青石棉染尘大鼠血,肺中SOD,LPO变化的研究

对大鼠经气管内注入青石棉纤维，在染尘后９０、１８０、２７０、３６０和５４０天动态观察血和肺中超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）及ＳＯＤ／ＬＰＯ比值的变化。结果表明，青石棉可诱发大鼠血和肺组织中自由基反应增强，ＳＯＤ活性降低，脂质过氧化反应增高，ＬＰＯ含量升高，抗氧化能力降低，ＳＯＤ／ＬＰＯ比值降低，体内抗氧化和脂质过氧化平衡失调。     

青石棉、苯并(a)芘气管染尘大鼠血中SOD和LPO变化的研究

为了观察青石棉、苯并（ａ）芘染尘大鼠血中超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）的变化，以探讨其致癌机制，用气管内染尘法，在染尘后９０，１８０，２７０，３６０和５４０天时观察大鼠ＳＯＤ、ＬＰＯ及ＳＯＤ／ＬＰＯ比值的变化，采用方差分析处理数据。结果提示，青石棉、苯并（ａ）芘可致ＳＯＤ活性降低、ＬＰＯ含量升高、ＳＯＤ／ＬＰＯ比值降低的趋势。表明体内抗氧化和脂嵵使趸胶馐У鳌     

烹调油烟对大鼠肺组织SOD和MDA及骨髓MN变化的研究

通过观察烹调油烟冷凝物（ＲＣ）对大鼠肺组织超氧化物岐化酶（ＳＯＤ）和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）及骨髓微核（ＭＮ）率的变化，探讨了其变化规律和作用机理。采用ＲＣ气管灌注大鼠的方法，对ＲＣ的ＳＯＤ、ＭＤＡ、ＳＯＤ／ＭＤＡ比值及ＭＮ进行了分析。结果显示：低（２２５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）、中（４５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）、高（９００ｍｇ／ｋｇ）３个剂量ＲＣ组和阳性苯并（ａ）芘［Ｂ（ａ）Ｐ］对照组大鼠肺组织ＳＯＤ活性明显低于溶剂二甲基亚砜（ＤＭＳＯ）组和阴性对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），而且呈剂量－效应关系；３个剂量ＲＣ组和Ｂ（ａ）Ｐ组ＭＤＡ浓度明显高于ＤＭＳＯ和阴性对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；ＳＯＤ／ＭＤＡ比值均有下降趋势；中剂量ＲＣ使ＭＮ率上升，高剂量ＲＣ对ＭＮ率的效应更明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示ＲＣ可使体内抗氧化和脂质过氧化平衡失调。表明ＲＣ对超氧化物歧化酶系统有强烈的抑制作用。长期接触烹调油烟对肺组织有明显损伤作用，甚至有可能诱发肺部肿瘤     

急进高海拔地区对大鼠某些组织中Mn－SOD、CuZn－SOD及LPO的影响

将大鼠快速由平原带至高原，其肺、肾组织Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ，ＣｕＺｎ－ＳＯＤ活性明显降低，心脏的ＳＯＤ活性也呈下降趋势；心、肺、肾组织的ＬＰＯ含量显著升高。结果提示：急进高海拔地区、可引起体内抗氧化能力减弱，脂质过氧化反应增强。     

吸入苯产生自由基对外周血毒作用的实验研究

在本研究中，大鼠吸入三个不同浓度（６．３ｐｐｍ，７１．８ｐｐｍ，４５９．５ｐｐｍ）苯３０天以及吸入７１．８ｐｐｍ不同时间（１０，２０，３０天）后，测定了反应血中自由基活性的指标如白细胞过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ），血浆过氧化脂质、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、红细胞谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）。结果显示各染毒组在３０天后白细胞ＬＰＯ均较对照组明显升高，而白细胞显著减少仅发生在中、高剂量组。大鼠吸入７１．８ｐｐｍ２０天和３０天后白细胞ＬＰＯ异常升高，白细胞数明显下降。红细胞ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ以及血浆ＬＰＯ在所有染毒组均未见异常变化。结果提示大鼠吸入苯后外周血白细胞的下降可能与其膜脂质过氧化有关，白细胞过氧化脂质升高比白细胞减少更为敏感。     

甲醛对大鼠的氧化性损伤

大鼠吸入不同剂量甲醛１０天，其血、肺、肝、肾、睾丸、脑和眼球脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）均有增加趋势．肝和睾丸ＬＰＯ增加有统计学意义。肾ＧＳＨＰＸ活性随甲醛浓度加大而显著升高。肝和睾丸组织ＬＰＯ／ＧＳＨＰＸ比值显著升高。表明甲醛吸入可造成大鼠肝脏和睾丸的脂质过氧化损伤，并使它们的抗氧化能力降低。     

吸入苯产生自由基对外周血毒作用的实验研究

在本研究中，大鼠吸入三个不同浓度苯３０天以及吸入７１．８ｐｐｍ不同时间后，测定了反应血中自由基活性的指标如白细胞过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ），血浆过氧化脂质、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、红细胞谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）。结果显示各染毒组在３０天后白细胞ＬＰＯ均较对照组明显升高，而白细胞显著减少仅发生在中、高剂量组，大鼠吸入７１．８ｐｐｍ２０天和３０天后白细胞ＬＰＯ异常升高，白细胞数明显下降，红细胞ＳＯＤ、ＧＳ     

急性高海拔地区对大鼠某些组织中Mn—SOD,CuZn及LPO的影响

将大鼠快速由平原带至高原，其肺，肾组织Ｍｎ－ＳＯＤ，ＣｕＺｎ－ＳｏＤ活性明显降低，心脏ＳＯＤ活性也呈下降趋势；心、肺、肾组织的ＬＰＯ含量显著升高。结果提示：急进高海拔地区、可引起体内抗氧化能力减弱，脂质过氧化反应增强。     

天然矿泉水对大鼠LPO含量和SOD活力的影响

观察了广西某矿泉水对正常大鼠和染尘大鼠体内过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ）含量和全血中超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活力的影响。结果表明，该矿泉水能在一定程度上降低大鼠体内ＬＰＯ含量和提高ＳＯＤ活力，对锡矿尘诱致大鼠体内ＬＰＯ水平的升高和ＳＯＤ活力下降具有一定的拮抗作用。     

镁对实验性动脉粥样硬化家兔机体抗氧化体系机能的影响

用高脂膳食诱导的动脉粥样硬化家兔心肌组织和肝脏抗氧化体系机能的改变规律及镁对机体抗氧化机能的影响。提示：动脉粥样硬化家兔心脏超氧化歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）及ＳＯＤ／ＬＰＯ比值显著降低，而过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ）明显升高。肝组织ＬＰＯ含量升高显著，而谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）、ＳＯＤ活性及ＳＯＤ／ＬＰＯ和ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ／ＬＰＯ显著降低。补充镁显著降低心脏ＬＰＯ含量，并使肝脏的ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ及ＳＯＤ／ＬＰＯ、ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ／ＬＰＯ与心脏ＳＯＤ／ＬＰＯ比值明显升高。提示：动脉粥样硬化家兔机体抗氧化机能明显减低，这种变化可能在动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展中起重要作用。而镁对机体抗氧化机能产生一定的影响。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.