绕肝提拉法肝后隧道的应用解剖学研究

目的通过解剖学的研究,探讨绕肝提拉法手术的临床解剖学依据。方法选用解剖教学的21例成人尸体的肝后下腔静脉,从腔内观察尸肝组汇入肝后下腔静脉的肝短静脉开口情况,按不同绕肝提拉法的路径和不同肝后隧道宽度(10mm、6mm)统计可能遇到的肝短静脉数。结果绕肝提拉法在肝后隧道宽度6mm时标准路径遇到肝短静脉0～3(中位数=1)支,标准右上方路径(EM路径,肝后下腔静脉右缘距肝下缘1cm)遇到肝短静脉0～2(中位数=0)支,后者小于前者,差异有统计学意义(P=0.003)。结论绕肝提拉法手术建立肝后隧道是可行且安全的。     

绕肝提拉法“肝后隧道”建立的标准及解剖学依据

目的 探讨绕肝提拉法肝后隧道建立的临床解剖学依据.方法 解剖20具成人尸体肝后下腔静脉标本,收集15例晚期肝炎后肝硬化行背驮式肝移植患者病肝切除后肝后下腔静脉的临床资料,制订肝后隧道路径标准,统计汇入肝后下腔静脉及肝后隧道路径上肝短静脉总数.结果 肝短静脉主要从左右两侧汇入肝后下腔静脉,汇入肝后下腔静脉的肝短静脉多集中于中、下1/3段(F=9.188,P＜0.01).在肝后隧道路径上,汇入肝后下腔静脉的肝短静脉主要集中在下1/3段前方,而其他两段分布较少(x2=48.524,P＜0.01).肝硬化组汇入肝后下腔静脉的肝短静脉数与尸检组相比差异无统计学意义(t =0.405,P＞0.05),但肝硬化组肝后隧道常发生解剖结构变异.结论 肝后下腔静脉前间隙是一潜在性腔隙,具有独特的解剖学特点,是安全建立肝后隧道的解剖依据.但在晚期肝炎后肝硬化患者手术中应慎用肝后隧道.     

肝后隧道手术高危区的解剖特点及临床应用研究

目的:探讨肝后隧道及手术高危区的解剖特点及临床应用价值。方法:解剖20具成人尸体肝脏标本,收集经前入路绕肝提拉法右半肝切除术27例患者的临床资料,分别统计汇入肝后下腔静脉和肝后隧道路径上肝短静脉总数。结果:解剖研究中发现,肝短静脉主要从左右两侧汇入肝后下腔静脉,且较多集中于中、下1/3段;在肝后隧道路径上,汇入肝后下腔静脉的肝短静脉主要集中在下1/3段前方,平均(2.90±1.07)支,上1/3段仅有1例出现1支肝短静脉,中1/3段20例中仅4例出现1支肝短静脉;肝右后下静脉多出现在肝后下腔静脉的中、下1/3段,出现率达85.0%(17/20)。临床手术中发现,在肝后隧道路径上,汇入肝后下腔静脉肝短静脉主要集中在下1/3段,平均(3.21±1.67)支,多数病例此区域上下距离约3～4 cm,同时此区域中肝右后下静脉出现率达85.2%(23/27);27例中仅1例有1支肝短静脉汇入中段肝后下腔静脉前方。结论:肝后隧道手术高危区位于肝后下腔静脉下段前方3～4 cm区域,有较多肝短静脉伴随肝右后下静脉汇入。准确把握此区域的解剖特点并进行解剖分离是成功建立肝后隧道的关键。     

绕肝提拉法的研究进展

绕肝提拉法最早由Belghiti提出,在行前入路右半肝切除时采用止血钳插入肝后下腔静脉前间隙,建立肝后隧道并留悬吊带提拉肝脏的方法.这种方法的难点是建立肝后隧道,其严重并发症是损伤血管引起出血.本文对肝后隧道建立的解剖学基础、手术技巧进行分析总结,为临床医师在肝切除、肝移植及肝外伤等肝脏外科手术中应用绕肝提拉法提供参考,旨在降低采用该方法行手术治疗的并发症,提高其应用的安全性和成功率.     

绕肝提拉法肝切除术八例体会

目的探讨绕肝提拉法在肝脏切除手术中的应用。方法回顾性分析2007年9月至2009年6月收治的10例在肝切除术中应用绕肝提拉法病人的临床资料。结果本组有8例成功建立了肝后隧道,并放置绕肝带,未出现与绕肝提拉法操作有关的并发症。因为肿瘤侵犯肝后下腔静脉而中止建立肝后隧道2例,改行常规手术。结论绕肝提拉法的出现,大大增加了肝切除的安全性,操作安全简便,切实有效。     

双绕肝提拉在规则性右半肝切除中的应用

目的 介绍我们使用双绕肝提拉法施实规则性右半肝切除术的经验.方法 24例病人施行了双绕肝提拉前入路法右半肝切除,以49例采用传统方法行右半肝切除的病人作为对照组,分析了双绕肝提拉法的优势.结果 27例病人成功建立肝后下腔静脉隧道,其中24例病人通过双绕肝提拉法行规则右半肝切除,3例病人因肿瘤接近正中裂而放弃双绕肝法.与对照组比较,使用双绕肝提拉法的病人术中出血量少(t=3.191,P＜0.05),术后ALT恢复快(t=2.398,P＜0.05)、肝功能Child分级好(χ2=9.31,P＜0.05).两组病人手术时间无明显差异(t=-1.695,P＞0.05).绕肝带提拉肝脏后,由于肝后下腔静脉与肝脏之间产生1～2 cm的间隙,故切肝时无一例损伤肝后下腔静脉及肝静脉.结论 双绕肝提拉前入路法能提高规则右半肝切除的安全性及成功率.     

肝后下腔静脉隧道绕肝带提拉法半肝切除19例报告

目的 探讨肝后下腔静脉隧道绕肝带提拉法行半肝切除安全性的作用。方法 回顾性分析2003年11月至2006年6月昆明医学院第一附属医院肝胆外科，在传统经典半肝切除术的基础上加用肝后下腔静脉隧道绕肝提拉法行半肝切除的19例资料。结果 19例均成功放置绕肝带，未发生与该操作有关的并发症，半肝切除时肝正中裂界面内管道显露清楚，处理起来方便、安全可靠，绕肝带具有指示保护肝后下腔静脉的作用。结论 半肝切除时采用肝后下腔静脉隧道绕肝带提拉法，可进一步提高半肝切除的安全性，减少出血，缩短手术时间。保证断肝能在最薄、最小的界面进行。     

双绕肝提拉法在半肝切除中的应用价值

目的 探讨和完善建立肝后隧道的方法及双绕肝提拉在半肝切除术中的应用价值.方法 采用胆道探条代替血管钳建立肝后隧道,并预置2根绕肝带.施行双绕肝提拉前入路法行半肝切除术38例患者为提拉组,用传统方法行半肝切除的89例患者为对照组,比较双绕肝提拉法与传统方法的不同. 结果38例患者均顺利安置双绕肝带,双绕肝提拉切肝时断面无明显出血,断面管道系统显示清晰,肝后下腔静脉与肝脏之间拉开1～2 cm的间隙,以减少肝后下腔静脉及肝静脉、肝短静脉的损伤.与对照组相比,使用双绕肝提拉法的患者术中出血量少(t=4.112,P<0.05),术后肝功能恢复快(x2=11.14,P<0.05),且胆汁瘘发生率低(P<0.05),术后3个月内肿瘤肝内扩散、腹腔种植少(x2=4.239,P<0.05),而两组患者的手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.007,P>0.05).结论 采用改良后的方法建立肝后隧道成功率高.双绕肝提拉前人路半肝切除术具有减少术中出血量、减轻术后肝功能损害,降低胆汁瘘发生率及肿瘤肝内扩散和腹腔种植等特点.     

肝后下腔静脉间隙的解剖与临床应用

目的探讨肝后下腔静脉前间隙的解剖基础及其在肝脏外科的临床应用价值。方法对10例尸肝(包括完整的下腔静脉)进行解剖,测量肝后下腔静脉前间隙的相关解剖数据。经肝后下腔静脉前间隙入路行6例巨大肝癌、血管瘤切除及1例背驮式肝移植病肝切除。结果肝上静脉窝内肝静脉间的距离平均为(16．75±3．93)mm。肝后下腔静脉前间隙的长度平均为(57．76±9．65)mm。肝后下腔静脉前间隙的宽度平均为(9．17±2．30)mm。7例手术均取得成功无相关并发症发生,与其它手术入路相比有显著意义。结论肝后下腔静脉前间隙有其解剖基础,在肝脏外科中可作为一良好的手术入路。     

绕肝带提拉法在肝切除术中的应用进展

绕肝带提拉法肝切除从2001年被提出之后获得了广泛的应用,前入路肝切除联合绕肝带提拉技术已经成为大肝癌行半肝切除的标准术式.绕肝带放置的安全性问题促使肝后下腔静脉前隧道解剖的深入研究,尾叶静脉与肝右后下静脉之间是建立隧道的安全区域.在肝脏上方三支肝静脉和下方三支主要的Glisson鞘之间放置绕肝带,或通过静脉韧带通道放...     

急性肝功能衰竭猪应用同种体外肝脏灌注技术支持的实验研究

目的 评价体外肝脏灌注（extracorporeal liver perfusion,ECLP）技术应用于急性肝功能衰竭（acute liver failure,ALF）短暂替代治疗的疗效和可行性。方法 实验动物均为健康普通长白猪,体重20～30kg。按随机数字表法随机分为3组：肝衰组（n=5）,通过结扎肝脏血供和门体分流制备肝衰模型,肝衰模型制成8h后处死取标本;肝衰＋ECLP组（n=5）,受体为肝衰猪,供肝阻断血供后迅速切取,连接ECLP开始灌注,ECLP灌注时间为4h,肝衰模型制成8h后处死取标本;正常肝＋ECLP组（n=4）,受体为正常猪,灌注方法同肝衰＋ECLP组。观察受体一般情况、肝脏和脑组织病理变化,检测受体血常规、血生化、血凝、血氨和TNF等指标。结果 肝衰组PT、AST、TNF、血氨、RBC和HCT值明显高于肝衰＋ECLP组（P〈0．05）;正常肝＋ECLP组的FIB、AST、TNF和血氨的变化明显低于肝衰＋ECLP组（P〈0．05）。病理学检查显示,肝衰组受体的脑组织出现广泛的脑水肿,表现为神经元细胞问隙明显增宽,并有多数神经元细胞死亡;肝衰＋ECLP组受体的脑组织也出现有脑水肿的表现,并有少数神经元细胞死亡,但较肝衰组轻;正常肝＋ECLP组的脑组织病理检查基本正常。肝衰组和肝衰＋ECLP组的受体肝脏病理检查可见大片肝细胞坏死,而正常肝＋ECLP组受体的肝脏病理检查基本正常。结论 同种ECLP能有效地改善肝衰受体的体内环境,缓解症状．尤其是这种技术能缓解肝衰受体的脑水肿,而脑水肿可能是肝衰受体最主要的致死原因,但ECLP也有其自身的并发症存在。总之,同种ECLP技术是一种有效而且可行的ALF短暂替代治疗方案。     

供肝切取与保存技术中几个关键环节的探讨

目的 探讨提高和完善供肝切取与保存技术，提高器官利用率，减少肝移植术后近、远期并发症的发生。方法 1995年5月至2005年6月我院实施了122例原位肝移植，采用腹腔器官联合快速切取技术进行了165例供肝和供肾联合切取，先行经肠系膜上静脉至门静脉插管，随即行腹主动脉插管，UW液原位灌洗。灌洗开始后优先处理胆道，用UW液经胆总管冲洗胆道。整块切取肝脏、双侧肾脏。回手术室进一步修剪，对变异的肝动脉（25例，20．5％）整形使之变为单支。结果 165例供肝热缺血时间120～310s，冷缺血时间260～840min。移植肝通血20～30min后均有金黄色胆汁分泌。术后均未发生原发性无功能和器官功能延迟。结论 对于脑死亡的供者器官切取采取原位灌洗，整块切取及体外修整，可最大限度地缩短热缺血时间，有效避免变异血管损伤，进而提高供者器官的利用率。确切的胆道冲洗对避免肝内外胆管自溶和术后胆道狭窄非常重要。良好的供肝切取与保存是移植成功的保证，可有效地减少手术并发症，进而取得良好的疗效。     

供肝切取与保存技术中几个关键环节的探讨

目的探讨提高和完善供肝切取与保存技术,提高器官利用率,减少肝移植术后近、远期并发症的发生。方法1995年5月至2005年6月我院实施了122例原位肝移植,采用腹腔器官联合快速切取技术进行了165例供肝和供肾联合切取,先行经肠系膜上静脉至门静脉插管,随即行腹主动脉插管,UW液原位灌洗。灌洗开始后优先处理胆道,用UW液经胆总管冲洗胆道。整块切取肝脏、双侧肾脏。回手术室进一步修剪,对变异的肝动脉(25例,20.5%)整形使之变为单支。结果165例供肝热缺血时间120~310 s,冷缺血时间260~840 min。移植肝通血20~30 min后均有金黄色胆汁分泌。术后均未发生原发性无功能和器官功能延迟。结论对于脑死亡的供者器官切取采取原位灌洗,整块切取及体外修整,可最大限度地缩短热缺血时间,有效避免变异血管损伤,进而提高供者器官的利用率。确切的胆道冲洗对避免肝内外胆管自溶和术后胆道狭窄非常重要。良好的供肝切取与保存是移植成功的保证,可有效地减少手术并发症,进而取得良好的疗效。     

肝癌伴肝硬化、脾功能亢进一期手术治疗体会

目的探讨肝癌合并肝硬化、脾功能亢进一期手术治疗的临床疗效。方法对2002年1月至2005年10月我院手术治疗的36例肝癌合并肝硬化、脾功能亢进患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果36例患者行肝脏癌肿切除,联合脾切除一期手术。术后1例患者因肝功能衰竭死亡,35例患者恢复顺利,脾功能亢进全部消失,无严重手术并发症。结论对肝癌合并肝硬化、脾功能亢进患者采用肝脏癌肿切除联合脾切除一期手术是安全可行的。围手术期的处理是提高患者远期疗效的关键。     

Correlation Between Liver Fibrosis and Inflammation in Patients Transplanted for HCV Liver Disease

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) re-infection after liver transplantation (LT) is characterized by an accelerated disease progression in recent years with unclear mechanisms. We evaluate the relationship between progression of liver fibrosis and histological necro-inflammation in HCV recipients, according to age of transplant. Fifty-five patients transplanted (1993–2002) for HCV liver disease, were included in the study. Recipients were retrospectively stratified in three different age of transplant, of 40 months each: group 1) from January 1993 to May 1996; group 2) from June 1996 to august 1999; group 3) from September 1999 to December 2002. Grading (necro-inflammation) and staging (fibrosis) scores were evaluated in liver biopsies at 1, 2 and 3 years from LT (Ishak classification). For all age of transplant the main factor associated with fibrosis progression, was grading score (p < 0.05). However mean staging score for each point of grading increased from 0.3 ± 0.2 in older LT to 0.7 ± 0.5 in newer ones (p = 0.01). In conclusion in HCV–LT patients (1) liver fibrosis is strictly associated to histological necro-inflammation; (2) the proportion of this relationship has been changing in recent years since newer LT patients, show an increased amount of fibrosis in comparison with the older ones, for similar grading score.     

Liver support technology--an update

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no direct treatment for hepatic failure, and patients must receive a transplant or endure prolonged hospitalization, with significant morbidity and mortality. Because of the scarcity of donor organs, liver support strategies are being developed with the aim of either supporting patients with borderline functional liver cell mass until an appropriate organ becomes available for transplantation or until their livers recover from injury. METHODS: A literature review was performed using MEDLINE and library searches. Only major blood detoxification/purification devices and cell-based techniques are included in this review. RESULTS: Currently, a number of blood purification systems and devices utilizing viable liver cells are in various stages of clinical development. Non-biological systems include plasma exchange, albumin dialysis, hemo(dia)filtration, and sorbent-based devices (charcoal, resin). These systems are able to remove toxins of hepatic failure, and their utility is limited by their inability to provide missing liver-specific functions. In contrast, hepatocyte-based devices are able to provide whole liver functions, including detoxification, biosynthesis, and biotransformation. Molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS) blood detoxification system has been tested in thousands of patients, but additional well-conducted controlled studies are warranted to better define the role of MARS in the treatment of patients with acute hepatic failure and acute exacerbation of chronic liver disease. HepatAssist was tested in a phase II/III controlled clinical trial that demonstrated safety and proof of concept for use of biological liver support systems to improve patient survival in acute hepatic failure. CONCLUSIONS: Developing an effective liver assist technology has proven difficult, because of the complexity of liver functions that must be replaced, as well as heterogeneity of the patient population. Non-biological systems may have a role in the treatment of specific forms of liver failure where the primary goal is to provide blood detoxification/purification. Biological systems appear to be useful in treating liver failure where the primary objective is to provide whole liver functions which are impaired or lost. It is suggested that there will be a role for hybrid liver support systems that offer liver cell therapy and various forms of blood purification (sorption, hemofiltration and diafiltration) to treat patients with specific forms of liver failure at various stages of their illness.     

Liver Transplantation for Alcoholic Liver Disease in Europe: A Study from the ELTR (European Liver Transplant Registry)

Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is one of the most common indications for liver transplantation (LT). Long-term outcome after LT for ALD versus other etiologies is still under debate. The aim of this study was to compare outcome after LT of patients with ALD, viral (VIR), and cryptogenic cirrhosis. Donor, graft and recipient ELTR variables were analysed in transplants for alcoholic and nonalcoholic cirrhosis (1988–2005) and were correlated with patient survival. Causes of death and/or graft failure were compared between groups. Nine thousand eight hundred eighty ALD, 10 943 VIR, 1478 ALD + VIR and 2410 cryptogenic (CRYP) liver transplants were evaluated. One, 3, 5 and 10 years graft survival rates after LT in ALD patients were 84%, 78%, 73%, 58%, significantly higher than in VIR and CRYP (p = 0.04, p = 0.05). By multivariate analysis, ALD + VIR (RR 1.14) and viral alone (RR 1.06) were significant risk factors for mortality. De novo tumors, cardiovascular and social causes were causes of death/graft failure in higher percentage in ALD groups versus other etiologies. LT for ALD cirrhosis has a favorable outcome, however, hepatitis C virus co-infection seems to eliminate this advantage. Screening for de novo tumors and prevention of cardiovascular complications are essential to provide better long-term results.     

肝干细胞及在肝病中的应用

肝干细胞具有自我更新、增生及分化为肝细胞和胆管细胞的能力.肝干细胞的研究是当今肝病研究领域的热点之一.随着肝干细胞研究的深入,必将为肝病的治疗提供新的策略.本文就肝干细胞的分类、来源及在肝病中的应用做一综述.