快速填充型肝血管瘤与肝细胞癌的CT鉴别诊断

目的:通过动态CT扫描鉴别快速填充型肝血管瘤(HCH)与肝细胞癌(HCC)。方法:回顾性分析并比较动脉期呈均匀强化的11例HCH(13个病灶)和38例HCC(45个病灶)的动态CT表现,包括病灶大小、平扫密度值(AV)、动脉期密度增加值(EV)、动脉-门静脉(A-P)分流及假包膜出现率、门静脉期及延迟期的强化特点。结果:HCH病灶的动脉期EV、A-P分流及假包膜出现率分别为(112.31±25.17)HU、30.8%和0%,HCC的分别为(50.76±14.62)HU、2.2%和24.4%,两者差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);门静脉期,13个HCH病灶有8个呈高密度、5个呈等密度,45个HCC病灶4个呈高密度、12个呈等密度、29个呈低密度,两者差异有显著性意义;延迟期,13个HCH病灶2个呈高密度、11个呈等密度,35个HCC病灶3个呈等密度、32个呈低密度,两者差异亦有显著性意义(P<0.05);而HCH和HCC的病灶大小、平扫AV的差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:综合病灶的动脉期EV、A-P分流及假包膜出现率、门静脉期及延迟期的病灶强化特点,CT动态扫描可以对动脉期呈均匀强化的HCH和HCC进行有效的鉴别诊断。     

肝脏淋巴瘤:动态增强CT的诊断价值

目的 探讨肝脏淋巴瘤的CT表现、血液动力学特征及其病理基础.资料与方法 搜集经手术病理证实的11例肝脏淋巴瘤患者的CT与病理资料,复习CT结果并与病理作回顾性对照分析.结果 11例肝脏淋巴瘤中8例为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,3例为霍奇金淋巴瘤.共发现18个病灶,位于肝脏左叶7个,右叶5个,肝门区5个,尾状叶1个.病灶呈类圆形14个,地图形4个.15个病灶位于门静脉左右支邻近,3个位于肝脏周边.肝内病灶直径2.1～16.5 cm,平均5.7 cm.CT平扫肝内病灶密度均匀,动脉期呈轻至中度均匀强化,门静脉期呈中度均匀强化.各期CT值分别为平扫21.8-32.2 HU(平均26.1 HU),动脉期24.9-47.3 HU(平均32.6 HU),门静脉期36.4-63.7 HU(平均53.1 HU).4例病灶内可见形态正常的肝脏血管.肝门病灶表现为肝门静脉周围软组织影,包绕但不压迫门静脉.结论 肝脏淋巴瘤好发于门静脉左右支邻近或位于汇管区,肿瘤密实,CT平扫密度相对均匀,坏死区较小.动态增强呈进行性轻至中度延迟强化,强化相对均匀,部分病灶内可见形态正常的肝脏血管.     

周围型肝内胆管细胞癌的动态螺旋CT诊断

目的:探讨周围型肝内胆管细胞癌(PICC)的螺旋CT平扫和动态增强特征。方法:回顾性分析经手术或穿刺病理证实的周围型胆管细胞癌13例,男5例,女8例,年龄38~72岁(平均58岁),全部病例均行平扫和增强扫描。结果:13例中,平扫7例病灶呈圆形、类圆形,6例呈分叶状及不规则形低密度影。肝内胆管扩张11例,肝内胆管结石5例,肝叶萎缩5例,局部肝轮廓凹陷4例。增强扫描,强化方式大致分为三种:①5例动脉期、门静脉期及延迟期不均匀强化,无渐进及向心性强化。②3例动脉期边缘强化,门脉期及延迟期渐进性向心性强化。③5例动脉期强化不明显,门脉期及延迟期肿瘤全体逐渐强化,强化表现:病灶不均匀强化,或呈线样或网格样,周边呈环样或条索样强化。结论:肝内胆管细胞癌的螺旋CT表现具有一定程度的特征性。     

肝脏上皮样血管内皮瘤的CT和MRI表现

目的 总结肝脏上皮样血管内皮瘤(HEHE)的CT和MRI表现.方法 搜集经手术或穿刺活检后病理证实的HEHE 11例,所有的病例均行CT检查,其中5例行CT平扫及双期增强扫描(动脉期+门静脉期),其他6例行CT平扫及三期增强扫描(动脉期+门静脉期+延迟期).11例中有5例加做MRI平扫及动态增强扫描.回顾性分析病变的生长方式、分布特点、密度(信号)特点、强化方式及邻近组织情况.结果 11例均表现为肝内多发病灶,大部分病灶位于肝包膜下,根据生长方式分为三型:结节型(5例),匍匐生长型(1例)和混合型(5例).CT平扫,病灶均呈低密度,直径＞2 cm的病灶内见类圆形更低密度.MRI平扫:病灶呈T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号,直径＞2 cm的病灶信号不均匀(T1WI内见更低信号,T2WI内见更高信号).其他影像学征象包括“棒棒糖征”(6例)、包膜退缩征(6例).增强扫描:病灶直径＜1 cm的表现为轻度较均匀强化;病灶直径为1～2 cm主要表现为轻度较均匀强化;病灶直径＞2 cm的多为不均匀渐进性强化.结论 HEHE的CT和MRI表现具有一定的特征性,其强化方式与病灶的大小相关.     

肝腺瘤的螺旋CT表现

目的探讨肝腺瘤的螺旋CT表现。方法结合文献回顾性分析临床病理确诊的9例10个肝腺瘤的螺旋CT平扫和增强三期扫描(动脉期、门脉期和延迟期)的表现。结果9例10个肝腺瘤的平扫及增强螺旋CT表现如下:病变边界光滑清晰,无明显分叶。位于肝右叶7个,左叶3个。平扫呈等密度1个,均匀略低密度4个,不均匀低密度2个,混杂密度3个。4个病灶周围环以低密度假包膜,包膜完全2个,不完全2个。2个病灶诊断为急性出血,1个为亚急性出血,4个病灶中心可见坏死,2个病灶内可见脂肪变性。增强扫描:动脉期病灶除出血、坏死和脂肪变性部分呈均匀明显强化8个,有2个病灶肿瘤实质部分呈不均匀强化。门脉期和延迟期病灶呈等密度或略低密度。4个病灶周围包膜平扫和动脉期呈低密度,门脉期或延迟期呈轻度强化。结论螺旋CT特别是三期增强扫描对肝腺瘤的定性诊断及鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

肝局灶性结节增生的CT表现与病理对照分析

目的：总结分析肝脏局灶性结节增生（FNH）的平扫和多期增强扫描的CT表现,探讨其诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析18例（21个病灶）经病理证实的FNH的平扫及三期增强CT表现。结果：CT平扫21个病灶中7个病灶呈均匀低密度,14个呈不均匀低密度。增强扫描动脉期除中央疤痕外,19个病灶有明显均匀强化、1个中等不均匀强化、1个轻度不均匀强化,6个病灶还可见病灶中心或周边增粗、扭曲的动脉影;门脉期和延迟期扫描显示10个病灶呈略高密度,6个病灶呈等密度,5个病灶呈略低密度。平扫显示7个病灶伴有中央星状疤痕者,多期增强CT显示15个病灶有中央疤痕并于平衡期出现延迟强化。结论：CT检查能较全面显示FNH的病理特征和血供特点,FNHCT平扫为低密度,增强扫描以＂快进慢出＂为主要特征。     

婴儿型肝脏血管内皮瘤的影像诊断

目的 总结婴儿型肝脏血管内皮细胞瘤的临床与影像学表现. 资料与方法 回顾性分析6例婴儿型肝脏血管内皮细胞瘤的临床与影像学表现,所有的病例均经穿刺病理证实.5例行CT扫描,1例行MRI平扫. 结果 CT平扫表现为肝内低密度灶,1例出现钙化,增强扫描动脉期肿瘤均呈不均匀环形强化,4例中央部位出现结节样强化;门静脉期全部病例由周边向中心强化,强化范围扩大;延迟期病灶密度稍高于或等于正常肝实质.1例MR表现为肝内多发结节,T1WI低信号,T2WI高信号,增强扫描动脉期部分结节呈环形强化,部分结节呈全瘤均匀强化,延迟期全部结节呈全瘤强化. 结论 本病的CT与MRI表现有一定的特征性,有助于诊断本病.     

螺旋CT与MRI对肝脏局灶性结节增生的诊断价值

目的分析肝脏局灶性结节增生(FNH)平扫和动态增强的螺旋CT、MRI表现,提高FNH诊断符合率。方法对15例经手术病理证实的FNH影像学表现进行回顾分析。结果8例CT平扫病灶呈低密度或等密度。增强动脉期扫描除中心瘢痕外,所有病灶均有明显均匀强化,其中3例还可见到病灶中心或周边增粗、扭曲的动脉。门脉期和延迟期扫描4例呈略高密度、2例病灶呈等密度或略低密度,2例伴有中心瘢痕者均有延迟强化。MRI检查9例,病灶均呈不均匀略长或等T1及T2信号,增强动脉呈明显强化,门脉期及延迟期呈等或略高强化。结论平扫和动态增强螺旋CT、MRI能较全面显示FNH的病理特征和血供特点,明显地提高与其他富血管恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断能力。     

原发性肝类癌的CT及MRI表现

目的 探讨原发性肝类癌的CT及MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析2003年12月至2008年11月间11例经手术病理证实的原发性肝类癌患者资料.4例行CT检查,8例行MRI检查,分析其影像表现特征.结果 11例中肿瘤多发2例,表现为2个或2个以上的结节状病灶,其余9例均为单发.CT检查4例患者病灶均表现为平扫边界清楚低密度,中心可见不规则更低密度区;增强后动脉期病灶实质部分不均匀强化,中心更低密度区无强化,门静脉期及延迟期病灶边缘仍轻度强化,强化程度较动脉期减低,中心坏死区始终无强化.MRI 8例患者中7例T_1WI表现为边界清楚的不均匀低信号,T_2WI病灶呈高信号,中心可见不规则低信号;增强后动脉期病灶边缘不均匀强化,病灶中心可见不规则无强化低信号区,门静脉期及延迟期病灶边缘仍轻度强化,边缘显示不清,病灶中心无强化低信号区范围较动脉期缩小.1例患者T_1WI表现为边界清楚的囊状低信号影,囊内可见高信号,T_2WI病灶呈高信号;增强后动脉期病灶边缘不均匀强化,门静脉期及延迟期呈低信号.结论 平扫和动态增强CT扫描及MRI能反映原发性肝类癌的影像特点,具有一定特征性.     

螺旋CT多期扫描诊断肝脏局灶性结节增生研究

目的 探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生(FNH)的螺旋CT平扫和多期增强扫描表现特征,以提高CT对FNH的诊断准确性.资料与方法 回顾性分析16例经病理证实的FNH患者螺旋CT平扫及动脉期、门静脉期、延迟期增强扫描的资料.结果 16例患者16个FNH病灶中,平扫显示所有病灶均为略低密度,位于肝包膜下,其中14个可见更低密度瘢痕,从病灶中心向周围呈辐射状或不规则状.肿块实质呈"快进慢出"强化,中心瘢痕及辐射状分隔、假包膜"延迟强化",延迟期整个肿块密度趋于均匀一致.结论 平扫和多期增强螺旋CT扫描能全面显示FNH的病理特征及血流动力学特点,螺旋CT多期扫描有助于FNH的诊断及鉴别诊断.     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）