Immediate postoperative renal function deterioration in cardiac surgical patients predicts in-hospital mortality and long-term survival

Postoperative renal function deterioration is a serious complication after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and is associated with increased in-hospital mortality. However, the long-term prognosis of patients with postoperative renal deterioration is not fully determined yet. Therefore, both in-hospital mortality and long-term survival were studied in patients with postoperative renal function deterioration. Included were 843 patients who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in 1991. Postoperative renal function deterioration (increase in serum creatinine in the first postoperative week of at least 25%) occurred in 145 (17.2%) patients. In these patients, in-hospital mortality was 14.5%, versus 1.1% in patients without renal function deterioration (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis significantly associated in-hospital mortality with postoperative renal function deterioration, re-exploration, postoperative cerebral stroke, duration of operation, age, and diabetes. In patients who were discharged alive, during long-term follow-up (100 mo), mortality was significantly increased in the patients with renal function deterioration (n = 124) as compared with those without renal function deterioration (hazard ratio 1.83; 95% confidence interval 1.38 to 3.20). Also after adjustment for other independently associated factors, the risk for mortality in patients with postoperative renal function deterioration remained elevated (hazard ratio 1.63; 95% confidence interval 1.15 to 2.32). The elevated risk for long-term mortality was independent of whether renal function had recovered at discharge from hospital. It is concluded that postoperative renal function deterioration in cardiac surgical patients not only results in increased in-hospital mortality but also adversely affects long-term survival.     

Effects of ulinastatin on postoperative systemic inflammatory response of recipients of rat small bowel transplantation

AIM: We sought to evaluate the effects of ulinastatin on postoperative systemic inflammatory responses of recipients of rat small bowel transplantations (SBT). METHODS: Twenty-four recipients of rat heterotopic SBT were randomly divided into a control group and a treated group. Ulinastatin (50,000 U/kg(-1)/d(-1)) was injected intravenously 30 minutes before graft revascularization. Measured variables included plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) on postoperative days 1 and 3. RESULTS: Administration of ulinastatin attenuated the postoperative increases in plasma concentrations of TNF, IL-6, and CRP. CONCLUSION: Ulinastatin attenuated the postoperative systemic inflammatory response of rat recipients of SBT.     

Ileostomy for constipation: long-term postoperative outcome

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Idiopathic constipation is a rare indication for ileostomy construction. The aim of the study was to evaluate the success of ileostomy in treatment of severe constipation. Also to analyse the surgical complications and re-operation rate to identify any factors potentially predictive of outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study analysed the long-term outcome of 24 ileostomies constructed for constipation. The ileostomy construction was performed in 13 patients during large bowel/rectum resection, in 6 after a full laparotomy and in 5 through an abdominal wall trephine alone. We analysed the surgical complications and the re-operation rate according any factors potentially predictive of outcome. RESULTS: One (4%) patient had persistent constipation after stoma creation. Surgical complications occurred in 11 (46%): retraction in 6 (25.0%), peristomal sepsis in 3 (12.5%) and parastomal hernia in 2 (8.1%). Refashioning of the stoma was necessary in 7 (29%) patients. Previous abdominal surgery, end ileostomy, ileostomy constructed after large bowel resection or laparotomy were associated with a significantly higher incidence of stomal complications while age, duration of follow up, major complication and ileostomy created after bowel resection were associated to a significantly higher re-operation rate (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis identified end ileostomy and ileostomy created after bowel resection as independent risk factors for surgical complication and re-operation, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ileostomies were associated with a high frequency of complications, but most could be managed by minor surgical interventions. Patients who are considered for an ileostomy for severe idiopathic constipation should, where possible, have a loop ileostomy through a trephine rather than a laparotomy.     

Cytomegalovirus viremia associated with death or retransplantation in pediatric lung-transplant recipients

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a frequent complication of lung transplantation. However, there is limited information regarding the incidence and sequelae of CMV infections in pediatric lung-transplant recipients. On the basis of case series suggesting that CMV infection was associated with excess morbidity and mortality in lung-transplant recipients, we hypothesize that CMV viremia increases the risk of bronchiolitis obliterans (BOS) or death and retransplantation in the first year following transplantation. METHODS: A case-cohort study of pediatric primary lung-transplant recipients was performed. Univariate analysis was used to assess whether CMV viremia was associated with BOS or death and retransplantation within 1 year after transplantation. Patients at high risk for CMV infection received ganciclovir prophylaxis for 42 days posttransplantation. RESULTS: From July 1990 to November 2000, 194 pediatric patients received primary lung transplants. Twenty-three percent of patients developed CMV viremia. Eighty percent of CMV viremia episodes occurred before 120 days posttransplant. A first episode of CMV viremia was associated with retransplantation or death between days 90 and 365 (RR=4.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-14.5) and was not associated with BOS (RR=1.3, 95% CI 0.5-3.3). CONCLUSIONS: CMV viremia in the first year after pediatric primary lung transplantation is associated with increased risk of death or retransplantation between 90 and 365 days posttransplant, when CMV prophylaxis has stopped. A phase II pilot trial is warranted to assess safety and short-term efficacy of increasing the duration of CMV prophylaxis from 42 to 120 days.     

Early postoperative response of cytokines in liver transplant recipients

We evaluated the early postoperative response of several cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) prior to liver transplantation (T(0)) as well as 1, 6, and 12 hours and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days afterward. Cytokine concentrations were correlated with serum levels of bilirubin as a predictor of postoperative complications. Cytokine levels were determined in plasma samples from 16 liver transplant recipients (13 men, 3 women) aged 43 to 61 years. IL-6 and IL-10 reached their maximum concentrations 1 hour after transplantation. Each increase in IL-6 correlated to a rise in IL-10. IL-2, IL-4, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma had a particular time-course for each patient studied. Bilirubin fell to almost normal values but not in cases of postoperative complications, where IL-6 showed values four times higher compared to those of liver transplant recipients who did not show postoperative complications. IL-6 and IL-10 plasma concentrations and serum bilirubin level might be useful as a predictive factor of postoperative complications in liver transplant recipients.     

格拉斯哥预后评分可用作结肠癌预后的指标

目的 研究术前格拉斯哥预后评分(Glasgow prognostic score,GPS)对于可切除的结肠癌患者预后的判断价值.方法 作为以炎症为基础的GPS评分系统仅包括C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)和白蛋白水平.根据术前的检验结果 计算GPS.对282例患者的临床资料进行分析;对CRP升高(＞10mg/L)和低蛋白血症(＜35g/L)两项均阳性者记作2分,1项异常的记作1分,无异常的记作0分.按GPS值的不同分为3组.采用多因素分析和生存曲线分析计算预后价值.结果 Log-rank分析显示,高GPS评分的病例死亡率高(P＜0.01).Kaplan-Meier分析提示,3组间生存时间差异明显:GPS 2组(平均40.9个月;95%CI:31.5～50.3个月),GPS 1组(平均49.6个月;95% CI:43.2～56.1个月),GPS 0组(平均62.7个月;95% CI:58.8～66.7个月).3组间无进展生存时间也存在明显差异:GPS 2组(平均26.4个月;95% CI:18.5～34.3个月),GPS 1组(平均34.7个月;95% CI:28.2～41.3个月),GPS 0组(平均53.4个月;95% CI:48.8～58.1个月).多因素分析显示,术后TNM分期(OR,0.210;95% CI,0.102～0.432;P＜0.01)术前的癌胚抗原(carcinoma embryonic antigen,CEA)(OR,0.356;95% CI,0.179～0.707;P=0.003),CA19-9(OR,0.260;95% CI,0.120～0.564;P＜0.01),CRP(OR,4.503;95% CI,1.590～12.751;P=0.005),GPS(OR,0.340;95% CI,0.181～0.920;P＜0.01)均与术后死亡相关.结论 术前的GPS评分可以作为结肠癌患者术后预测的新指标.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the significance of preoperative Glasgow prognostic score (GPS) for postoperative prognosis in patients of resectable colon cancer. Recent studies have revealed that the GPS, an inflammation-based prognostic score that includes only C-reactive protein (CRP) and albumin, is a useful tool for predicting postoperative outcome in cancer patients. However, few studies have investigated the GPS in the field of colon surgery. Methods The GPS was calculated on the basis of admission data as follows; patients with an elevated level of both CRP ( ＞ 10 mg/L) and hypoalbuminemia (Alb ＜ 35 g/L) were allocated a score of 2, and patients showing 1 or none of these blood chemistry abnormalities were allocated a score of 1 or 0, respectively. Prognostic significance was analyzed by multivariate analyses. Overall survival and disease-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results A total of 282 patients were evaluated. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test revealed that a higher GPS predicted a higher risk of postoperative mortality and reccurence ( P ＜ 0.001 ). multivariate analyses revealed that postoperative TNM was the most sensitive predictor of postoperative mortality (OR, 0.210; 95% CI, 0.102-0.432; P＜0.01) and CEA(OR,0. 356;95% CI,0. 179 -0. 707; P = 0.003),CA19-9(OR,0. 260;95% CI,0. 120 -0. 564;P ＜ 0.01),CRP( OK,4. 503;95% CI, 1. 590 -12. 751 ;P =0.005) , GPS( OR, 0. 340 ;95% CI,0.181 -0.920;P＜0.01)were associated with postoperative mortality. Conclusions Preoperative GPS is considered to be a useful predictor of postoperative mortality in patients with colon cancer.     

Weight loss at first postoperative visit predicts long-term outcome of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass using Duke weight loss surgery chart

BackgroundRoux-en-Y gastric bypass has been used for >3 decades. However, no normative data are available to aid the bariatric surgeon in assessing the adequacy of weight loss at each postoperative visit. The objective of the present study was to construct nomograms to aid in the assessment of weight loss. The setting was a university hospital in the United States.MethodsWe used data prospectively collected from 1216 patients who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass at Duke University from April 2000 to September 2007. The percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) was determined at each follow-up visit (1, 3, 6, 12, and 36 mo). The %EWL velocity was also determined using the postoperative data collected at the 1- and 3-month visits. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the predictive factors that influence the long-term results.ResultsAt 12 months of follow-up, most patients, especially those in the first and fourth quartiles (P = .01), continued to be in the same weight loss quartile they had initially been in at 1 month postoperatively. The positive and negative predictive value for the first quartile %EWL at 1 month resulting in a first quartile %EWL at 12 months was 39% and 81%, respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that gender, preoperative body mass index, %EWL at 1 month, and %EWL velocity were statistically significant predictors of the %EWL at 12 months postoperatively.ConclusionWe are the first group to determine that weight loss performance in the early period is a significant predictor of the long-term outcomes. The clinical utility of the weight loss chart is to identify underperformers early in the postoperative period to potentially improve their outcomes.     

Native hip dislocation at acetabular fracture predicts poor long-term outcome

AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes and complications following an acetabular fracture associated with a posterior hip dislocation compared to those without dislocation.Patients & MethodsA retrospective cohort study of 113 patients (mean age 42 (14–95), 77% male) with acetabular fracture dislocations compared to 367 patients with acetabular fractures without dislocation (mean age 54 (16–100), 66% male) treated from 1988 to 2010. Patient characteristics, complications, reoperations, and conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA) were recorded. Long term patient reported outcomes (Oxford Hip Score and SF-12) were measured at mean follow up 9.7 years (5–26).ResultsAt long-term follow up 12/113 (11%) patients had died and 22/113 (19%) were lost. Isolated posterior wall fracture was the most common fracture associated with dislocation. Patients with dislocation were more likely to be younger and male with higher Injury Severity Scores (ISS). There was no significant difference in radiographic post-traumatic osteoarthritis development between fractures with and without dislocation (p = 0.246). Sciatic nerve palsy (12% Vs 1%, p < 0.001) and avascular necrosis (AVN) (11% Vs 1%, p < 0.001) were more common when dislocation was present. AVN was associated with increasing age and hypotension on arrival to the emergency department. Ten-year native hip survival was worse following fracture dislocations compared to fractures without dislocation: 75.1% (65.7–84.5 95% CI) Vs 90.7% (87.0–94.4), p < 0.001. Significant predictors of THA requirement were older age, particularly age >55 years at fracture, and increased ISS. Long-term OHS was worse in fractures with dislocations (33.6 ± 13.1 Vs 37.0 ± 14.0, p = 0.016).ConclusionAcetabular fractures with an associated dislocation have worse long-term functional outcomes with higher rates of complications and conversion to late THA compared to acetabular fractures without a dislocation.     

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome outcome in surgical patients

Introduction

The problems of inflammation and infection as a leading cause of organ dysfunction and failure is a major problem after injury or operations. When systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) progress to multiple organ failure (MOF), the mortality reach up to 30–80% depending on the number of failed organs. Recent discoveries and improvement in patient care, a reasonable question then arises, are the incidence of MOF decreasing? The literature suggests a decrease in mortality of patients with severe organ failure and a decrease in elective surgical mortality in patients.

Methods

This is prospective study of 50 patients who underwent surgical procedure. They were followed up till date of termination with daily SIRS monitoring, development of MODS and MOF. Risk factors for MOF are addressed.

Results

There are total 31 patients who develop SIRS, of whom 7 patients develop severe sepsis and 4 went into MOF.

Conclusion

Early detection of SIRS helps us to prevent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)/MOF, leading to lesser hospital stay and better outcome.     

Perioperative resting pressure predicts long-term postoperative function after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis

The purpose of this study was to determine whether perioperative manometry is useful in predicting long-term functional status after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). Prospectively collected perioperative anal manometry data from 1439 patients undergoing IPAA from 1986 to 2000 were compared to postoperative functional status at various time intervals from 6 months to 8 years after IPAA. A validated questionnaire was used to obtain information regarding restrictions of diet, work, social and sexual activity, urgency, fecal seepage or incontinence, energy level, satisfaction with surgery, and quality of life. The presence of seepage and the degree of incontinence were compared to the patient’s perceived quality of life, health, energy level, and satisfaction with surgery. Low (<40 mm Hg) pre- and postoperative resting pressures were associated with increased seepage, pad use, and incontinence. Patients with low resting pressures also reported diminished quality of life, health, energy level, and satisfaction with surgery. There was a significant association (P < 0.001) between seepage and degree of incontinence and quality of health, quality of life, energy level, and level of satisfaction with surgery. Perioperative resting anal sphincter pressures greater than 40 mm Hg are associated with significantly better function and quality of life after ileal IPAA. Improved functional outcome is associated with better quality-of-life outcomes. Low preoperative resting pressures do not preclude successful outcome after IPAA. Presented at the Forty-Second Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Atlanta, Georgia, May 20–23, 2001 (oral presentation).     

围术期镇痛对术后炎症反应的影响

手术创伤后局部组织损伤产生炎症介质,包括PGs,细胞因子等,它们释放人血产生全身炎症反应,炎症介质还可产生疼痛或痛觉增敏。围术期镇痛应该采用多种药物、方法的多模式镇痛,其中局麻药硬膜外镇痛具有较重要的作用,结合阿片类镇痛药、NSAIDs、超前镇痛等,通过抑制交感活化及炎症介质产生等机制对减轻术后炎症反应,促进术后恢复及结局改善具有重要意义。     

Attenuated early inflammatory response in solid organ recipients with COVID-19

Immunosuppression leaves transplanted patients at particular risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The specific features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in immunosuppressed patients are largely unknown and therapeutic experience is lacking. Seven transplanted patients (two liver, three kidneys, one double lung, one heart) admitted to the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich because of COVID-19 and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were included. The clinical course and the clinical findings were extracted from the medical record. The two liver transplant patients and the heart transplant patient had an uncomplicated course and were discharged after 14, 18, and 12 days, respectively. Two kidney transplant recipients were intubated within 48 hours. One kidney and the lung transplant recipients were required to intubate after 10 and 15 days, respectively. Immunosuppression was adapted in five patients, but continued in all patients. Compared to non-transplanted patients at the ICU (n = 19) the inflammatory response was attenuated in transplanted patients, which was proven by decreased IL-6 blood values. This analysis might provide evidence that continuous immunosuppression is safe and probably beneficial since there was no hyperinflammation evident. Although transplanted patients might be more susceptible to an infection with SARS-CoV-2, their clinical course seems to be similar to immunocompetent patients.     

Pharmacodynamic immune monitoring of NFAT-regulated genes predicts skin cancer in elderly long-term renal transplant recipients

Abstract: Introduction: Among elderly allograft recipients non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common malignancy. We have previously shown that malignancies are associated with a higher intensity of ciclosporin A (CsA)‐induced immunosuppression. Method: Fifty‐five long‐term elderly renal transplant patients with a stable transplant function had regular skin examinations. The expression of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)‐regulated genes (interleukin‐2, granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating‐factor, interferon‐γ) was determined by real‐time PCR at CsA trough levels and two h after oral intake. Results: The CsA dose was 2.0 mg/kg (0.95–3.50), with CsA trough level (C0) level 97 μg/L (33–157) and CsA two‐h level (C2) 538 μg/L (350–1228). NMSC was diagnosed in 14/55 patients (25.4%). A total of 85.7% of allograft recipients with NMSC were male (p < 0.005). Age, time after transplantation, CsA dose, CsA C0 and C2 level were comparable in both groups. NFAT‐regulated gene expression was signficantly lower in patients with skin cancer compared with patients without skin cancer [4.94% (0.91–13.4) vs. 11.6% (3.3–40.8), p < 0.001). Conclusion: The unproportional high incidence of NMSC in elderly long‐term kidney‐transplanted patients correlates with a lower NFAT‐regulated gene expression which is a surrogate biomarker for a higher degree of functional immunosuppression. Further studies are required to determine whether the reduction of CsA with an increased NFAT‐regulated gene expression is associated with a lower NMSC incidence.