The effect of cigarette smoking on soluble adhesion molecules in middle-aged patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIMS: To investigate the effect of smoking on soluble adhesion molecules in middle-aged diabetic patients. METHODS: One hundred out-patients with Type 2 diabetes and 100 age- and sex-matched non-diabetic subjects without clinical macrovascular disease were selected. Soluble serum levels of adhesion molecules were analysed using enzyme immunoassay. Carotid atherosclerosis was assessed using an ultrasound system. RESULTS: When compared with non-diabetic subjects, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and sE-selectin were found at significantly high levels in diabetic patients and significantly higher levels of sICAM-1, sE-selectin, and sP-selectin were observed in current smokers than never-smokers among diabetic or non-diabetic subjects, respectively. The combined, but not enhanced, effects of diabetes mellitus and smoking were observed in sICAM-1 and sE-selectin levels. Additionally, levels of sICAM-1 (P < 0.05) and sE-selectin (P < 0.01), but not sP-selectin, were high in ex-smokers when compared with never-smokers among diabetic patients. Diabetic smokers were also found to have marked carotid atherosclerosis, which was related to increased levels of sICAM-1. CONCLUSIONS: Our present study shows that levels of adhesion molecules were higher in diabetic smokers than diabetic non-smokers or non-diabetic smokers, and that cessation after chronic smoking did not restore the levels of sICAM-1 and sE-selectin, though sP-selectin levels were restored. These data suggest a possible mechanism for accelerated atherosclerosis induced by smoking in patients with diabetes.     

Prehypertension is associated with atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes

Background: Prehypertension is a risk factor for hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. However, the association between prehypertension and atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been evaluated. In the present study, we investigated the impact of prehypertension on atherosclerosis in T2DM. Methods: Patients (n = 930) with T2DM were recruited for the present study from the outpatient clinic of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital. The intima–media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) was determined using ultrasound and brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was determined by volume plethysmography to assess atherosclerosis. Results: Of the 930 patients with T2DM (mean age of 59 years), 167 were categorized as normotensive, 213 were prehypertensive, and 550 were hypertensive. Diabetic subjects with prehypertension had significantly higher CCA‐IMT and baPWV than those with normal blood pressure after adjustment for age and gender. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that, compared with normotension, prehypertension was a significant independent determinant of atherosclerosis (for maximum IMT ≥1.1 mm, odds ratio (OR) 2.10 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–3.44; for baPWV ≥1400 cm/s, OR 3.09 and 95% CI 1.78–5.36). Conclusion: Prehypertension is associated with atherosclerosis independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors in T2DM patients. We speculate that maintenance of systolic blood pressure <120 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure <80 mmHg may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in T2DM.     

Prevalence of diabetes and/or ischaemic heart disease in classes of increasing carotid artery atherosclerosis: an ultrasonographic study.

AIMS: To evaluate the prevalence of non-diabetic subjects and diabetic patients, with or without ischaemic heart disease (IHD), in different classes of increasing carotid atherosclerotic damage. METHODS: Using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound, we studied 598 subjects without known cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes, 74 diabetic patients without CVD, 74 non-diabetic subjects with IHD and 36 patients with both diabetes and IHD. Carotid atherosclerosis was classified as: normal; thickened intima-media; non-stenotic plaque; stenotic plaque. RESULTS: Compared with subjects without diabetes or CVD, the frequency of patients with diabetes without known CVD increased significantly from 'normal' to 'stenotic plaque' (4.1%, 6.4%, 13%, 14.8% for normal, thickened intima-media, non-stenotic plaque and stenotic plaque, respectively; P = 0.0057). The same figures were 6%, 7.6%, 10.2%, 23.3% (P = 0.0007) for non-diabetic subjects with IHD, and 0%, 2%, 5.6%, 15.9% (P < 0.0001) for diabetic patients with IHD. No difference was found comparing subjects with diabetes without CVD with non-diabetic patients with IHD (P = 0.56). Using polychotomous logistic regression analysis, diabetic patients without CVD and non-diabetic subjects with IHD showed a similar association with the increasing degree of carotid atherosclerosis (P = 0.59), but significantly stronger compared with subjects without diabetes or CVD (P < 0.03 for both). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic patients without known CVD show an advanced degree of carotid atherosclerotic damage similar to non-diabetic subjects with IHD and significantly higher compared with non-diabetic subjects without CVD. Our data support the need for an aggressive early prevention of CVD in diabetic subjects.     

Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy associated with carotid atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetic patients.

AIMS: To clarify if cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is associated with carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques in Type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Cardiovascular autonomic nerve function was related to carotid artery ultrasound in 61 Type 2 diabetic patients 5-6 years after diagnosis of diabetes. RESULTS: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy [abnormal age corrected expiration/inspiration (E/I) ratio or acceleration index (AI)] was found in 13/61 (21%) patients. Patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy showed increased degree of stenosis in the common carotid artery (24.6 +/- 13.2% vs. 14.7 +/- 9.2%; P = 0.014) and a tendency towards a higher plaque score (4.0 +/- 1.7 vs. 3.2 +/- 1.6; P = 0.064). Controlled for age, AI correlated inversely with degree of stenosis (r = -0.39; P = 0.005), plaque score (r = -0.39; P = 0.005), and mean (r = -0.33; P = 0.018) and maximum (r = -0.39; P = 0.004) intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery. In contrast, E/I ratio correlated only slightly with mean intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery (r = -0.28; P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was associated with carotid atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetic patients. Abnormal E/I ratios reflect efferent structural damage to parasympathetic nerves whereas abnormal AI reflects afferent autonomic dysfunction possibly due to impaired baroreceptor sensitivity secondary to carotid atherosclerosis.     

Clinical significance of circulating hepatocyte growth factor, a new risk marker of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

AIMS: Recent studies have provided increasing evidence that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has a pathophysiological role in the development of diabetic complications. We set out to determine the relationship between serum HGF and risk factors for macroangiopathy including carotid atherosclerosis. Carotid atherosclerosis is an established and important risk factor for both cerebral and coronary artery diseases. METHODS: We studied 89 patients (48 males, 41 females, mean age 62.5 +/- 10.3 years) with Type 2 diabetes (DM). RESULTS: Serum levels of HGF correlated positively with both intimal-media thickness (IMT) (r = 0.24, P = 0.0248) and plaque score (r = 0.27, P = 0.0126). In multiple regression analysis, serum HGF was associated independently with IMT (standardized beta = 0.28, P = 0.0499). We also found that both IMT and plaque score were higher in patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) than in patients without IHD, and that plaque score in patients with lacunar infarcts was higher than in patients without lacunar infarcts. CONCLUSIONS: Serum HGF concentration may be a new marker of atherosclerotic complications in patients with Type 2 DM.     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病肥胖病人颈动脉内膜中层厚度及斑块的影响

目的应用超声评价2型糖尿病病人经罗格列酮长期治疗后颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)及斑块的变化.方法选择59例2型糖尿病伴肥胖病人,随机分成对照组(29例)与治疗组(30例),治疗组加用罗格列酮治疗24个月,治疗前后应用高频超声检测IMT及斑块变化,同时测定血清一氧化氮(NO)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α).结果与对照组比较,治疗组IMT及斑块检出率降低(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),血清NO增加,CRP、TNF-α降低(P＜0.01).与治疗前比较,对照组IMT增加(P＜0.01),斑块检出率及血清NO、CRP、TNF-α无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论罗格列酮长期治疗能延缓2型糖尿病病人颈动脉粥样硬化进展,稳定斑块.     

血清骨硬化蛋白、内皮细胞特异性分子1与2型糖尿病亚临床动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 探讨血清骨硬化蛋白(Sclerostin)、内皮细胞特异性分子1(Endocan)与2型糖尿病(T2DM)亚临床动脉粥样硬化(SAS)的关系。方法 选取2019年2月—2021年3月郴州市第一人民医院收治的117例T2DM患者为研究对象,统计T2DM患者SAS发生情况;分析血清Sclerostin、Endocan与颈动脉内膜中膜厚度(CIMT)的相关性;分析T2DM患者发生SAS的影响因素;分析血清Sclerostin、Endocan预测T2DM患者发生SAS的价值。结果117例T2DM患者中有68例(58.12%)出现SAS。单因素分析结果显示：T2DM患者SAS的发生与年龄、T2DM病程、合并高血压、空腹血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)、纤维蛋白原、CIMT、Sclerostin、Endocan有关(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：年龄、LDLC、CIMT、FPG、Sclerostin、Endocan均是T2DM患者发生SAS的影响因素(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示：Sclerostin、...     

Association between depression and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in patients with Type 1 diabetes

Aims Recent studies have suggested an association between depression and subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaque and increased intima‐media thickening in non‐clinical populations. Given the high prevalence of depression in patients with Type 1 diabetes and the diabetes‐related risk factors for atherosclerosis, we hypothesized that this relation might also be of special relevance in Type 1 diabetic patients. Methods Intima‐media thickness (IMT) and the presence of plaques in the carotid arteries were quantitatively assessed by high‐resolution ultrasound in 175 adults (89 men, 86 women) with an established diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes. Having been treated for depression or current Beck Depression Inventory scores > 10 were considered to indicate depression. Results In men, the risk of plaque was higher in depressed subjects relative to non‐depressed participants after adjustment for age, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, dyslipidaemia and body mass index [odds ratio (OR) 5.19; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29, 20.81]. Depressed women did not have an increased risk of plaque compared with non‐depressed women (OR 0.97; 95% 95% CI 0.22, 4.34). We did not observe an association between depression and IMT, in men or in women. Conclusions In line with previous research, our findings suggest a link between depression and subclinical atherosclerosis in Type 1 diabetic men, but not in women.     

吸烟与老年人颈动脉粥样硬化

目的研究吸烟与老年人颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法用超声显像检测61例吸烟的老年人与对照组颈动脉结构及血流状态。结果 长期吸烟的老年人颈动脉粥样硬化及斑块的发生率明显高于对照组(63.93％vs20,69％,P<0.001;47.54％vs17.24％,P<0.001)。结论长期吸烟可明显地促进颈动脉粥样硬化。     

老年2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的观察

目的：探讨老年2型糖尿病患颈动脉硬化以及粥样斑块与各种危险因子的关系。方法：用彩色多普勒超声观察68例老年2型糖尿病患双侧颈动脉内中膜厚度（IMT）。结果：内膜增厚组及斑块形成组空腹胰岛素水平、24h尿白蛋白定量明显增加（P＜0．05，P＜0．01），并且随着内膜增厚程度的加重，这种增加越明显，而胰岛素敏感指数明显降低（P＜0．05）。空腹、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白及餐后2h胰岛素、血脂各项指标在各组间变化不明显。内膜增厚组及斑块形成组年龄，有高血压、冠心病、脑血管病史的百分比，高血压病程，收缩压，舒张压值均有明显增高（P＜0．05，P＜0．01）。吸烟人数百分比、糖尿病病程无明显差异。结论：老年糖尿病患IMT增厚心脑血管疾病的发病率增高，这与他们存在高胰岛素血症、低胰岛素敏感性以及有较高的尿白蛋白水平有关，IMT可作为早期观察糖尿病大血管并发症的一种方法。     

老年2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化与血清25-羟维生素D_3水平的关系

目的探讨血清25-羟维生素D3[25(OH)D3]与老年2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化发生、发展的相关性。方法选择2型糖尿病患者174例,根据颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)水平分为IMT正常组84例,IMT增厚组90例;又根据颈动脉有无狭窄分为颈动脉无狭窄组141例,颈动脉狭窄组33例。测量血压、身高、体重,计算体质量指数(BMI),并检测空腹血糖、血脂、糖化血红蛋白等指标,采用酶联免疫分析法测定血清25(OH)D3水平。超声检测及计算IMT及狭窄情况。结果 IMT增厚组血清25(OH)D3水平明显低于IMT正常组(P<0.05);颈动脉狭窄组血清25(OH)D3水平明显低于颈动脉无狭窄组,空腹血糖、尿酸水平明显高于颈动脉无狭窄组(P<0.05)。相关分析显示,颈动脉IMT最大值与老年2型糖尿病患者25(OH)D3呈负相关(P<0.05),与尿酸呈正相关(P<0.01)。logistic回归分析显示,颈动脉狭窄与25(OH)D3、尿酸独立相关。结论在老年2型糖尿病患者中,低水平血清25(OH)D3可能是颈动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素。     

Glycemic and blood pressure control in older patients with hypertension and diabetes: association with carotid atherosclerosis

Backgroud Numerous studies have confirmed the effectiveness of slowing the progression of atherosclerosis by blood pressure (Bp) control in patients with hypertension and several studies also showed the efficacy of intensive glycemic control in decreasing progression of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, few studies have compared the relative importance of glycemic vs. Bp control in patients with diabetes and hypertension. We aimed to investigate the association between Bp and glycemic control and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in older patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Methods In a cross-sectional study, B-mode high-resolution ultrasonography of the carotid artery was performed in 670 subjects (508 males and 162 females) aged 60 years or over who had self-reported hypertension and diabetes but no history of coronary heart disease or stroke. Subjects were categorized by their systolic blood pressure: tight control, < 130 mmHg; usual control, 130–139 mmHg; or uncontrolled, ≥ 140 mmHg, and by their hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level: tight control, < 6.5%; usual control, 6.5%–7.5%; or uncontrolled, ≥ 7.5%, respectively. Results The mean CIMT was 8.20 ± 0.11 mm, and carotid plaque was found in 52.5% (352/670) subjects. Overall, 62.1% of the subjects had subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, defined as having either carotid plaque or elevated CIMT (≥ 1.1 mm). The mean CIMT was significantly different between Bp control categories (7.60 ± 0.09 mm, 7.90 ± 0.08 mm, and 8.60 ± 0.12 mm, respectively, P = 0.03) but not between glycemic control categories (8.20 ± 0.10 mm, 8.1 ± 0.08 mm, and 8.40 ± 0.14 mm, respectively, P = 0.13) using ANCOVA analysis. Multivariable logistic regression adjusting for potential confounding factors showed that usual or uncontrolled Bp control were associated with having carotid plaque (OR = 1.08 and OR = 1.42, respectively), or elevated CIMT [Odd ratio (OR) = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–2.24, and OR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.36–2.96, respectively compared to tight Bp control; but did not show glycemic control as independent predictor of either having carotid plaque or elevated CIMT. Conclusions In older patients with hypertension and diabetes, blood pressure control, but not glycemic control is associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.     

T2DM颈动脉粥样硬化与血尿酸关系

目的 :探讨 型糖尿病 （T2 DM）患者血清尿酸水平变化与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法 :检测 10 2例 型糖尿病患者病程、空腹血糖、餐后血糖、体质量指数 （BMI）、血压、血清胆固醇、甘油三脂、尿酸、肾功 5项、心脏收缩和舒张功能。按是否有动脉粥样硬化分为 2组。结果 :在 T2 DM并发动脉粥样硬化组血清尿酸水平显著升高 （P<0 .0 1） ,心脏舒张功能显著降低 （P<0 .0 1） ,尿 β2 、α2 微球蛋白 ,AL b排泄增加 （均 P<0 .0 1）。结论 :T2 DM患者颈动脉粥样硬化时血清尿酸水平升高 ,同时伴心脏舒张功能损伤 ,这种尿酸变化可能与肾小管的损伤有关。     

超声对2型糖尿病患者外周血管病变评价

准确评估2型糖尿病患者外周血管早期动脉粥样硬化并早期诊断,可减少患者的血管并发症。超声作为一种快速、简便的诊断方法在临床上有重要价值。一些新的技术包括血管回声跟踪技术、瞬时波强等逐渐应用于临床。现旨在阐述超声对糖尿病的外周血管早期动脉粥样硬化评价的新进展。     

老年新诊2型糖尿病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸与颈动脉硬化的关系

目的探讨老年新诊2型糖尿病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)与颈动脉硬化的关系。方法测定92例老年新诊2型糖尿病患者和48例健康对照者(对照组)的血浆Hcy、血清白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、叶酸、维生素B12、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)。将糖尿病患者分为IMT正常组(24例)I、MT增厚组(24例)、斑块组(44例);再将斑块组分为稳定斑块亚组(32例)、不稳定斑块亚组(12例),并进行分析。结果新诊2型糖尿病患者血浆Hcy水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05),且在IMT正常组、IMT增厚组、斑块组逐步升高(P<0.05),并且不稳定斑块亚组高于稳定斑块亚组(P<0.05)。血浆Hcy水平与IL-8呈正相关,与叶酸、维生素B12呈负相关。结论Hcy是老年新诊2型糖尿病患者颈动脉硬化的重要危险因素之一,并可能通过IL-8参与动脉硬化的发展;血浆Hcy水平与颈动脉硬化的程度及斑块的稳定性有关。     

Inverse correlation between activated protein C generation and carotid atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetic patients.

AIMS: Activated protein C (APC) is a key regulator of the clotting system and immune responses. We studied the relationship between the degree of atherosclerosis as measured by the intima-media thickness (IMT) of carotid artery and APC generation in Type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Eighty-seven Type 2 diabetic patients and 35 control subjects participated. APC generation was assessed by the plasma APC-protein C inhibitor complex (APC-PCI) levels and the mean IMT of carotid artery was measured by ultrasonography. The plasma levels of the thrombin-anti-thromobin complex (TAT) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassays. RESULTS: Plasma TAT levels were significantly higher in diabetic patients [2.03 (1.12, 2.56) ng/ml, median (25th, 75th percentile)] compared with control subjects [0.85 (0.55, 2.08) ng/ml, P < 0.01]. Plasma APC-PCI levels were significantly lower in diabetic patients [0.93 (0.74, 1.22) ng/ml], than in control subjects [1.66 (1.25, 2.36) ng/ml, P < 0.001]. The mean IMT was significantly increased in diabetic patients (0.881 +/- 0.242 mm; mean +/- sd) compared with control subjects (0.669 +/- 0.140 mm; P < 0.01). Univariate analysis showed a significant and inverse correlation between plasma APC-PCI levels and mean IMT (r = -0.32, P < 0.005), and multivariate regression analysis confirmed the independent correlation (P < 0.05). Moreover, plasma APC-PCI levels significantly and inversely correlated with plasma PDGF levels in diabetic patients (r = -0.30, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that decreased APC generation is associated with vascular atherosclerotic changes in Type 2 diabetic patients.     

老年高血压缺血性脑卒中合并2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度的分析

目的应用CT血管成像联合颈动脉超声检查对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块进行评价,并探讨其与2型糖尿病的关系。方法选择缺血性脑卒中患者152例,根据诊断分为糖尿病组56例,非糖尿病组96例,并进行CT血管成像联合颈动脉超声检查,分析斑块性质、形态,观察发生缺血性脑卒中事件相关因素,logistic回归分析老年缺血性脑卒中颈动脉粥样硬化程度与糖尿病的相关性。结果与非糖尿病组比较,糖尿病组颈动脉内膜中层增厚及斑块发生率高,易损斑块多,颈总动脉分叉部及动脉狭窄比例高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。logistic回归分析表明,空腹血糖(OR=5.924,95%CI:1.176～2.468,P=0.003)与颈动脉粥样硬化程度密切相关;LDL-C(OR=2.283,95%CI:1.108～4.276,P=0.009)、纤维蛋白原(OR=1.856,95%CI:1.287～3.095;P=0.011)与颈动脉粥样硬化程度相关。结论老年缺血性脑卒中合并2型糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化程度重,危险因素多于非糖尿病患者;常规对于颈动脉粥样硬化患者进行定期的血糖检测有重要参考价值。     

Impact of cigarette smoking on the incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men: the Osaka Health Survey.

AIMS: To assess the impact of cigarette smoking on the incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in middle-aged Japanese men. METHODS: The study enrolled 6250 men aged 35-60 years and free of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and hypertension at entry. Type 2 DM was defined by a fasting plasma glucose level > or =7.0 mmol/l or physician-diagnosed Type 2DM. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty cases of Type 2 DM were confirmed during the 60904 person-years follow-up. After adjustment for multiple covariates, including age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, physical activity, parental history of diabetes and the level of fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and haematocrit, the relative risk of Type 2 DM among current smokers compared with non-smokers was 1.47 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-1.92). Men who smoked >30 cigarettes/day had a multivariate-relative risk of 1.73 (95% CI 1.20-2.48) compared with non-smokers. The number of cigarettes smoked daily and the pack-year values were positively related to the development of Type 2 DM in a dose-dependent manner (P for trends = 0.0026 and 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: A cigarette smoking habit is an independent risk factor for Type 2 DM.