CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞和肿瘤免疫

近期研究发现一个有独特免疫调节功能的T细胞亚群：CD4^ CD25^ 调节性T细胞，不仅能抑制自身免疫性疾病发生，还可能参与肿瘤免疫的调节。这群细胞具有免疫无能和免疫抑制特性，通过与细胞直接接触发挥作用，而不依赖于其分泌的细胞因子。肿瘤环境中CD4^ CD25^ 调节性T细胞比例增加，导致肿瘤免疫失调，去除这群细胞可有效诱导肿瘤免疫，为肿瘤治疗提供了一种新的方法。     

CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞与移植免疫耐受

调节性T细胞是机体维持自身耐受的重要组成部分.CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞以持续高表达CD25为特征,可通过细胞间直接接触或分泌TGF-β、IL-10来发挥抑制功能.它广泛参与自身免疫耐受、肿瘤免疫、移植免疫.现就其发育、特性、发挥功能的机制以及在移植免疫耐受中的作用和应用前景作一综述.     

CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞研究进展

CD4^ CD25^ 调节性T细胞是调节性T细胞的亚群之一，主要来源于胸腺，具有多种独特的特征，包括可识别自身抗原肽、分泌抑制性细胞因子等。其功能是通过抑制自身反应性T细胞的免疫反应、抑制传统T细胞的活化以及促进一些抑制性细胞因子的分泌等，在维持机体内环境的稳定、肿瘤免疫监测、诱导移植耐受以及自身免疫性疾病的发生中发挥重要作用。     

Foxp3和CD4^＋ CD25^＋ 调节性T细胞研究进展

调节性T细胞是机体维持自身耐受的重要组成部分，其对免疫反应具有抑制效应，在体外增殖能力低，在免疫病理、移植物耐受、阻止自身免疫反应和维持机体免疫平衡方面都有一定作用。最近发现Foxp3在调控调节性T细胞的一重要亚群CD4^ CD25^ 细胞的发育上起很重要的作用。本文就CD4^ CD25^ 细胞特性、Foxp3在其发育和功能发挥中的作用以及其活性调节方面作一综述。     

OD4^＋ CD25^＋调节性T细胞参与肿瘤免疫逃逸的研究进展

CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞（regulatory T cells,Treg）是机体行使负性免疫调节的重要载体,在生理病理的诸多方面都有重要意义.本文旨就其与肿瘤的关联、介导逃逸的机制、细胞来源以及可能的临床运用作一综述.     

Naturally Occurring Self-Reactive CD4^＋CD25^＋ Regulatory T Cells： Universal Immune Code

Naturally occurring thymus-arisen CD4^＋CD25^＋ regulatory T （Treg） cells are considered to play a central role in self-tolerance. Precise signals that promote the development of Treg cells remain elusive, but considerable evidence suggests that costimulatory molecules, cytokines, the nature of the TCR and the niche or the context in which the T cell encounters antigen in the thymus play important roles. Analysis of TCR from Treg cells has demonstrated that a large proportion of this population has a higher avidity to self-antigen in comparison with TCR from CD4^＋CD25^＋ cells and that peripheral antigen is required for their development, maintenance, or expansion. Treg cells have been shown to undergo expansion in the periphery, likely regulated by the presence of self-antigen. Many studies have shown that the involvement of Treg cells in the tolerance induction is antigen-specific, even with MHC-mismatched, in transplantation/graft versus host disease （GVHD）, autoimmunity, cancer, and pregnancy. Theses studies concluded a vital role for self-reactive Treg cells in maintenance of the body integrity. Based on those studies, we hypothesize that self-reactive Treg cells are shared among all healthy individuals and recognize same self-antigens and their TCR encodes for few dominant antigens of each organ which defines the healthy self. These dominant self antigens can be regarded as ＂universal immune code＂. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology.     

CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞及其功能

CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞亚群具有免疫调节功能，是机体内调节性T细胞（regulatory T cells，Tr）的主要类型，于1995年首次由Sakaguchi等提出。CD4^＋CD25^＋Tr的免疫学特点是免疫无反应性和免疫抑制性，可以通过下调机体的免疫应答维持对自身和非自身抗原的免疫耐受，CD4^＋CD25^＋Tr数量低下和功能紊乱可导致多种自身免疫性疾病，另外，它们在某些严重的炎症性疾病和下调肿瘤免疫应答中也起重要作用。对这类细胞生物特性的深入研究将有助于我们对临床有关疾病机制的理解及新型治疗策略的制定。     

CD4^＋CD25^＋T细胞：一类新被认识的免疫调节细胞

CD4^ CD25^ T细胞是最近才被认识的一类免疫调节细胞，在胸腺产生，主要发挥抑制性免疫调节功能，表达IL-10mRNA，细胞表面表达IL-2受体α链(CD25)，本身不产生IL-2，但在体内、外增殖需要外源性IL-2，在体外为无能细胞(anergy cell)，CD4^ CD25^ T细胞发挥免疫抑制作用是通过细胞-细胞接触依赖方式而非细胞因子依赖方式，CD4^ CD25^ T细胞在调控自身免疫性疾病的发生、炎症反应和T细胞稳态中发挥重要作用。本文拟对CD4^ CD25^ T细胞的生物学特性及其应用研究的最新进展作一综述。     

CD4+CD25+T调节细胞的研究进展

CD4 CD25 TH细胞通过抗原特异性方式或细胞接触的方式抑制自身反应性T细胞的活化,能有效地维持自身免疫耐受,是调节自身反应性T细胞和防止自身免疫病发生的重要调节细胞。     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞在肿瘤免疫中的作用

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Tr)是体内自然发生的调节性T细胞的重要亚群,具有无反应性和免疫抑制两大特性,主要通过与靶细胞的直接接触而起作用,其在体内不仅参与自身免疫性疾病、移植排斥反应等,还在肿瘤的发生、发展及免疫治疗中发挥重要作用.近几年来,Tr在肿瘤免疫中的作用倍受关注.     

In vivo depletion of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in cats

To establish a characterized model of regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion in the cat we assessed the kinetics of depletion and rebound in peripheral and central lymphoid compartments after treatment with anti-CD25 antibody as determined by cell surface markers and FOXP3 mRNA expression. An 82% decrease in circulating CD4+CD25+ Tregs was observed by day 11 after treatment. CD4+CD25+ cells were also reduced in the thymus (69%), secondary lymphoid tissues (66%), and gut (67%). Although CD4+CD25+ cells rebound by day 35 post-treatment, FOXP3 levels remain depressed suggesting anti-CD25 antibody treatment has a sustainable diminutive effect on the Treg population. To determine whether CD25+ Treg depletion strategies also deplete activated CD25+ effector cells, cats were immunized with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) p24-GST recombinant protein, allowing them to develop a measurable memory response, prior to depletion with anti-CD25 antibody. Anti-FIV p24-GST effector cell activity in peripheral blood after depletion was sustained as determined by antigen-specific T cell proliferation and humoral responses against FIV p24-GST with an ELISA for antigen-specific feline IgG. Furthermore, development of an anti-mouse response in Treg-depleted cats was similar to control levels indicating the retained capacity to respond to a novel antigen. We conclude that despite alterations in CD25+ cell levels during depletion, the feline immune system remains functional. We demonstrate here a model for the study of disease pathogenesis in the context of reduced numbers of immunosuppressive CD4+CD25+ Tregs throughout the feline immune system.     

Vasoactive intestinal peptide generates CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in vivo

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells control the immune response to a variety of antigens, including self-antigens, and several models support the idea of the peripheral expansion of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells. Although hormones such as estrogen and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone have been recently reported to expand the CD4+CD25+ Foxp3-expressing Treg cell compartment, little is known about the endogenous factors and mechanisms controlling the peripheral expansion of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells. In this study, we report on the capacity of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), an immunosuppressive neuropeptide, to induce functional Treg cells in vivo. The administration of VIP together with specific antigen to T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic (Tg) mice results in the expansion of the CD4+CD25+, Foxp-3/neuropilin 1-expressing T cells, which inhibit responder T cell proliferation through direct cellular contact. In addition to the increase in the number of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells, VIP induces more efficient suppressors on a per-cell basis. The VIP-generated CD4+CD25+ Treg cells transfer suppression, inhibit delayed-type hypersensitivity in TCR-Tg hosts, and prevent graft-versus-host disease in irradiated hosts reconstituted with allogeneic bone marrow.     

Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells

In this report, we review studies of human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (T-reg). Although lagging a few years behind the discovery of these cells in the mouse, the equivalent population of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells has also been isolated from human peripheral blood, thymus, lymph nodes and cord blood. In general, the characteristics of this T cell subset are strikingly similar between mouse and man. In the recent explosion of research reports on human CD4+CD25+ cells, although the majority of the characteristics ascribed to these cells appear to be consistent, contrasting results have been found primarily in regards to potential involvement of TGFbeta and production of IL-10. One explanation for this variability may reside in the fact that markedly different techniques are used to isolate human CD4+CD25+ T-reg cells and thus may result in the comparison of T-reg populations that differ in cellular composition and/or activation state. Another potential explanation for differences in human T-reg function may rest on the extreme variability of the culture conditions and TCR stimuli that have been used to test the functional properties of these cells in vitro. The strength of the TCR signal provided to the culture greatly affects the functional outcome of the co-culture and can result in the difference between suppression and full activation. Surprisingly, it appears that stronger stimulation has a greater and more rapid effect on the T-resp cell than on the T-reg cell as it causes T-resp cells to quickly become resistant to suppression. Thus, the details of in vitro culture conditions may at least partially account for disparate findings in regard to the functional characterization of human CD4+CD25+ cells. Here we review the evidence regarding the identification of human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and their possible mechanism(s) of function.     

Phenotypic characterization of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells in rats

CD25 has become widely used as a marker for a subset of regulatory CD4(+) T cells present in the thymus and periphery of mice, rats and humans. However, CD25 is also expressed on conventionally activated T cells that are not regulatory and not all peripheral regulatory T cells express CD25. The identification of a stable and unique marker for regulatory T cells would therefore be valuable. This study provides a detailed account of the phenotype of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in rats. In the thymus, CD4(+)CD8(-)CD25(+) cells were found to have a more mature phenotype than the corresponding CD4(+)CD8(-)CD25(-) cells with respect to expression of Thy1 (CD90), CD53 and CD44, suggesting that CD25 expression, and perhaps commitment to regulatory function, might be a late event in thymocyte development. CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in both the thymus and periphery were found to have enriched and heterogeneous expression of activation markers such as OX40 (CD134) and OX48 (an antibody determined in this study to be specific for CD86). CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells were also found to have enriched expression of CD80, at both the mRNA and protein level. However, functional studies in vitro and in vivo showed that neither OX40 or CD86 were useful markers for the further subdivision of regulatory T cells. Our studies indicate that, at present, CD25 remains the most useful marker to enrich for regulatory CD4(+) T cells in rats and no further subdivision of the regulatory component of CD4(+)CD25(-)CD45RC(low) T cells has yet been achieved.     

CD25+ regulatory T cells and tumor immunity

Tumor cells express a range of antigens including self-antigens (those whose expression is shared by normal host tissue) and non-self antigens (such as those that arise as a result of mutations in normal cellular genes or in the case of some tumors, viral antigens). Immune responses to both types of antigen have been identified in human patients with cancer and in murine tumor models. In both cases, these responses are typically weak and generally fail to result in tumor rejection. Accumulating evidence indicates that a population of T cells, namely CD25(+) regulatory cells, is at least partly responsible for the poor immunogenicity of tumor cells. This evidence is discussed in the context of a murine model of melanoma.     

CD4~+CD25~+T细胞在CD8~+T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用

实验旨在研究CD4+CD25+T细胞在CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中的调节作用。将小鼠脾脏中分离的单个核细胞分为两组,即去除CD4+CD25+T细胞组和未去除CD4+CD25+T细胞组,测定树突状细胞提呈的肿瘤抗原多肽刺激不同T细胞增殖活性、细胞因子IFN-γ分泌,以及多肽特异性CD8+T细胞对同源性胃癌细胞株MFC的杀伤活性。结果显示预先去除未致敏T细胞中的CD4+CD25+T细胞,所诱导的特异性CD8+CTL对肿瘤细胞免疫应答增强,表现为反应性T细胞对树突状细胞提呈的肿瘤抗原多肽增殖反应增强,IFN-γ分泌量提高及CD8+T细胞对MFC杀伤活性增强。这些结果表明,预先去除未致敏T细胞中的CD4+CD25+T细胞,肿瘤抗原多肽修饰的树突状细胞肿瘤疫苗效能可明显增加。CD4+CD25+T细胞在CD8+T细胞抗肿瘤免疫中起下调作用。