H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素Th和B细胞表位预测及抗原性分析

目的:预测H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素Th和B细胞相关抗原表位,并初步分析其抗原性.方法:依据近年H5N1亚型禽流感病毒流行趋势,下载得到相关HA蛋白氨基酸序列.进行生物信息学综合分析预测,获得Th和B细胞相关抗原表位,并比较其保守性和特异性.通过BALB/c小鼠和SPF鸡H5N1亚型禽流感病毒阳性血清,初步鉴定候选表位抗原性.结果:综合多项预测及空间构象模拟结果,我们获得了三条候选Th和B细胞表位,分别为HA141～155、HA206～223、HA302～316.候选表位处于H5N1亚型禽流感HA1 蛋白序列上相对保守的区域内,且与目前流行的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒HA相应区域具有较好的一致性.而不同候选表位在BALB/c小鼠和SPF鸡H5N1亚型禽流感病毒阳性血清反应中显示了不同抗体结合能力,预示了其成为功能表位的可能.结论:所筛选的表位具有成为H5N1亚型禽流感病毒HA Th和B细胞相关抗原表位的可能.本研究为深入揭示流感病毒感染与免疫机制,H5N1亚型禽流感功能表位认知及表位疫苗研究奠定了基础.     

禽流感病毒H5N1 单克隆抗体的生物学特性鉴定

目的:探讨禽流感病毒单克隆抗体的生物学特性。方法:制备H5N1禽流感病毒的单克隆抗体,鉴定其亚型、效价、血凝抑制活性以及与其他亚型流感病毒的交叉反应性。免疫印迹方法验证单抗与H5N1抗原的结合,人体正常组织芯片的免疫组织化学染色法观察单抗的组织学反应。结果:发现两株禽流感病毒H5N1的单抗(H5-32和H5-35)分别与人体的肾、胰腺组织存在阳性结合。结论:禽流感病毒H5N1与人体组织间可能存在某种关联,这或许可为禽流感病毒感染和致病研究提供参考。     

采用反向遗传学技术构建H5亚型禽流感疫苗株

目的构建重组H5亚型禽流感疫苗株。方法采用RT-PCR技术，分别扩增鹅源高产禽流感病毒A／Goose／Dalian／3／01（H9N2）的6条内部基因片段、高致病性禽流感病毒株A／Goose／HLJ／QFY／04（H5N1）的血凝素（HA）基因和N3亚型参考株A／Duck／Germany／1215／73（H2N3）的神经氨酸酶（NA）基因，并对HA1和HA2连接肽处的5个碱性氨基酸（R-R-R-K-K）的编码序列进行缺失与修饰，然后分别构建这8个基因的转录与表达载体，将其共转染293T／MDCK混合培养细胞单层，对拯救出的重组病毒进行表型分析。结果利用反向遗传学技术拯救出了全部基因都源于禽流感病毒的疫苗株，其基因序列符合设计要求包括删除HA基因的毒力相关序列，疫苗株的表型为H5N3。结论构建成功重组禽流感疫苗株rH5N3，为制备H5亚型禽流感疫苗打下了坚实的基础。     

流感及H5N1亚型禽流感病毒液相检测芯片的制备

目的 建立利用液相芯片技术检测甲、乙型流感和H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒的方法,并对该方法进行评价。方法 对GenBank中甲型流感病毒的NP、乙型流感病毒的HA以及高致病性禽流感病毒（H5N1）的H5、N1基因片段序列进行同源性比对,根据保守序列,设计针对各基因的简并引物和寡核苷酸探针,制备探针偶联微球,将样本核酸多重PCR扩增产物与微球进行杂交,以Bio-Plex液相芯片检测系统进行芯片检测。结果 该方法可以对甲型流感病毒的NP基因、乙型流感病毒的HA基因以及高致病性禽流感病毒（H5N1）的H5、N1基因同时进行检测,病毒核酸的最低检出量为1pg,检测特异性高。结论 成功构建了甲、乙型流感病毒和H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒液相芯片检测系统,为流感、禽流感的快速检测、诊断奠定了基础。     

2004-2012年我国禽流感流行情况

禽流感病毒(AIV)是一类可以引起禽类感染和(或)致病的A型流感病毒,它能引起大多数家禽、野生水禽的感染.部分禽流感病毒已经跨种属传播感染人群,1997年香港第一次报道禽流感H5N1亚型病毒能感染人类,不断出现的H9N2、H7N2、H7N3、H7N7等禽流感亚型感染人类的报道,并显示不同程度的致病性和病死率[1-3].2013年3月在中国首次报道新的基因重组H7 N9亚型禽流感病毒直接感染人类,导致重症肺炎引起死亡[4].     

H5N1型禽流感病毒动物模型的研究现状

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒在全球多个国家肆虐,已严重威胁人类健康。禽流感病毒动物模型的建立可以为研究病毒的突变、传染性和发病机制提供良好的技术平台。本综述概括了H5N1对几种哺乳动物:食蟹猴、雪貂、小鼠、大鼠、沙鼠、家猫等的致病性,为以后理想动物模型的建立和研究提供一定的帮助。     

禽流感与人类健康

禽流感（Avian Influenza，AI）是由禽流感病毒引起的一种从呼吸系统到全身性败血症等多种症状的传染性疾病综合征。禽流感病毒在分类地位上与人的流感病毒一样。属于正粘病毒科，A型流感病毒属，单股负链分节段的RNA病毒。根据表面糖蛋白血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）的抗原性差异可分为不同的亚型。到目前为止，已经鉴定了16种H亚型（H1-H16）和9种N亚型（N1-Ng）。禽流感病毒根据其对鸡致病性的强弱可分为高致病性和低致病性两种。高致病性禽流感病毒可引起鸡群高达100％的死亡率，故被世界动物卫生组织（OIE）列为A类疾病。低致病性禽流感病毒可引起温和的呼吸道疾病，但在混合感染或环境因素的作用下可引起严重的疾病。近年来H5N1和H9N2等亚型的禽流感病毒感染人的事件，表明家禽是禽流感人畜传播潜在的中间宿主。这也使得世界各国对禽流感的关注程度大大提高。因此，开展对禽流感病毒的研究，从分子水平掌握禽流感病毒的流行规律和致病机理，不仅在病毒学、兽医学等学科上有重要的学术意义，而且在公共卫生等方面也具有重大的社会意义。     

2011-2012年肇庆市禽流感职业暴露人群及外环境病毒分布监测分析

目的了解肇庆市禽类职业暴露人群禽流感病毒感染状况以及外环境禽流感病毒的分布情况。方法采集禽类职业暴露人员血清样本,用红细胞血凝抑制试验（HI）检测H5N1流感抗体;采集外环境样本,用荧光定量PCR法检测禽流感病毒FluA、H5、H7和H9核酸。结果2011-2012年共采集职业暴露人员血清样本400份,检测H5N1抗体均为阴性;共采集外环境有效样本202份,检出FluA阳性25份,阳性率为12．38％,其中AH9亚型阳性14份（56．00％）。AH7亚型阳性1份（4．00％）,A未分型10份（40．00％）,未检出AH5亚型。结论肇庆市职业暴露人群尚未发现感染高致病性禽流感H5N1病毒．夕h环境存在禽流感病毒的污染,H9亚型是主要的病原体。     

利用反向遗传学技术构建H5N9重组流感病毒株

目的 利用反向遗传学技术构建来源人感染禽流感病毒H5N1和H7N9 HA和NA基因的H5N9亚型禽流感病毒.方法 全基因合成A/Beijing/01/2003(H5N1)禽流感病毒HA基因片段和A/Zhejiang/DTID-ZJU10/2013(H7N9)禽流感病毒NA基因片段,插入到pHW2000载体,与携带有A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1)的6个内部基因的pHW2000重组质粒一起转染293T和MDCK混合细胞,拯救H5N9重组病毒.结果 核酸测序、HA和NA基因转录和表达检测、细胞病变分析确定利用该反向遗传学系统可以成功拯救H5N9病毒.重组H5N9病毒在MDCK细胞上复制增殖能力低于相同方法拯救H1N1病毒.结论 利用反向遗传学技术成功构建一株H5N9重组病毒.     

广州地区禽H9N2亚型流感病毒的发现及感染人调查

目的 了解广州地区禽流感病毒在家禽中的流行及感染人的情况，防止香港H5N1禽流感在广州地区流行。方法 对广州地区的主要鸡场和农贸市场的家禽和密切接触家禽的职业人群进行病原学和血清学的检测。病毒分离同时采用MDCK细胞和鸡胚双腔接种法；采用微量血凝抑制半致敏法进行血清学检测。结果 从54份鸡咽拭液中分离到1株H9N2亚型流感病毒；鸡及职业人群血对分离的H9N2毒株的血抑抗体阳性率分别为12．8％和15．1％。结论 广州地区鸡群中有H9N2，亚型流感病毒存在，禽H9N2亚型流感病毒能感染人。     

中国职业暴露人群感染H6N6禽流感病毒血清学调查

目的 系统评估我国职业暴露人群感染H6N6禽流感病毒的状况.方法 本研究利用我国2009-2011年开展的高致病性H5N1禽流感病毒职业暴露人群血清学监测所采集的近15 000份血清标本,开展H6N6禽流感病毒血清学调查.结果 本研究中检测到H6N6禽流感病毒阳性血清共10份,分别来自不同的职业暴露人群,包括活禽市场、家禽规模养殖场、家禽散养户、屠宰加工场和野生候鸟栖息地.从地域上看该10份阳性血清来自8个不同的省份,分布在我国的南北方.结论 这是我国大陆地区首次报道人感染H6亚型禽流感病毒.     

Single-step multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for influenza A virus subtype H5N1 detection

Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 causes a rapidly fatal systemic disease in domestic poultry and spreads directly from poultry to humans. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, cost-saving and effective method for influenza A virus subtype H5N1 detection. The selected primer set was used in single-step RT-PCR for simultaneous detection in multiplex format of the 276-, 189-, and 131-bp fragments, corresponding to sequences specific for M, H5 and N1. The amplified DNA fragments were clearly separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The sensitivity of this assay was about 10(3) copies/microL. Moreover, this method can be applied to detect not only avian but also human influenza A virus subtype H5N1. In conclusion, the highlights of this particular method are its rapidity and cost-effectiveness, thus rendering it feasible and attractive for large-scale screening at times of influenza A virus subtype H5N1 outbreak.     

Avian influenza virus (H5N1): a threat to human health

Pandemic influenza virus has its origins in avian influenza viruses. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 is already panzootic in poultry, with attendant economic consequences. It continues to cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals, often with fatal outcomes. Therefore, H5N1 virus has rightly received attention as a potential pandemic threat. However, it is noted that the pandemics of 1957 and 1968 did not arise from highly pathogenic influenza viruses, and the next pandemic may well arise from a low-pathogenicity virus. The rationale for particular concern about an H5N1 pandemic is not its inevitability but its potential severity. An H5N1 pandemic is an event of low probability but one of high human health impact and poses a predicament for public health. Here, we review the ecology and evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses, assess the pandemic risk, and address aspects of human H5N1 disease in relation to its epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.     

Seroprevalence of avian influenza H9N2 among poultry workers in Shandong Province, China

H9N2 avian influenza virus has been circulating widely in birds, with occasional infection among humans. Poultry workers are considered to be at high risk of infection with avian influenza due to their frequent exposure to chickens, but the frequency of H9N2 avian influenza virus infections among them is still indistinct. This study was carried out in order to identify the seroprevalence of H9N2 avian influenza virus among poultry workers in Shandong, China. During the period from December 2011 to February 2012, a total of 482 subjects took part in this study, including 382 poultry workers and 100 healthy residents without occupational poultry exposure. Serum samples were collected and tested for the presence of antibodies against H9N2 avian influenza virus by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. Nine subjects (9/382?=?2.3 %) were positive for antibodies against H9N2 avian influenza virus among poultry workers by either HI or MN assays using ≥40 cut-off, while none of the 100 healthy residents were seropositive. In conclusion, our study identified H9N2 avian influenza infections among poultry workers in Shandong, China, and continuous surveillance of H9N2 avian influenza virus infection in humans should be carried out to evaluate the threat to public health.     

Serologic evidence of avian influenza virus infections among Nigerian agricultural workers

Nigeria has had multiple incursions of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5N1 virus into its poultry population since 2006. This study aimed to determine if Nigerians exposed to poultry had evidence of avian influenza virus transmission to man. Between 2008 and 2010, 316 adult farmers and open market workers and 54 age‐group matched, non‐animal exposed controls were enrolled in a prospective, population‐based study of zoonotic influenza transmission in four towns in southeastern Nigeria. Questionnaire data and sera obtained at the time of enrollment were examined for evidence of previous infection with 10 avian influenza virus strains. Serologic studies on sera collected at the time of enrollment showed modest evidence of previous infection with three avian‐origin influenza viruses (H5N1, H5N2, and H11N1) and one avian‐like H9N2 influenza virus, with eight (2.4%) of animal‐exposed subjects and two (3.7%) unexposed subjects having elevated microneutralization assay antibody titer levels (ranging from 1:10 to 1:80). Statistical analyses did not identify specific risk factors associated with the elevated antibody titers observed for these zoonotic influenza viruses. These data suggested only occasional virus transmission to humans in areas thought to have been enzootic for avian influenza virus. Prospective data from this cohort will help the authors to better understand the occurrence of zoonotic infections due to avian influenza viruses in Nigeria. J. Med. Virol. 85:670–676, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Evaluation of a rapid test for detection of H5N1 avian influenza virus

The performance of H5 Dot ELISA, a rapid test for detection of avian H5N1 influenza virus, was evaluated using 30 H5N1 strains belonging to 10 major genetic groups of H5N1 influenza virus, 14 strains of non-H5N1 influenza virus and 652 field samples collected from healthy and diseased chickens from markets and poultry farms. The detection limit of the test for all 30 strains of H5N1 virus was < or = 0.1 hemagglutinin (HA) units and the test yielded a negative result when tested against 100 HA units of the non-H5N1 viruses. The test gave a positive result for 87 of the 106 poultry samples from which H5N1 virus was isolated by culture and 3 of 546 culture-negative poultry samples. Compared with virus culture, the overall prediction rate of the test was determined to be 96.6%; the positive prediction rate was 96.7% and negative prediction rate, 96.6%. The false positive rate was 0.5% and false negative rate 17.9%. Considering that the test is also convenient to use, it was concluded that H5 Dot ELISA is suitable for field use in the investigation of H5N1 influenza outbreaks and surveillance in poultry.     

Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses

Influenza pandemics, defined as global outbreaks of the disease due to viruses with new antigenic subtypes, have exacted high death tolls from human populations. The last two pandemics were caused by hybrid viruses, or reassortants, that harbored a combination of avian and human viral genes. Avian influenza viruses are therefore key contributors to the emergence of human influenza pandemics. In 1997, an H5N1 influenza virus was directly transmitted from birds in live poultry markets in Hong Kong to humans. Eighteen people were infected in this outbreak, six of whom died. This avian virus exhibited high virulence in both avian and mammalian species, causing systemic infection in both chickens and mice. Subsequently, another avian virus with the H9N2 subtype was directly transmitted from birds to humans in Hong Kong. Interestingly, the genes encoding the internal proteins of the H9N2 virus are genetically highly related to those of the H5N1 virus, suggesting a unique property of these gene products. The identification of avian viruses in humans underscores the potential of these and similar strains to produce devastating influenza outbreaks in major population centers. Although highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses had been identified before the 1997 outbreak in Hong Kong, their devastating effects had been confined to poultry. With the Hong Kong outbreak, it became clear that the virulence potential of these viruses extended to humans.     

Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans

H5N1 avian influenza is a highly fatal infectious disease that could cause a potentially devastating pandemic if the H5N1 virus mutates into a form that spreads efficiently among humans. Recent findings have led to a basic understanding of cell and organ histopathology caused by the H5N1 virus. Here we review the pathology of H5N1 avian influenza reported in postmortem and clinical studies and discuss the key pathogenetic mechanisms. Specifically, the virus infects isolated pulmonary epithelial cells and causes diffuse alveolar damage and hemorrhage in the lungs of infected patients. In addition, the virus may infect other organs, including the trachea, the intestines, and the brain, and it may penetrate the placental barrier and infect the fetus. Dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines is likely to be one of the key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of H5N1 influenza. We also review the various molecular determinants of increased pathogenicity that have been identified in recent years and the role of avian and human influenza virus receptors in relation to the transmissibility of the H5N1 virus. A comprehensive appreciation of H5N1 influenza pathogenetic mechanisms should aid in the design of effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this emerging disease.     

1株对小鼠呈高致病性H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的遴选

目的观察从死禽体内分离的禽流感H5N1病毒株对小鼠的致病情况,筛选一株可用于小鼠攻毒实验的H5N1毒株。方法将17株禽源H5N1病毒分别滴鼻感染6～8周龄Balb/c小鼠,观察其对小鼠的致病和致死情况。通过测定其中毒力较强一株的EID_(50)、TCID_(50)、小鼠LD_(50)及濒死小鼠不同组织中病毒载量,判定其致病力;采用遗传进化分析绘制HA基因进化树,了解其进化特征。结果动物实验表明,17株高致病性禽源H5N1毒株中,仅有一株对小鼠为高致病性。该毒株TCID_(50)/100μl=7.2,EID_(50)/100μl=8.325,小鼠1 LD_(50)/100μl=6.318≈10~2EID_(50)。鼻粘膜感染4～6 d小鼠发病,表现为精神萎靡、食欲减退、竖毛、弓背等临床症状,体重明显减轻。小鼠死亡集中在发病后的2～5 d,耐过死亡者12 d完全恢复正常。从濒死感染小鼠脾、肺、鼻及脑组织中皆可检出流感病毒NS片段,病毒数载量以脑组织中最多,达3.56×10~(10)拷贝/5μl。结论筛选到一株对小鼠呈强致病性H5N1亚型禽流感毒株,可以用于禽流感疫苗交叉保护效果评价的小鼠攻击实验,也可以作为感染模...