苯吸入染毒大鼠致多组织器官氧化损伤作用

目的研究气态苯(106mg/m3)吸入染毒大鼠致组织器官氧化损伤作用,探讨苯对机体的脂质过氧化作用及机体的抗氧化损伤机制。方法通过建立气态苯动式吸入染毒大鼠的实验动物模型,连续染毒7d,每天4h;染毒结束后,采用分光光度法测定各组织器官(肺、脑、肝和外周血)中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSHPX)活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果苯吸入组大鼠肺、肝、脑组织及外周血均表现不同程度的氧化损伤,其中大鼠肺组织SOD活力,肝组织GSHPX和MDA及脑组织的MDA含量与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),外周血GSH、GsHPx和MDA及TS0D水平与对照组比较也表现增加趋势。结论推测苯可诱发大鼠机体发生一系列的氧化应激损伤,并且具有多器官性的特点。     

β-胡萝卜素对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞膜的保护作用

目的 探讨β—胡萝卜素对烹调油烟致大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)膜损伤的保护作用。方法 大鼠吸入烹调油烟，同时给予β—胡萝卜素，测定不同染毒时间后大鼠AM膜流动性及肺组织LPO含量。结果 烹调油烟可引起大鼠肺脂质过氧化，并降低AM膜流动性，而β—胡萝卜素能使染毒大鼠AM膜流动性明显升高，肺LPO含量明显下降。结论 β—胡萝卜素对烹调油烟致大鼠肺脂质过氧化及肺泡巨噬细胞膜损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

烹调胡麻油烟致大鼠的肺损伤

目的探讨食用胡麻油烟吸人对大鼠肺的损伤。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为染毒组和对照组,每组18只,再分别随机分为3个动态观察组,每组6只。染毒组动式吸入(44.44±18.68)mg/m3胡麻油烟,阴性对照组吸入新鲜的空气(20-22℃),分别观察染毒15、30、50 d时大鼠体重和肺组织病理改变,测定肺组织及血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及肺组织一氧化氮(NO)含量和氮氧化物合成酶(NOS)活性。结果胡麻油烟染毒组大鼠体重增量均降低,与阴性对照组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01),血清及肺组织匀浆SOD活性降低,MDA含量升高,肺组织中NO含量下降,NOS活性降低,与阴性对照组比较差异均具有显著性(P<0.05)。烹调胡麻油烟染毒组大鼠肺组织病理改变以炎症改变为主,尚有肺泡上皮腺样化生和鳞状化生,且随染毒时间延长,病理改变加重,尤以第30天时更为明显。阴性对照组无异常的改变。结论吸入烹调胡麻油烟可促进小鼠肺组织脂质过氧化并导致肺泡上皮腺样化生和鳞状化生等损伤。     

烹调胡麻油烟冷凝物对小鼠脂质过氧化和Cu,Zn,Fe,Ca的影响

目的观察烹调胡麻油烟冷凝物对小鼠体内脂质过氧化和Cu,Zn,Fe,Ca含量的影响。方法将50只昆明种小鼠随机分为5组,分别为低、中、高烹调胡麻油烟冷凝物组(剂量分别为2.5,5.0,10.0 ml/kg)、纯胡麻油组、阴性对照组(给予去离子水)。 经口灌胃染毒30 d,每日1次,观察小鼠肝、肺组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、维生素C(VitC)和肝组织中Cu,Zn,Fe,Ca含量变化。结果中、高剂量烹调胡麻油烟冷凝物组肝、肺组织匀浆中SOD活力、VitC含量及SOD/MDA值均分别明显低于纯胡麻油组和阴性对照组,MDA含量明显分别高于纯胡麻油组和阴性对照组;肝组织中Cu,Zn含量分别低于纯胡麻油组和阴性对照组,Fe、Ca含量分别高于纯胡麻油组和阴性对照组。结论烹调胡麻油烟冷凝物可致小鼠肝、肺组织脂质过氧化及肝组织中Cu,Zn含量降低,Fe,Ca含量增高。     

大鼠免疫性肝损伤的机制和低铁负荷的影响

目的　探讨超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)在免疫性肝损伤中的作用以及低铁负荷的影响。方法　通过放血或去铁胺 (DFO)处理 ,建立低铁动物模型 ;采用卡介苗加脂多糖诱导法复制免疫性肝损伤模型 ;检测血清铁 (SI)、转铁蛋白 (TRF)、总蛋白 (TP)含量及天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶 (AST)活性 ;检测肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量、SOD活性和铁 (HIC)的变化。结果　与空白对照组比较 ,DFO对照组、放血对照组和肝损伤组SI显著降低。除DFO组外 ,其它组的TRF均降低。与其相应对照组比较 ,各损伤组AST增高 ,TP均降低 ;DFO损伤组和放血损伤组AST活性增高的幅度和TP含量的降低的幅度均小于单纯肝损伤组。与对照组比较 ,DFO对照组及放血对照组MDA均显著降低 ;各损伤组与其相应对照组比较 ,MDA含量均增高 ,SOD活性均降低。结论　在免疫性肝损伤时 ,肝组织SOD活性降低 ,脂质过氧化产物清除障碍 ,是肝细胞损伤的主要原因之一。低铁对肝细胞有保护作用 ,可能是由于铁催化的脂质过氧化过程减弱的结果     

牛黄及胆红素对三氯乙烯染毒小鼠脂质过氧化的拮抗作用

目的研究牛黄、胆红素对三氯乙烯(TCE)染毒ICR小鼠所致的脂质过氧化的拮抗作用。方法用TCE灌胃染毒ICR小鼠制造脂质过氧化模型,然后分别以牛黄、胆红素灌胃,测定ICR小鼠肝、肾组织中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)。结果与阴性对照组比,TCE处理组肝、肾组织GSH Px、SOD、CAT活力降低,MDA含量增加,差异均有显著性(P<0.05);牛黄、胆红素染毒与TCE处理组比较,肝、肾组织GSH Px、SOD、CAT活力显著增强(P<0.05),脂质过氧化产物MDA含量减少。结论牛黄和胆红素均能较好地拮抗TCE所引起的ICR小鼠脂质过氧化。     

烹调油烟对肝组织的毒性探讨

烹调油烟是室内主要污染物之一,化学成分复杂,严重影响职业接触人群的健康。烹调油烟不仅作用于接触部位,而且能经肺泡吸收进入血液循环到达肝组织。因为肝脏是体内重要的代谢器官,食用油烟中的有害物质在肝脏代谢活化时,可能会产生肝毒性物质,从而对肝组织产生损伤作用。其主要表现为：肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性明显降低,脂质过氧化产物（MDA明显升高;肝组织中Zn、Cu、Fe、Ca等元素代谢紊乱。     

亚急性1,2-二氯乙烷染毒致小鼠肝组织氧化损伤的研究

本研究的目的是探讨亚急性1,2-二氯乙烷(1,2-DCE)中毒致肝脏氧化损伤情况,为阐明1,2-DCE中毒性肝损伤的机制提供参考依据。将昆明种小鼠随机分成对照组和不同剂量1,2-DCE染毒组(0.35、0.7、1.2 mg/L),采用静式吸入方式染毒1周;然后,取血和肝组织,分别检测血中总胆红素(TB)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)、GSH含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。结果中、高剂量染毒组小鼠的血浆中TB含量显著高于对照组小鼠;而中、高剂量染毒组小鼠的肝组织中GSH-Px活性和GSH含量及高剂量组的SOD活性显著低于对照组,高剂量染毒组小鼠的肝组织中MDA含量显著高于对照组。提示亚急性1,2-DCE中毒可引起肝组织的氧化性损伤。     

烹调油烟对肝组织损伤的实验研究

目的用烹调油烟对大鼠进行亚急性染毒观察肝组织病理形态改变,并通过测试肝细胞匀浆ＳＯＤ活性及ＭＤＡ含量的变化,探讨烹调油烟是否对肝组织具有损伤作用。方法采用动式吸入烹调油烟浓度为４０ｍｇ／ｍ３为染毒组,吸入加热的空气（２４℃～２８℃）为阴性对照组,每组动物１８只,分三个时相（２０、４０、６０天）观察ＨＥ染色肝组织病理形态改变、检测肝细胞匀浆ＳＯＤ活性和ＭＤＡ含量。结果烹调油烟染毒组肝组织病理形态改变以小灶性坏死为主;烹调油烟可使肝细胞匀浆ＳＯＤ活性明显低于阴性对照组（Ｐ＜００１）,ＭＤＡ含量明显高于阴性对照组（Ｐ＜００１）。结论烹调油烟可引起肝组织损伤,同时引起肝细胞匀浆ＳＯＤ活性降低及ＭＤＡ含量增高。     

二硫化碳在体外对人血管内皮细胞脂质过氧化的影响

目的　探讨二硫化碳 (CS2 )对人血管内皮细胞脂质过氧化的影响。方法　采用细胞培养方法 ,观察CS2 染毒 ( 0 ,0 1,10 0mmol/L)对人血管内皮细胞株ECV3 40细胞MDA、SOD、NO的影响。结果　CS2染毒组 ( 0 1,10mmol/L)MDA明显高于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1) ,并且MDA含量随着CS2 染毒浓度的升高而升高 ;CS2 染毒可使SOD活性改变 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其中 0 1mmol/L染毒组SOD活性升高 ,10mmol/L染毒组SOD活性降低 ;0 1mmol/LCS2 染毒后NO水平显著升高 ,与其它两组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。结论　CS2 可致血管内皮细胞脂质过氧化。     

Bioaccumulation,metabolism, and effects of DDT,fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos onSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae accumulated DDT, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos rapidly from yeast glucose medium. The maximum concentrations of DDT, fenitrothion, and chlorpyrifos accumulated were 8,253, 18,960 and 11,579 g/g (dry wt), respectively. The pattern of accumulation was similar for all insecticides. The bioconcentration factor was inversely proportional to insecticide solubilities.Saccharomyces metabolized the three insecticides, but only two metabolites of DDT (DDD and DDE) were identified. Protoplast cultures were more sensitive to DDT and fenitrothion compared to normal cultures but were less sensitive to chlorpyrifos. Both the normal and protoplast cultures recovered from the toxic effect after 24 hr.     

Risk, efficacy, and seeking of general, breast, and prostate cancer information

The authors investigated the independent and interactive effects of perceived risk and perceived efficacy on seeking of general, breast, and prostate cancer information. Analysis of the 2003 Health Information National Trend Survey indicates that perceived absolute risk and perceived response efficacy have generally independent-rather than interactive-effects on cancer information seeking. The influence of perceived absolute risk on prostate cancer information seeking appears to be moderated by perceived relative risk. When perceived relative risk is low, perceived absolute risk has no effect on prostate cancer information seeking; when perceived relative risk is high, perceived absolute risk exerts a significant positive influence on prostate cancer information seeking. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications.     

Risk,Efficacy, and Seeking of General,Breast, and Prostate Cancer Information

The authors investigated the independent and interactive effects of perceived risk and perceived efficacy on seeking of general, breast, and prostate cancer information. Analysis of the 2003 Health Information National Trend Survey indicates that perceived absolute risk and perceived response efficacy have generally independent—rather than interactive—effects on cancer information seeking. The influence of perceived absolute risk on prostate cancer information seeking appears to be moderated by perceived relative risk. When perceived relative risk is low, perceived absolute risk has no effect on prostate cancer information seeking; when perceived relative risk is high, perceived absolute risk exerts a significant positive influence on prostate cancer information seeking. The authors discuss the theoretical and practical implications.     

Water,sanitation, and hygiene in schools: Status and implications of low coverage in Ethiopia,Kenya, Mozambique,Rwanda, Uganda,and Zambia

Adequate access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) in schools impacts health, educational outcomes, and gender disparities. Little multi-country research has been published on WaSH in rural schools in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this multi-national cross-sectional WaSH study, we document WaSH access, continuity, quality, quantity, and reliability in 2270 schools that were randomly sampled in rural regions of six Sub-Saharan African countries: Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia. Data collection included: school WaSH surveys containing internationally established WaSH indicators, direct observation, and field- and laboratory-based microbiological water quality testing. We found 1% of rural schools in Ethiopia and Mozambique to 23% of rural schools in Rwanda had improved water sources on premises, improved sanitation, and water and soap for handwashing. Fewer than 23% of rural schools in the six countries studied met the World Health Organization’s recommended student-to-latrine ratios for boys and for girls. Fewer than 20% were observed to have at least four of five recommended menstrual hygiene services (separate-sex latrines with doors and locks, water for use, waste bin). The low access to safe and adequate WaSH services in rural schools suggest opportunities for WaSH interventions that could have substantive impact on health, education, and gender disparities.     

Analysis of protein amino acids,non-protein amino acids and metabolites,dietary protein,glucose, fructose,sucrose, phenolic,and flavonoid content and antioxidative properties of potato tubers,peels, and cortexes (pulps)

The composition and antioxidative activity of whole potato tubers from five Korean cultivars, three peels from one cultivar, and eight pulps (cortexes) after peeling from six different cultivars were evaluated. Whole tubers were sectioned into three parts followed by analysis of the peels and pulps of each part. The following characteristics were determined: the dimensions and water content of whole tubers; nutritional protein content consisting of protein and free amino acids by an automated Kjeldahl nitrogen assay; free non-protein amino acids, metabolites, and fructose, glucose, and sucrose content by HPLC; phenolic compounds by HPLC and LC/MS; total phenolics and flavonoids by colorimetry; and antioxidative properties by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. The results demonstrate differences and similarities in the content of nutritional and bioactive compounds and in their bioactivities from whole potatoes, peels, and pulps. The present study reports for the first time the analysis of multiple potato nutrients and bioactive components as well the antioxidative properties of whole potatoes, peels, and pulps derived from the same tubers. The described methods are expected to facilitate the analysis of commercial and newly-developed potato cultivars, peels, and pulps and relate their composition and antioxidative activities to their reported nutritional, health-promoting, and industrial properties.     

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to treatment and prevention of cholera, Haiti, 2010

In response to the recent cholera outbreak, a public health response targeted high-risk communities, including resource-poor communities in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. A survey covering knowledge and practices indicated that hygiene messages were received and induced behavior change, specifically related to water treatment practices. Self-reported household water treatment increased from 30.3% to 73.9%.