无复发出血,未见严重并发症。肝功能介入治疗前与术后第3天对比无明显改变,且经保肝治疗后肝功能于术后第1个月均恢复正常。结论超选择插管介入治疗外伤性肝破裂假性动脉瘤安全、迅速、有效,并能最大限度保护肝脏功能。     

介入栓塞术在头颈部肿瘤放疗后出血中的应用

目的评价介入栓塞术用于治疗头颈部肿瘤放疗后出血的可行性及安全性。方法收集20例因头颈部肿瘤放疗后大出血患者,对所有患者介入栓塞治疗,观察介入栓塞术的疗效及并发症。结果 20例患者共接受介入栓塞治疗21次;4例患者出血责任血管为颈内动脉,采用弹簧圈栓塞颈内动脉载瘤段,15例患者责任血管为上颌动脉分支,采用明胶海绵或聚乙烯醇(PVA)颗粒栓塞;1例患者为右侧甲状腺下动脉分支假性动脉瘤,采用PVA颗粒及弹簧圈栓塞。对所有患者治疗均有效,随访期内均未出现严重并发症。结论介入栓塞术治疗头颈部肿瘤放疗后出血有效、安全。     

Recurrent hemarthrosis after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty

Recurrent hemarthrosis after knee arthroplasty can be disabling, requiring adequate and immediate diagnosis and treatment for recovery of symptoms and joint function. The most commonly reported cause is impingement of proliferative synovium between prosthetic components. Although various procedures for hemarthrosis have been reported after knee arthroplasty for patients who do not respond to conservative treatment, the recommended first-line therapy is open surgery or embolization. Although hyperplastic synovium was observed during the first and second arthrotomy, in our case, tissue impingement was not detected. We describe a rare case of recurrent hemarthrosis after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) and successful treatment by open synovectomy. A 66-year-old woman presented with spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle in the right leg. She underwent UKA of the right knee of the medial condyle. Eighteen months after UKA, the patient developed recurrent hemarthrosis. Open arthrotomy was performed 22 months after UKA, revealing only hematoma with no obvious hemorrhage or loosening of the prosthesis. No history of trauma or use of anticoagulant medications was present. After a symptom-free period of 8 months, another 2 episodes of hemarthrosis occurred over the course of 8 months. A second open arthrotomy was performed. Hyperplastic synovium with fibrin and hemosiderin pigmentation was observed, again without hemorrhage or loosening. There were no pathological features of pigmented villonodular synovitis. Synovectomy was performed, and no hemarthrosis has recurred for 2 years.     

Therapeutic embolization in the treatment of recurrent haemarthrosis following knee arthroplasty

Recurrent spontaneous haemarthrosis after knee arthroplasty occurs in less than 1% of cases, commonly thought to be the result of impingement of hypertrophic vascular synovium or fat pads, and exacerbated by anti‐coagulation or anti‐platelet therapy. Traditional treatment comprises an initial period of rest followed by open or arthroscopic washout, and by synovectomy if bleeding recurs or fails to settle. We present three cases of recurrent haemarthrosis following knee arthroplasty, which were successfully treated by angiography and feeding vessel coil embolization. An injury to one of the genicular arteries was identified as the cause of bleeding in all three cases; one manifest as a traumatic arteriovenous fistula. Bleeding ceased in all cases without recurrence (follow‐up period 6 months – 5 years, median of 2 years). Endovascular treatment offers a minimally invasive treatment option in selected cases of recurrent post‐operative haemarthrosis.     

胃肠道动脉性大出血的急诊介入治疗

目的探讨急性胃肠道动脉性大出血的急诊血管造影检查及栓塞治疗的临床价值。方法对25例急性胃肠道动脉性大出血患者行急诊腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉、肠系膜下动脉造影,并对可疑部位行超选择性血管造影,明确出血部位后,用明胶海绵条或颗粒、弹簧圈及聚乙烯醇（PVA）颗粒对出血动脉行栓塞治疗。术后密切观察患者生命体征变化,并定期追踪随访。结果25例患者中,22例出血部位明确并栓塞止血成功,3例未找到出血动脉,技术成功率达88．oo％（22／25）。术后随访3～20个月,中位时间6．5个月,未见严重并发症发生及再次出血。结论急诊介入治疗是急性胃肠道动脉性大出血安全、有效的治疗手段。     

Long term follow-up of arthroscopic synovectomy for chronic hemophilic synovitis

Recurrent hemarthrosis of the knee in hemophiliac patients leads to chronic synovitis, predisposing the joint to further hemarthroses and degeneration. Open synovectomy controls bleeding, however, significant loss of motion frequently results. We are reporting on seven patients who underwent arthroscopic synovectomy and had decreased bleeding episodes while maintaining range of motion. The seven patients had frequent recurrent hemarthroses despite medical management. All had had signs of degenerative arthritis preoperatively. Five of the seven had loss of motion. Length of follow-up averaged 4 years. Six of the seven had reduced bleeding episodes with an average of 0.22 hemarthroses per week. The seventh patient required significantly less Factor to control bleeding. No patient lost more than 10 degrees of motion. Three patients had increases in motion; two were unchanged. Radiographic progression of degenerative changes was noted in five patients, the other two were unchanged. We recommend early arthroscopic synovectomy in the treatment of recurrent hemarthrosis in hemophiliac patients.     

选择性动脉栓塞术治疗顽固性鼻出血

目的探讨顽固性鼻出血的血管造影特点以及选择性动脉栓塞术治疗的临床疗效、并发症及注意事项。方法对16例顽固性鼻出血患者行选择性颈外和（或）颈内动脉造影术及选择性上颌动脉和（或）面动脉栓塞术。栓塞剂为明胶海绵颗粒（条）、弹簧圈。结果 16例患者中,15例动脉造影见阳性征象,1例为阴性。栓塞靶血管后,14例止血效果良好;对2例合并筛动脉出血患者于栓塞术后次日行筛动脉结扎术,出血得到完全控制。所有患者均未出现与栓塞相关的严重并发症。结论选择性动脉造影及栓塞术可快速诊断及有效治疗顽固性鼻出血;对有筛动脉参与的鼻出血,应结合动脉结扎手术进行治疗。     

介入治疗胰十二指肠切除术后晚期出血

目的观察介入治疗胰十二指肠切除术后晚期出血的效果。方法回顾性分析50例胰十二指肠切除术后晚期出血患者,其中42例接受血管造影检查,之后28例接受单纯介入治疗、14例经介入治疗后转外科手术;8例直接接受外科手术探查。观察血管造影表现,记录介入治疗方案,分析止血效果。结果 50例总体止血成功率66.00%(33/50),死亡率34.00%(17/50);单纯介入治疗止血成功率82.14%(23/28),死亡率17.86%(5/28)。42例血管造影中,26例可见阳性征象,其中假性动脉瘤[46.15%(12/26)]最常见,肝固有/肝总动脉[53.85%(14/26)]最常受累;其中24例主要以弹簧圈栓塞,包括8例单纯弹簧圈、12例采用弹簧圈联合明胶海绵颗粒及4例以弹簧圈联合PVA颗粒进行栓塞;2例于肝动脉植入覆膜支架。结论介入治疗对胰十二指肠切除术后晚期出血止血效果较好。     

Geniculate Artery Embolization in Patients With Recurrent Hemarthrosis After Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Study

BackgroundRecurrent hemarthrosis after knee arthroplasty is an uncommon and disabling complication of this frequently performed procedure. Selective endovascular embolization of the geniculate arteries is one of the therapeutic options to manage this complication. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of this treatment in patients suffering from recurrent hemarthrosis after knee arthroplasty.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of 31 patients (39 embolization procedures) with recurrent hemarthrosis after knee arthroplasty. There were 17 men and 14 women with a median age of 67 years (range 48-90). All patients were referred for geniculate artery embolization between January 2007 and November 2016.ResultsTwenty-seven procedures were executed on the right side and 12 on the left side. Total knee arthroplasty was performed on 29 patients, only 2 patients underwent unicompartmental knee arthroplasty. Embolization of the superior geniculate arteries was achieved in all patients. In 12 of 39 procedures (31%), at least 1 of the inferior geniculate arteries could not be catheterized, therefore embolization was achieved through collaterals. Symptomatic improvement was observed in 26 of 31 patients (84%). Discomfort or mild postprocedural pain was observed in most patients, needing only minor pain medication, mostly resolving within 24 hours. Two patients presented with a severe complication: a 48-year-old male patient developed septic arthritis and an 85-year-old hypertensive female patient treated with anticoagulants showed aseptic necrosis of the femoral condyles.ConclusionEmbolization of geniculate arteries is a safe and effective treatment in recurrent hemarthrosis post knee arthroplasty. Clinical improvement was seen in most patients.     

介入治疗在出血性胃十二指肠溃疡病术后大出血的应用评价

目的 评价出血性胃十二指肠溃疡患者在胃大部切除术后大出血时予以介入栓塞治疗的效果。方法 对我院1980～2002年间收治的49例出血性胃十二指肠溃疡患者,在胃大部切除术后大出血时的手术与介入治疗效果进行回顾性比较分析。结果 本组49例患者中,予以再手术治疗26例(再手术组),介入治疗23例(介入治疗组),均取得了较好的疗效。两组在治愈率、病死率、并发症及再出血发生率方面比较,差异无显著性意义(P>>0.05)。但平均住院日及输血量再手术组明显增多,两组比较,差异有极显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论 对于出血性胃十二指肠溃疡患者,术后大出血行介入栓塞治疗是安全有效的,应及早进行;对介人治疗效果不佳者应及时手术。