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1.
Background and objectives
Evidence from the depression literature suggests that an analytical processing mode adopted during repetitive thinking leads to maladaptive outcomes relative to an experiential processing mode. To date, in socially anxious individuals, the impact of processing mode during repetitive thinking related to an actual social-evaluative situation has not been investigated. We thus tested whether an analytical processing mode would be maladaptive relative to an experiential processing mode during anticipatory processing and post-event rumination.Methods
High and low socially anxious participants were induced to engage in either an analytical or experiential processing mode during: (a) anticipatory processing before performing a speech (Experiment 1; N = 94), or (b) post-event rumination after performing a speech (Experiment 2; N = 74). Mood, cognition, and behavioural measures were employed to examine the effects of processing mode.Results
For high socially anxious participants, the modes had a similar effect on self-reported anxiety during both anticipatory processing and post-event rumination. Unexpectedly, relative to the analytical mode, the experiential mode led to stronger high standard and conditional beliefs during anticipatory processing, and stronger unconditional beliefs during post-event rumination.Limitations
These experiments are the first to investigate processing mode during anticipatory processing and post-event rumination. Hence, these results are novel and will need to be replicated.Conclusions
These findings suggest that an experiential processing mode is maladaptive relative to an analytical processing mode during repetitive thinking characteristic of socially anxious individuals. 相似文献2.
Samantha L. Connolly Clara A. Wagner Benjamin G. Shapero Laura L. Pendergast Lyn Y. Abramson Lauren B. Alloy 《Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry》2014
Background and objectives
The current study tested the resource allocation hypothesis, examining whether baseline rumination or depressive symptom levels prospectively predicted deficits in executive functioning in an adolescent sample. The alternative to this hypothesis was also evaluated by testing whether lower initial levels of executive functioning predicted increases in rumination or depressive symptoms at follow-up.Methods
A community sample of 200 adolescents (ages 12–13) completed measures of depressive symptoms, rumination, and executive functioning at baseline and at a follow-up session approximately 15 months later.Results
Adolescents with higher levels of baseline rumination displayed decreases in selective attention and attentional switching at follow-up. Rumination did not predict changes in working memory or sustained and divided attention. Depressive symptoms were not found to predict significant changes in executive functioning scores at follow-up. Baseline executive functioning was not associated with change in rumination or depression over time.Conclusions
Findings partially support the resource allocation hypothesis that engaging in ruminative thoughts consumes cognitive resources that would otherwise be allocated towards difficult tests of executive functioning. Support was not found for the alternative hypothesis that lower levels of initial executive functioning would predict increased rumination or depressive symptoms at follow-up. Our study is the first to find support for the resource allocation hypothesis using a longitudinal design and an adolescent sample. Findings highlight the potentially detrimental effects of rumination on executive functioning during early adolescence. 相似文献3.
Raes F Schoofs H Griffith JW Hermans D 《Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry》2012,43(4):1002-1007
Background and objectives
Reduced Autobiographical Memory Specificity (rAMS) is a hypothesized vulnerability factor for depression. Rumination is thought to be one of the processes underlying rAMS, but research has failed to show an association between trait rumination and rAMS in individuals who are not currently depressed (e.g., community samples, college samples, and formerly depressed samples). The present study tested whether a challenge procedure that induces a self-discrepancy focus can elicit an association between trait rumination and rAMS in formerly depressed participants.Methods
Trait rumination was assessed via self-report. Measures of psychopathology and cognitive function, including depression, were assessed via self-report and interview. Autobiographical Memory Specificity (AMS) was evaluated before and after the induction of a self-discrepancy focus in formerly depressed participants.Results
Results showed that trait rumination was indeed negatively correlated with AMS after, but not before the induction. Moreover, high trait ruminating participants showed a decrease in AMS following the induction. In other words, memory specificity was reactive to the induction, but no such decrease was observed in low trait ruminating individuals.Limitations
This study is mostly of women. These results may not generalize well to men. Our experimental control was within-subjects, which, although powerful and economical, cannot rule out certain confounding processes including natural changes in self-discrepancy, or non-specific or unintended effects of the induction.Conclusions
In order to detect rAMS in formerly depressed individuals or to observe associations between rAMS and trait measures of rumination, state ruminative processing needs to be activated. Results are discussed by framing rAMS as an example of cognitive reactivity, a general type of processing that is associated with depression. 相似文献4.
Vanderhasselt MA De Raedt R 《Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry》2012,43(3):910-914
Background and Objectives
Dysfunctional attitudes and a ruminative thinking style are of utmost clinical importance because they are found to be crucially implicated in depression vulnerability. In this study, based on the Diathesis-Stress model (Beck, 1967) and the Differential Activation Hypothesis (Teasdale, 1988), we investigated whether inter-individual differences in a ruminative thinking style would be related to the development of depressive symptoms, leading to the activation of dysfunctional attitudes under stress.Methods
Seventy-six never depressed undergraduate students completed internet questionnaires measuring rumination, depressive symptoms and dysfunctional attitudes at 4 fixed moments in time (T1, T2, T3, T4): T1 was performed six weeks before their exams (considered as a low stress period); T2, T3 and T4 were performed during three consecutive weeks in their final exams (considered as life stress event).Results
As expected, results revealed that the relationship between rumination, measured both out of (T1) and in (T2) a stressful period, and dysfunctional attitudes (measured at T4) was mediated by increased depressive symptoms (measured at T3).Limitations
Because the questionnaire for rumination was developed in the context of understanding responses to depressive symptoms, there might be a construct overlap between the predictor and the mediator of the models that were tested. Moreover, because only healthy undergraduates were included, our results demonstrate a decreased generalizability.Conclusions
These findings indicate that rumination can be conceived as a stable and underlying mechanism leading to depressed mood and dysfunctional attitudes under stress. Moreover, our findings highlight that clinical interventions should not only target dysfunctional schemas and attitudes, but might also benefit from the use of procedures aimed at changing processes such as a ruminative thinking style. 相似文献5.
Vivek Pillai Lindsey A. Steenburg Jeffrey A. Ciesla Thomas Roth Christopher L. Drake 《Journal of psychosomatic research》2014
Objectives
Trait ruminators exhibit significantly higher levels of sleep disturbance than those without this cognitive vulnerability. However, support for the sleep disruptive effects of state rumination, especially in the pre-sleep period, is rare, and hindered by methodological drawbacks such as self-report and single night assays of sleep. Finally, despite the pervasiveness of the ruminative response style among individuals with depression, the association between rumination and sleep disturbance has not been explored in this population. The present study employed a week-long daily sampling approach to examine the effects of naturally occurring pre-sleep rumination on self-reported and actigraphy-based sleep among individuals with high depressive symptomatology.Methods
Forty-two university students (19.6 ± 3.2 yo;73.8% female), all of whom reported at least moderate levels of depressive symptoms, completed a short questionnaire after waking each morning for seven days. On this questionnaire, they self-reported sleep indices from the previous night and levels of engagement in pre-sleep rumination. Sleep was also monitored throughout this period via wrist actigraphy. Hierarchical-linear-modeling was used to examine the association between nightly rumination and sleep.Results
Nightly variations in pre-sleep rumination were predictive of significantly longer actigraphy- and diary-based sleep onset latency (SOL). Notably, a 1 SD increase on the pre-sleep rumination scale was associated with an approximately 7 minute increase in actigraphy-based SOL, even after controlling for baseline sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms.Conclusions
These data offer compelling evidence for the impact of pre-sleep rumination on sleep onset, providing insight into one potential mechanism that triggers sleep disturbance among individuals with depressive symptoms. 相似文献6.
Filip Raes Jorien Smets Ineke Wessel Filip Van Den Eede Sabine Nelis Erik Franck Yves Jacquemyn Myriam Hanssens 《Journal of psychosomatic research》2014
Objective
Maladaptive response styles to negative affect have been shown to be associated with prospective (postpartum) depression. Whether maladaptive styles to positive affect are also critically involved is understudied, even though anhedonia (a correlate of low positive affectivity) is a cardinal symptom of depression. The present study is the first to investigate the predictive value of cognitive response styles to both negative (depressive rumination) and positive affect (dampening) for postpartum depressive symptoms.Methods
During the third trimester of pregnancy, 210 women completed self-report instruments assessing depression (symptom severity and current and/or past episodes) and scales gauging the presence of depressive rumination and dampening. Of these women, 187 were retained for postpartum follow-up, with depressive symptoms being reassessed at 12 (n = 171) and 24 (n = 176) weeks after delivery.Results
Regression analyses showed that higher levels of dampening of positive affect during pregnancy predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms at 12 and 24 weeks postpartum, irrespective of initial symptom severity, past history of depression and levels of rumination to negative affect. Prepartum trait levels of rumination, however, did not predict postpartum symptomatology when controlled for baseline symptoms and history of major depressive episode(s).Conclusions
The results of this investigation suggest that the way women cognitively respond to positive affect contributes perhaps even more to the development of postpartum depression than maladaptive response styles to negative affect. 相似文献7.
Objective
Research suggests that resilience is associated with favorable treatment outcome in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. In this regard, the identification of specific characteristics related to resilience that could provide targets for resilience-enhancement interventions is needed. Since the type of cognitive coping strategies is a possible marker of resilience, we investigated adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies contributing to resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders.Methods
A total of 230 outpatients with depression and anxiety disorders were consecutively recruited and completed the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the State Anxiety Inventory. A linear regression model was used to determine which cognitive emotion regulation strategies predicted resilience after controlling for relevant covariates. Additionally, this model of resilience was compared with those of depression and anxiety symptoms.Results
Adaptive strategies were more strongly correlated with resilience than maladaptive strategies. In the regression model, more use of refocus on planning and positive reappraisal as well as less use of rumination predicted high resilience after controlling for age, gender, marital status, depression, and anxiety. Among these strategies, refocus on planning was the common strategy contributing to resilience and depression.Conclusion
These results suggested that the cognitive emotion regulation strategies of refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, and less rumination contribute to resilience in patients with depression and anxiety disorders. It might provide potential targets for psychotherapeutic intervention to improve resilience in these patients. 相似文献8.
Objective
Relationships between bully victimization and symptoms of depression/anxiety were examined. In addition, it was studied whether this relationship was moderated by specific cognitive coping strategies.Methods
Participants were 582 secondary school students who filled out online self-report questionnaires on bully victimization, cognitive coping, and depression/anxiety. (Moderated) Multiple Regression analysis was performed.Results
Strong relationships were found between bully victimization and symptoms of depression and anxiety. On top of that, two cognitive coping strategies moderated the relationship between bullying and depression, i.e. rumination (strengthening) and positive refocusing (reducing). Cognitive coping strategies that moderated the effect of bullying on anxiety symptoms were rumination, catastrophizing (strengthening) and positive reappraisal (reducing).Conclusion
The results provide possible targets for intervention: when helping adolescents who have been bullied, maladaptive cognitive coping strategies could be assessed and challenged, while more adaptive strategies could be acquired. 相似文献9.
Santa Maria A Reichert F Hummel SB Ehring T 《Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry》2012,43(3):901-909
Background and objectives
Excessive rumination following traumatic or highly distressing experiences has been proposed to be an important maintaining factor of posttraumatic stress symptoms. However, not all forms of repetitive thinking about a negative event appear to be dysfunctional. It has been suggested that the abstractness of thinking is critical for its symptom-maintaining effects. The present study tested this hypothesis using an experimental analogue design with participants who had experienced a recent negative life event.Methods
After a short symptom provocation task, participants (N = 57) wrote about their negative experience in either an abstract-evaluative or a concrete-experiential way. Intrusive memories were assessed during the session and in the first 36 h after the session.Results
In line with the expectations, participants in the abstract-evaluative condition showed less reduction of intrusive memories during the experimental session than those in the concrete-experiential condition, and showed a slower recovery in the 36 h following the session.Limitations
An analogue design was used. Therefore, results need to be replicated with survivors of traumatic events following DSM-IV.Conclusions
Taken together, the results support the idea that abstractness of thinking is responsible for the dysfunctional effects of rumination about a highly distressing or traumatic event. 相似文献10.
Background and Objectives
A number of aetiological pathways have been proposed in the development of anxiety disorders, including those associated with stressful triggering situations. Life events can provide new meaning to past situations, potentially leading to the delayed onset of a disorder. Whether or not a disorder will emerge is theoretically related to one's appraisal and memory of prior events, and memory biases are proposed to exist for threat-related information in association with anxiety. Given that new events may change the meaning of past experiences, threatening information may change one's memory for once-neutral events.Methods
The current study aimed to examine the effect of threatening information on memory for previously encoded (neutral) stimuli. Undergraduate participants (n = 81) interacted with 30 neutral objects (displayed in two boxes) and completed a recall memory test for these objects. They were then randomly assigned to receive either new threatening or new neutral information about half (one box) of the already-learned objects; a second recall test was then administered.Results
Individuals given threatening information showed a greater proportion of memory for items that were manipulated to total items recalled than did individuals given new non-threatening information.Limitations
A nonclinical sample reported relatively low ratings of disgust and anxiety. Additionally, the time between the two memory tests was brief, likely differing from the actual occurrence of delayed onset disorders.Conclusions
Results showed the genesis of a memory bias for threat in the presumed absence of an attentional bias, and are discussed in terms of the delayed onset of anxiety disorders. 相似文献11.
Thomas Forkmann Marieke Wichers Nicole Geschwind Frenk Peeters Jim van Os Verena Mainz Dina Collip 《Comprehensive psychiatry》2014
Introduction
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on suicidal ideation in an open-label randomised controlled trial of patients with residual depressive symptoms. Furthermore, this study aimed at examining whether an effect of MBCT on suicidal ideation was dependent on a reduction in depression severity, worry and rumination, or an increase in mindfulness.Methods
One hundred and thirty participants were randomised to a treatment arm (treatment as usual plus MBCT) or a wait list arm. Change in depression, change in worry, change in rumination and change in mindfulness were entered as covariates in a repeated measures ANOVA in order to assess to what degree MBCT-induced changes in suicidal ideation were independent from changes in these parameters.Results
There was a significant group × time (pre vs. post) interaction on suicidal ideation indicating a significant reduction of suicidal ideation in the MBCT group, but not in the control group. The interaction remained significant after addition of the above covariates. Change in worry was the only covariate associated with change in suicidal ideation, causing a moderate reduction in the interaction effect size.Conclusions
The results suggest that MBCT may affect suicidal ideation in patients with residual depressive symptoms and that this effect may be mediated, in part, by participants’ enhanced capacity to distance themselves from worrying thoughts. 相似文献12.
Ömer Şenormancı Adviye Esin Yılmaz Özge Saraçlı Nuray Atasoy Güliz Şenormancı Levent Atik 《Comprehensive psychiatry》2014
Background
The main aim of the present study was to examine whether ruminative thinking styles (brooding and reflection) mediate the effects of dysfunctional attitudes on depressive symptoms.Methods
120 psychotropic drug-naive first episode depression patients recruited from Bulent Ecevit University School of Medicine psychiatry department and Zonguldak State Hospital psychiatry department outpatient clinics were involved in the study. Participants completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) and Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS-short version). Regression analyses together with the Sobel tests were performed for testing the mediator hypothesis.Results
According to the path model, the level of brooding fully mediated the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and depressive symptomatology but reflection did not play a mediator role in the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and depressive symptoms.Conclusions
Assessment of brooding with both mental status examination and specific measurements and focusing on brooding as an intervention strategy would be beneficial components for an effective treatment of depression. 相似文献13.
Kikul J Van Allen TS Exner C 《Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry》2012,43(3):863-870
Background and Objectives
Previous studies have demonstrated that some individuals suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are impaired in verbal memory performance. This study was designed to investigate the role of cognitive self-consciousness (CSC) as a putative underlying mechanism of these cognitive deficits.Methods
Verbal memory performance of 36 participants with OCD, 36 individuals with major depression disorder (MDD) and 36 healthy controls was assessed with the California Verbal Learning Test under three different experimental conditions: (1) single-task condition, (2) while simultaneously focusing on their thoughts (CSC condition), (3) while simultaneously focusing on external stimuli (dual-task condition).Results
Memory performance in the CSC condition and in the dual-task condition was reduced compared to single-task condition but no interaction effect was found.Limitations
It remains unclear whether CSC and other concepts with an inward self-referential focus of attention (e.g. rumination) differ in the way they influence cognitive performance.Conclusions
These results confirm the deteriorating influence of heightened CSC on verbal memory encoding but suggest that the effect is not specific to OCD. 相似文献14.
Sergi Valero Naia Sáez-Francàs Natalia Calvo José Alegre Miquel Casas 《Comprehensive psychiatry》2013
Objective
Previous studies have reported consistent associations between Neuroticism, maladaptive perfectionism and depression with severity of fatigue in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Depression has been considered a mediator factor between maladaptive perfectionism and fatigue severity, but no studies have explored the role of neuroticism in a comparable theoretical framework. This study aims to examine for the first time, the role of neuroticism, maladaptive perfectionism and depression on the severity of CFS, analyzing several explanation models.Methods
A sample of 229 CFS patients were studied comparing four structural equation models, testing the role of mediation effect of depression severity in the association of Neuroticism and/or Maladaptive perfectionism on fatigue severity.Results
The model considering depression severity as mediator factor between Neuroticism and fatigue severity is the only one of the explored models where all the structural modeling indexes have fitted satisfactorily (Chi square = 27.01, p = 0.079; RMSE = 0.047, CFI = 0.994; SRMR = 0.033). Neuroticism is associated with CFS by the mediation effect of depression severity. This personality variable constitutes a more consistent factor than maladaptive perfectionism in the conceptualization of CFS severity. 相似文献15.
Anna E. Coughtrey Roz Shafran S.J. Rachman 《Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry》2014
Background and objectives
It has recently been identified that feelings of contamination can arise in the absence of physical contact with a stimulus. This concept, known as ‘mental contamination’ has particular relevance to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in which compulsive cleaning is a common symptom presentation. Experimental studies have begun to examine the psychopathology of mental contamination. The aims of the two experiments reported here were to explore the evocation and spontaneous decay of mental contamination.Methods
In Experiment 1, a variant of the autobiographical memory task was used in which 40 non-clinical participants were asked to recall autobiographical memories associated with betrayal, harm, humiliation and violation of moral standards. In Experiment 2, 60 participants with moderate levels of mental contamination were asked to complete five short tasks designed to induce mental contamination, including recalling unwanted memories and images.Results
In both experiments, participants reported significant increases in mental contamination, anxiety, urges to wash and actual washing behaviour. In experiment 1, the effect of the induction decayed spontaneously. Experiment 2 found that re-evoking contamination and repeated washing led to the persistence of mental contamination.Limitations
The studies were conducted on non-clinical samples.Conclusions
These findings demonstrated that repeated triggers may be causally connected to the maintenance of mental contamination fears in non-clinical samples. 相似文献16.
Nuria Romero Alvaro Sanchez Carmelo Vazquez 《Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry》2014
Background and objectives
Cognitive models propose that depression is caused by dysfunctional schemas that endure beyond the depressive episode, representing vulnerability factors for recurrence. However, research testing negative cognitions linked to dysfunctional schemas in formerly depressed individuals is still scarce. Furthermore, negative cognitions are presumed to be linked to biases in recalling negative self-referent information in formerly depressed individuals, but no studies have directly tested this association.In the present study, we evaluated differences between formerly and never-depressed individuals in several experimental indices of negative cognitions and their associations with the recall of emotional self-referent material.Methods
Formerly (n = 30) and never depressed individuals (n = 40) completed measures of explicit (i.e., scrambled sentence test) and automatic (i.e., lexical decision task) processing to evaluate negative cognitions. Furthermore participants completed a self-referent incidental recall task to evaluate memory biases.Results
Formerly compared to never depressed individuals showed greater negative cognitions at both explicit and automatic levels of processing. Results also showed greater recall of negative self-referent information in formerly compared to never-depressed individuals. Finally, individual differences in negative cognitions at both explicit and automatic levels of processing predicted greater recall of negative self-referent material in formerly depressed individuals.Limitations
Analyses of the relationship between explicit and automatic processing indices and memory biases were correlational and the majority of participants in both groups were women.Conclusions
Our findings provide evidence of negative cognitions in formerly depressed individuals at both automatic and explicit levels of processing that may confer a cognitive vulnerability to depression. 相似文献17.
18.
S.M. Hatem L. Hu M. Ragé A. Gierasimowicz L. Plaghki D. Bouhassira N. Attal G.D. Iannetti A. Mouraux 《Clinical neurophysiology》2012,123(12):2437-2445
Objective
To assess the clinical usefulness of an automated analysis of event-related potentials (ERPs).Methods
Nociceptive laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) and non-nociceptive somatosensory electrically-evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded in 37 patients with syringomyelia and 21 controls. LEP and SEP peak amplitudes and latencies were estimated using a single-trial automated approach based on time-frequency wavelet filtering and multiple linear regression, as well as a conventional approach based on visual inspection.Results
The amplitudes and latencies of normal and abnormal LEP and SEP peaks were identified reliably using both approaches, with similar sensitivity and specificity. Because the automated approach provided an unbiased solution to account for average waveforms where no ERP could be identified visually, it revealed significant differences between patients and controls that were not revealed using the visual approach.Conclusion
The automated analysis of ERPs characterized reliably and objectively LEP and SEP waveforms in patients.Significance
The automated single-trial analysis can be used to characterize normal and abnormal ERPs with a similar sensitivity and specificity as visual inspection. While this does not justify its use in a routine clinical setting, the technique could be useful to avoid observer-dependent biases in clinical research. 相似文献19.
Elske Salemink Merel Kindt Henk Rienties Marcel van den Hout 《Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry》2014
Background and objectives
Previous research suggests that negative interpretation biases stimulate anxiety. As patients with an anxiety disorder tend to interpret ambiguous information negatively, it was hypothesised that training more positive interpretations reduces negative interpretation biases and emotional problems.Methods
In a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial, patients with different anxiety disorders were trained online over eight days to either generate positive interpretations of ambiguous social scenarios (n = 18) or to generate 50% positive and 50% negative interpretations in the placebo control condition (n = 18) (Study 1).Results
Positively trained patients made more positive interpretations and less negative ones than control patients. This training was followed by a decrease in anxiety, depression, and general psychological distress, but this effect was also observed in the control group. To get a better understanding of these unexpected results, we tested a 100% neutral placebo control group (Study 2, n = 19); now the scenarios described neutral, non-emotional situations and no valenced interpretations were generated. The results from this neutral group were comparable to the effects from the other control group.Limitations
An advantage, but potentially also a disadvantage of the study is that CBM-I training was performed online with less control over the procedures and setting. In addition, the scenarios were not matched to the specific concerns of each patient and the training sessions were performed in close proximity to one another.Conclusions
Compared to both control conditions, CBM-I had superior effects on interpretations, but not on emotions. The current findings showed the boundary conditions for CBM-I. 相似文献20.
Danielle Remmerswaal Jorg Huijding Samantha Bouwmeester Marlies Brouwer Peter Muris 《Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry》2014