急性心肌梗塞的溶栓疗法

急性心肌梗塞(AMI)病人早期冠脉造影证实,90％病人有血栓存在,这一发现奠定了溶栓治疗的理论基础。据记载1959年Fletcher等首先采用静脉输注溶栓剂治疗AMI.1960年BoyJes等证明局部使用纤溶制剂可迅速溶解大冠脉实验性血栓.1979年Ren-trop等进行冠脉溶栓法治疗AMI取得了显著效果.大量研究证明,溶栓疗法在挽救濒死心肌,缩小梗塞面积,改善左室功能及降低AMI病死率等均有显著疗效,是一种有希望的治疗方法.一、治疗时机、治疗指征与禁忌症治疗时机:冠脉内血栓形成在症状开始3小时内输注溶栓药物最易溶解,早期给溶栓药使左室功能改善,降低病死率。邵氏报道120例AMI患者,其中发病即开始溶栓者22例,再通率100％;4小时内溶栓60例,再通率86％;而4～6小时溶栓者28例,     

瑞替普酶治疗急性心肌梗死护理体会

瑞替普酶是第三代溶栓药物之一，一项研究表明该药是治疗急性心肌梗死（AMI）安全有效的溶栓药。我科于2005-2007年收治AMI患者56例，给予瑞替普酶静脉注射溶栓治疗，疗效较好。现将其护理体会报告如下。     

静脉溶栓治疗急性心肌梗塞对左室重构及左心功能的影响

<正> 由于溶栓治疗的广泛开展,急性心肌梗塞(AMI)后的心力衰竭,心律失常,附壁血栓及心脏破裂等并发症以及病死率有了明显下降,本文旨在探讨静脉溶栓治疗对AMI左室重构及左心功能的影响.     

急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗老年急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克56例

老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并心源性休克时,药物溶栓等内科药物治疗病死率高,约85%～90%〔1〕。药物溶栓治疗能够降低AMI后心源性休克的发生率,但是一旦发生心源性休克,患者可出现循环功能障碍,则溶栓治疗的效果较差〔2〕。经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)能迅速使梗死相关血管(IRA)充分开     

80岁以上高龄急性心肌梗死患者研究进展

急性心肌梗死(AMI)是老年人病死率高的主要病因之一。药物溶栓和介入治疗是临床上常规使用的治疗手段,能显著降低患者的病死率,改善预后。然而,高龄心肌梗死患者在临床上常并发多种疾病,出血风险较高,不论是药物溶栓还是介入治疗都有一定的禁忌和风险。针对高龄AMI患者的再灌注治疗仍缺少广泛的大规模数据支持,使患者预后更有益的治疗手段存在争议。笔者回顾了80岁以上ST段抬高型心肌梗死以及非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的国内外研究现状,比较了介入治疗与药物溶栓的治疗方法,旨在为高龄AMI患者的临床选择提供参考依据。     

高龄急性心肌梗死的溶栓治疗

目的 观察静脉溶栓治疗高龄(>70岁)急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的临床疗效及合适的药物剂量。方法 高龄AMI患者68例,经静脉尿激酶溶栓治疗患者38例(溶栓组),其中150万u溶栓I组20例,100万u溶栓Ⅱ组18例,同期未溶栓治疗患者30例(未溶栓组),对比分析溶栓组与未溶栓组临床结果。结果 溶栓I组血管再通率、病死率、出血发生率与溶栓Ⅱ组无统计学差异(P>0.05);溶栓组与未溶栓组比较,除了心力衰竭发生率有明显差异(P<0.05)外,心律失常发生率、病死率均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 溶栓治疗可降低高龄AMI患者心力衰竭发生率;尿激酶100万u是高龄AMI患者溶栓治疗更为安全有效的剂量。     

老年急性心肌梗死的再灌注治疗

随着人口老龄化,老年人急性心肌梗死(AMI)的发病率逐渐增高,成为导致老年人死亡的最常见疾病之一。20多年来,药物溶栓、急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)等再灌注治疗方法在老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)救治中得到广泛应用,并取得了良好的疗效,现简要综述如下。老年AMI的溶栓治疗20世纪80~90年代的多项国际大规模随机双盲对照临床研究已证实,STEMI患者行溶栓治疗后病死率较安慰剂组降低25%~47%,目前在我国绝大多数医院溶栓治疗仍为STEMI的首选再灌注治疗方法。虽然目前年龄已不是溶栓治疗禁忌证,但老年AMI患者接受溶栓治疗仍应考…     

注射用重组瑞替普酶治疗急性心肌梗死的疗效评价

目的对比观察瑞替普酶(reteplase rPA)与重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)用于急性心肌梗死(AMI)溶栓治疗的效果及安全性。方法自2001年11月~2002年5月,共26例AMI患者随机接受rPA或rt-PA溶栓治疗,观察溶栓再通率、急性期死亡率、并发症及不良反应发生率。结果溶栓后2h再通率rPA为92.86%,rt-PA组为75%(P>0.05),90min rPA组3例行冠状动脉造影显示全部再通,rt-PA组3例冠状动造影显示仅1例再通,35d rPA组病死率为14.29%,rt-PA组病死率8.33%(P>0.05),两组各有1例患者发生冠状动脉再闭塞,rt-PA组1例患者发生心力衰竭(P>0.05)。结论rPA为国人治疗AMI安全、有效的溶栓药物。     

老年女性急性心肌梗死患者静脉溶栓疗效观察

女性冠心病患者的发病年龄晚于男性，发生率及死亡率均低于男性，而病死率则高于男性。我们发现多数女性急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者病情重、并发症多、临床疗效差。静脉溶栓治疗对于女性AMI患者的疗效如何，国内报道较少。本研究探讨静脉溶栓治疗对老年女性AMI患者的近期疗效以及各种危险因素对溶栓效果的影响。     

老年急性心肌梗死的临床特点、影响因素与处理

目的 探讨老年急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)的临床特点。方法 对52例住院的老年AMI患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 老年AMI患者以胸痛为首发症状的只占40％,以气促为首发症状的占48％,起病到就诊时间1-7d的占63％,只有15％的患者进行溶栓治疗,住院病死率24％。结论 老年AMI患者发病症状不典型,就诊时间延误,并发多种疾病,误诊、漏诊率高,溶栓率低,心衰、休克、心律失常等并发症较为常见,病死率高。老年患者尤其有呼吸困难、上腹痛等症状者应做心电图及心肌酶检查,如无禁忌证,早期溶栓可改善预后,已确诊的老年AMI患者综合治疗要慎重全面。     

Consequences of overutilization and underutilization of thrombolytic therapy in clinical practice. TRACE Study Group. TRAndolapril Cardiac Evaluation

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the consequences, measured as mortality and in-hospital stroke, of the use of thrombolytic therapy among patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), who do not fulfill accepted criteria or who have contraindications to thrombolytic therapy (i.e., overutilization) and among patients who are withheld thrombolytic treatment despite fulfilling indications and having no contraindications (i.e., underutilization). BACKGROUND: The implementation of treatment with thrombolysis in clinical practice is not in accordance with the accepted criteria from randomized studies. The consequence has been over- and underutilization of thrombolytic therapy among patients with AMI in clinical practice. The outcome of overutilization of thrombolytic therapy has not been described previously. METHODS: We examined 6,676 consecutive patients admitted to the hospital with an AMI and recorded characteristics, in-hospital complications and long-term mortality. RESULTS: Overall, 41% of the patients received thrombolytic therapy. Thrombolytic therapy was underutilized in 14.3% and overutilized in 12.9% of the patients. The use of thrombolytic therapy was associated with reduced mortality in every subgroup examined, including patients without an accepted indication, with an accepted indication and in patients with prior stroke. The risk ratio of in-hospital stroke was not increased in connection with thrombolytic therapy, not even in patients with prior stroke (relative risk = 0.237, 95% confidence interval: 0.031 to 1.810, p = 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: With the large benefit known to be associated with thrombolytic therapy and the favorable result of thrombolytic therapy in patients with contraindications observed in this study, we conclude that a formal evaluation of thrombolytic therapy in wider patient categories is warranted.     

高龄急性心肌梗死患者静脉溶栓治疗的临床观察

目的：探讨高龄（≥75岁）急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者静脉溶栓治疗的疗效和安全性。方法：将61例高龄AMI患者随机分为溶栓组和常规治疗组，溶栓组30例，在常规治疗基础上采用尿激酶（UK）静脉溶栓＋口服阿斯匹林（ASA）。常规治疗组31例，除不用UK外，其余治疗均与溶栓组相同。结果：血管再通率溶栓组为66．7％（20／30），常规治疗组为12．9％（4／31），两组血管再通率比较，差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。溶栓组住院4周病死率为3．3％，常规治疗组为22．6％，两组比较差异亦有显著性（P＜0．05）。溶栓组未见严重出血等并发症。结论：UK＋ASA治疗高龄AMI可以提高冠脉再通率，降低病死率和改善预后。     

120急救中心-CCU联合开展急性心肌梗死院前溶栓的研究

目的:对120急救中心-CCU联合开展急性心肌梗死院前溶栓治疗的急救模式进行讨论。方法:采集1998年2月~2002年11月由我急救中心在院前进行溶栓治疗,随即送入西京医院CCU监护室的急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者81例,对这些病例的冠状动脉再通率、死亡率、并发症发生率进行统计。结果:溶栓剂对冠状动脉再通率,死亡率,并发症发生率的影响,与开始使用溶栓剂的时间密切相关,症状发作后4h内溶栓受益最大。结论:120急救中心-CCU联合开展AMI院前溶栓治疗能提高冠状动脉再通率,降低病死率,出血并发症轻微。     

Intracoronary streptokinase in evolving acute myocardial infarction

Intracoronary application of thrombolytic agents, particularly streptokinase, can recanalize arteries that had been totally occluded in patients with evolving acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Numerous uncontrolled trials have testified to the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy in most patients in reestablishing flow to the infarct-related coronary artery. Follow-up of patients in whom reperfusion has been established has often demonstrated small but significant increases in the left ventricular ejection fraction. In contrast, in other patients in whom thrombolytic therapy failed to reopen the occluded vessel, the left ventricular ejection fraction usually does not change during follow-up. In most reported uncontrolled trials, few complications are described and the mortality rate in patients treated by this therapy may be lower than expected. These data have been used as the basis for widespread application of this technique in many catheterization laboratories around the world. Our initial experience at the University of Florida in 23 patients has not been as successful as other uncontrolled trials previously reported. Reperfusion was accomplished in only 12 patients. Of 17 who survived their AMI, only five demonstrated an improved left ventricular ejection fraction of at least 10%. Serious complications, including bleeding from catheterization sites or allergic reactions to streptokinase, occurred. Controlled trials to critically evaluate this new therapy are needed and are in progress.     

The therapy of acute myocardial infarction: current state of the art

For decades management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) consisted of bed rest, oxygen, prevention for thromboembolic complications, and treatment of arrhythmias and heart failure. In the last years a more aggressive treatment of AMI has been developed, based on the following three basic principles: (1) Mortality of patients with AMI is determined by the infarct size and the degree of left ventricular dysfunction. (2) The time interval between the onset of coronary occlusion and any intervention to limit infarct size is brief and takes usually not more than three to four hours. (3) After the acute phase of infarction a lot of patients remain at high risk of fatal coronary events, i.e. reinfarctions. The angiographic findings during the first hours of AMI showed in about 80% of patients an obstructive coronary thrombus and led to efforts to dissolve the offending thrombi. The demonstration that coronary thrombi can be lysed in about 80% of cases within 60 minutes after the intracoronary injection of thrombolytic agents (streptokinase or urokinase) has boosted the reperfusion therapy in AMI in the hope that ischemic myocardium might be salvaged. Intracoronary infusion of thrombolytic agents however, can be applied only in a minority of patients with AMI because coronary angiography and a skilled team of investigators are required, therefore a short-time intravenous high dose streptokinase infusion was developed. In the meantime two large double blind randomized trials (ISAM and GISSI) could demonstrate a reduction in hospital mortality in AMI especially by early treatment with intravenous streptokinase. Conventional thrombolytic agents produce a systemic lytic state with the possibility of hemorrhage, therefore recombinant tissuetype plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and two other drugs, acylated streptokinase and pro-urokinase, were developed with the aim of inducing coronary thrombolysis without severe systemic lytic state, but the efficacy of these new drugs remains to be demonstrated in randomized trials versus conventional thrombolytic agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The Western Washington and Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Trials of Thrombolytic Therapy: 15 Years of Collaboration in the Pacific Northwest

Beginning in 1981, collaborative efforts developed between the University of Washington and community hospitals in Washington, British Columbia, Canada, and later outside the Pacific Northwest, have generated important findings about the treatment and outcome of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). These efforts, collectively known as the Western Washington and Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention Project trials, have included randomized trials of thrombolytic drugs, direct antithrombins, platelet receptors, antagonists, and cell adhesion blockers, as well as the formation of registries of consecutive patients admitted to coronary care units with the diagnosis of suspected AMI. Results of these trials have demonstrated that thrombolytic therapy significantly reduces mortality and morbidity from AMI with minimal risk to patients, and that early treatment is associated with improved infarct size and better left ventricular function. The efforts of the next decade should be focused on the further removal of barriers to rapid treatment and to the evaluation of new agents, so that the devastating effects of myocardial infarction are minimized to the fullest extent.     

75岁以上老年急性心肌梗死患者的临床分析

目的　了解现阶段我国老年急性心肌梗死 (AMI)患者的临床情况 ,住院期间的并发症及病死率。方法　回顾性分析我院过去 10年所有 75岁以上AMI患者住院期间的临床资料。结果　过去 10年 75岁以上急性心肌梗死老年患者占同期所有住院AMI患者的 8.9% ,其高血压、吸烟、糖尿病和高脂血症的发生率分别为 5 6 .1%、34 .4%、12 .3%和 7.9%。 6 3.1%的患者既往有心绞痛病史 ,2 4.3%有陈旧性心肌梗死病史。住院期间心力衰竭、心律失常和心源性休克的发生率分别为 38%、5 3.7%和 11.3% ,病死率为 13.3% ,明显高于同期所有AMI患者总的死亡率(5 .8% )。在透壁性AMI患者中只有 8%接受了再灌注治疗。结论　高血压和吸烟为老年AMI患者的主要危险因素 ,病死率仍居高不下 ,除与年龄因素有关外 ,还可能与这些老年患者中使用溶栓治疗较少有关。     

Differences in thrombolytic treatment and in-hospital mortality between women and men after acute myocardial infarction

There is evidence for gender differences in the treatment and outcome of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, little data exist about these differences in patients from the Arab Middle East. Therefore, we studied the influence of patient gender on the presentation, the use of thrombolytic therapy, and in-hospital mortality after AMI in Kuwaiti nationals. This is a retrospective study of all consecutive Kuwaiti patients admitted to the coronary care unit of a university hospital with the diagnosis of AMI between June 1994 and May 1997. A total of 89 women and 267 men were included. Women were older than men and had significantly higher rates of diabetes (72% vs 46%), hypertension (58% vs 33%) and hypercholesterolemia (80% vs 53%). Women were less likely to receive thrombolytic therapy (40% vs 62%, p=0.001). Fewer women were eligible for thrombolytic therapy (50% vs 66%, p<0.05). Of those who were eligible for thrombolysis there was no sex difference in receiving such treatment. The in-hospital mortality among women younger than 70 years was 2.5 times higher than among men in the same age group, while there was no difference in mortality between women and men aged 70 years and older. We conclude that women and men with AMI have different clinical characteristics and outcomes following AMI. There was no gender bias for the use of thrombolytic therapy. The higher in-hospital mortality in younger women, i.e. less than 70 years, compared to younger men, indicates that younger women with AMI should be considered as a high-risk group.     

Issues in the assessment of the safety and efficacy of tenecteplase (TNK-tPA)

While thrombolytic agents have demonstrated improved mortality over the use of placebo, this has come at the expense of bleeding complications such as intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Tenecteplase (TNK-tPA) is a novel thrombolytic agent engineered to improve upon the ease of use and safety of alteplase (t-PA). Given its longer half-life, TNK-tPA can be administered as a single bolus. The dosing of TNK-tPA has been weight optimized to enhance both safety and efficacy outcomes. Weight-optimized TNK-tPA dosing requires body weight estimation, which may introduce the potential for medication error. However, data from TNK-tPA clinical trials suggest that body weight estimates can err by up to 20 kg (44 lb) without an increased risk of ICH or death. Furthermore, the results of TNK-tPA clinical trials showed that even at the highest weight-optimized dosage of 50 mg, ICH rates were among the lowest reported in clinical trials of thrombolytics for acute myocardial infarction. In elderly female patients of low body weight, the use of weight-optimized TNK-tPA lowered the risk of ICH compared with the use of t-PA, expanding the potential use of thrombolytics to this high-risk patient population. Tenecteplase has demonstrated clinical equivalence to t-PA, but with a wider therapeutic margin of safety.     

Protective effect of intravenous magnesium in acute myocardial infarction following thrombolytic therapy

The role of intravenous magnesium therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) who received thrombolytic therapy is controversial. The results from previous clinical trials were not in consonance. We therefore conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study in 350 patients with confirmed AMI during the period January 1994 to December 1996. The role of intravenous magnesium sulphate therapy (2 g over 5 min followed by 16 g over 24 h) was evaluated in patients with AMI who received thrombolytic therapy. Study group consisted of 169 patients who were administered magnesium sulphate. Control group comprised of 181 patients who were given isotonic saline. Among those in the magnesium group, 70% received magnesium within 6 h after the onset of symptoms. All patients received magnesium immediately after the completion of thrombolytic therapy. Patients were followed up for 30 days after AMI. The number of deaths in the study group was 6 (3.5%) compared with control arm in which 18 patients (9.9%) died (P value <0.01 95% Confidence intervals [CI] 1.2 to 11.6). Ventricular arrhythmias were also less in the magnesium arm; 27 patients (13%) compared with 83 patients (48.6%) in the control arm (P value 0.00001 95% Cl 26.7 to 44.5). In the magnesium group 15 patients (8.8%) had re-infarction compared with 23 patients (12.7%) in the placebo arm (P value not significant). Post myocardial infarction angina was observed in 47 patients (27.8%) in the magnesium arm compared with 60 patients (33.1%) in the placebo arm (P value not significant). The main side effect of intravenous magnesium was transient flushing observed in 152 (90%) patients. Intravenous magnesium sulphate in patients with AMI is a safe and useful adjunct to thrombolytic therapy in reducing the short-term mortality and ventricular arrhythmias after AMI.