多波长系数法测定散利痛片中3组分的含量

目的 建立简单快速测定散利痛片中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、异丙安替比林含量的方法.方法 建立多波长系数法同时测定散利痛片中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、异丙安替比林3组分的含量.结果 对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、异丙安替比林线性范围分别为4.00～14.0 μg·mL-1 (r=0.999 4),0.806～2.82 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 3),2.40～8.40 μg·mL-1 (r=0.999 2),平均回收率分别为100.1%,100.4%,101.1%,RSD分别为1.4%,1.6%,1.2%(n=9).结论 本法方便、快速、准确,适用于散利痛片生产过程中的快速质量控制.     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定美司钠原料和注射液的残留溶剂

目的建立美司钠原料及其注射剂中4种残留溶剂的顶空毛细管气相色谱测定方法。方法使用HP-1毛细管气相色谱柱(30m×0.25mm,0.25μm),采用程序升温。初始温度为40℃,保持5min,再以20℃·min-1升温至150℃;进样口温度为200℃;检测器为FID;检测器温度为250℃。顶空进样,平衡温度为75℃,平衡时间为30min。结果同时测定了美司钠原料和注射液中4种残留有机溶剂,甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和丙酮分离度均在2.0以上,线性范围分别为6.6～66.0(r1=0.999 4),4.9～49.1(r2=0.999 9),5.8～58.0(r3=0.999 5)和8.0～80.0μg·mL-1(r4=0.999 6),平均加样回收率分别为97.3%,98.2%,99.5%和99.1%,RSD值分别为1.9%,2.1%,1.5%和1.7%。结论该方法灵敏、准确,可用于美司钠原料及其注射液中残留溶剂的检测。     

顶空气相色谱法测定醋酸奥曲肽原料中的残留溶剂

目的：采用顶空气相色谱法测定醋酸奥曲肽原料中的残留溶剂。方法：采用6%腈丙基苯基-94%二甲基聚硅氧烷(DB-624)毛细管色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm),柱温为程序升温：初始温度为40 ℃,保持4 min,然后以20 ℃?min-1的升温速率升至200 ℃,保持15 min,进样口温度200 ℃,氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度280 ℃,分流比2:1,载气流速为1.0 mL?min-1。结果：4种残留溶剂均能完全分离,甲醇、乙腈、二氯甲烷、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺线性范围分别为19.89～318.18mg?mL-1 (r=0.999 7)、4.19～67.07mg?mL-1 (r=0.999 7)、11.69～58.44mg?mL-1 (r=0.999 7)和20.38～122.28mg?mL-1 (r=0.999 7);检测限分别为1.30、0.03、0.02μg和3.76μg。结论：该方法重复性好,灵敏度高,可用于醋酸奥曲肽原料中的残留溶剂控制。     

气相色谱法测定吡非尼酮中残留溶剂含量

目的建立了吡非尼酮中6种有机溶剂残留量的分离测定方法。方法采用溶液直接进样气相色谱法,色谱柱为HP-INNOWAX毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm×2.65 m),载气为氮气,以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,测定了吡非尼酮原料药中异丙醚、丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙腈、二氧六环与吡啶的残留量。结果 6种有机溶剂完全分离,在所考察的浓度范围内线性关系良好,其中异丙醚、丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙腈、二氧六环与吡啶的线性范围分别为10.16~1 016μg.mL-1(r=0.999 99),9.92~992μg.mL-1(r=0.999 99),1.272~127.2μg.mL-1(r=0.999 8),0.848~84.8μg.mL-1(r=0.999 8),0.785~78.5μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9),0.416~41.6μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9)。各残留溶剂的精密度试验RSD均小于5%,平均回收率在96.22%~99.97%之间。结论本实验所建立的方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于吡非尼酮中有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

气相色谱法测定非布索坦中残留有机溶剂的含量

目的建立非布索坦中4种有机溶剂残留量的分离测定方法。方法采用溶液直接进样气相色谱法,色谱柱为PEG-20M填充柱(2 m×3 mm),载气为氮气,以二甲基亚砜为溶剂,测定了非布索坦原料药中丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醇与N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的残留量。结果 4种有机溶剂完全分离,在所考察的浓度范围内线性关系良好,其中丙酮的线性范围在1.056~105.6μg.mL-1(r=0.999 8),乙酸乙酯的线性范围在1.028~102.8μg.mL-1(r=0.999 98),乙醇的线性范围在0.992~99.2μg.mL-1(r=0.999 8),N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的线性范围在0.361~36.1μg.mL-1(r=0.999 8)。各残留溶剂的精密度试验RSD均小于5%,平均回收率在97.75%~102.83%之间。结论本实验所建立的方法简便、灵敏、准确,可用于非布索坦中有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

HPLC法测定复方炔雌醇甲羟孕酮胶囊中3种维生素的含量

目的建立一种同时测定复方炔雌醇甲羟孕酮胶囊中维生素A、维生素D2和维生素E含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法色谱柱为Kromasil C18柱,流动相为甲醇-乙腈(90∶10),检测波长为265nm。结果维生素A、维生素D2和维生素E检测质量浓度的线性范围分别为0.1¹.0mg·mL-1(r=0.999 7)、0.21.0mg·mL-1(r=0.999 7)、0.2⁵.0μg·mL-1(r=0.999 7)和0.55.0μg·mL-1(r=0.999 7)和0.5¹6mg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),平均回收率分别为99.6%,100.0%和100.9%,RSD分别为1.0%,1.1%和0.9%。结论该方法快速、准确、重复性好,可用于复方炔雌醇甲羟孕酮胶囊中3种维生素的含量测定。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定珍菊降压片中氢氯噻嗪和芦丁的含量

目的建立一种RP-HPLC测定珍菊降压片中氢氯噻嗪和芦丁的含量.方法色谱柱为Penomenex C18反相柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为0.05 mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈(80∶20,pH 3.0),检测波长为271 nm,柱温为35℃,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,采用外标法定量.结果氢氯噻嗪和芦丁的线性范围分别为10.06～100.6 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9)和40.08～400.8 μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),平均回收率分别为99.86%和99.70%(n=9);精密度良好.结论本法简便、灵敏、准确,适于珍菊降压片中氢氯噻嗪和芦丁的质量控制.     

GC测定褪黑素类似物中有机溶剂残留量

目的 建立毛细管气相色谱法测定褪黑素类似物AGO中乙醇、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、甲苯5种有机溶剂的残留量。方法 采用DB-Wax(30 m×0.45 mm,0.85 μm)毛细管色谱柱;氢火焰离子化检测器(FID);程序升温：初始温度45 ℃(维持9 min),以30 ℃.min-1速率升温至200 ℃(维持9 min);载气为氮气,柱流速为3.5 mL.min-1;进样口温度：200 ℃;检测器温度：250 ℃;分流直接进样,二甲基亚砜为溶剂,乙腈为内标物,内标法测定残留溶剂的含量。结果 各组分分离完全,在所考察的浓度范围内线性关系良好,其中乙醇、乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃、甲苯的线性范围分别为107.44 μg.mL-1~1074.4 μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),108.24 μg.mL-1~1082.4 μg.mL-1(r=0.9997),18.550 μg.mL-1~185.50 μg.mL-1(r=0.9998),14.208 μg.mL-1~142.08 μg.mL-1(r=0.9994),19.074 μg.mL-1~190.74 μg.mL-1(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98%~102%。结论 该方法操作简单,精密度好,准确可靠,可用于该药物有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

气相色谱法测定新型抗癌化合物二-(2,4-二氟苯甲酰异羟肟酸)二苯基合锡中有机溶剂残留量

目的:建立测定抗癌原料药二-(2,4-二氟苯甲酰异羟肟酸)二苯基合锡(DPDFT)中的有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法:采用毛细管气相色谱法,FID检测器,Agilent HP-5(30 m×0.32 mm×0.25μm)毛细管柱,柱温30℃,进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为220℃,流速为31.90 mL.min-1,分流比为20∶1,以1,2-二氯乙烷为内标,甲苯为溶剂,测定有机溶剂残留量。结果:甲醇、正己烷、醋酸乙酯在考察的浓度范围内线性关系良好,线性范围分别为150～450μg.mL-1(r=0.999 7),14.5～43.5μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9),250～750μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率分别为99.6%(RSD=1.0%),100.0%(RSD=1.5%),99.0%(RSD=1.0%)。结论:该方法快速、简便、结果准确,可用于二-(2,4-二氟苯甲酰异羟肟酸)二苯基合锡中的有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

毛细管气相色谱顶空进样法测定米非司酮中有机溶剂的残留量

目的 测定米非司酮中有机溶剂残留量.方法 采用顶空毛细管气相色谱法,FID检测器.以DB-624拄(6%-氰丙基-94%-二甲基聚硅氧烷)毛细管色谱柱(30 cm×0.053 mm×3 μmdf)测定米非司酮合成工艺中残留有机溶剂丙酮、正己烷、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃的含量.结果 各成分回归方程的相关系数均在0.999以上;丙酮、正已烷、乙酸乙酯、四氢呋喃最低检出限分别为0.25 μg·mL-1、0.10 μg·mL-1、0.80 μg·mL-1和0.80 μg·mL-1;精密度实验RSD分别为1.08%、3.12%、0.86%、1.07%;平均回收率100.4%、96.7%、99.8%、97.4%.结论 方法灵教、准确,可用于米非司酮生产过程及成品的质量监控.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.