术前临床指标对肝细胞癌患者微血管侵犯分级的预测价值

目的 通过对根治性肝切除患者术前临床指标综合分析构建术前预测模型,预测肝细胞癌（HCC）患者是否合并微血管侵犯（MVI）,并验证其预测效能。方法 对2017年3月至2022年6月在南京鼓楼医院肝胆外科收治的579例肝切除HCC患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,根据手术时间顺序分为模型组279例和验证组300例。采用单因素与多因素Logistic回归分析术前临床指标影响MVI分级的独立危险因素,并建立预测评分模型,通过ROC曲线判断MVI的诊断价值,并在验证组中进行独立验证。结果多因素Logistic回归分析显示,肿瘤最大径>5 cm(OR=8.356,95%CI 3.950～17.675,P<0.001)、肿瘤数目为多个（OR=8.652,95%CI 3.213～23.302,P<0.001）、肿瘤包膜强化（OR=4.636,95%CI 2.266～9.483,P<0.001）及AFP>400μg/L(OR=8.938,95%CI 4.182～19.105,P<0.001)为MVI分级的独立危险因素。根据Logistic回归分析结果构建预测模型,ROC曲...     

心脏瓣膜置换患者术后急性肾损伤风险预测模型的建立与验证

目的建立心脏瓣膜置换术后急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)的风险预测模型并进行验证。方法选择2016年1月1日至2021年12月31日在徐州市中心医院接受心脏瓣膜置换术的患者为研究对象, 采用Logistic回归模型筛选患者发生AKI的独立危险因素, 并建立列线图预测模型。采用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)、校准曲线及决策曲线分析法(DCA)对预测模型进行验证。结果共619例心脏瓣膜置换患者入选本研究, 其中术后发生AKI 74例(11.95%)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示, 高龄(OR=3.826, 95%CI 2.267～6.458)、合并高血压(OR=2.376, 95%CI 1.162～4.861)、体外循环时间延长(OR=1.049, 95%CI 1.024～1.074)、血白细胞计数升高(OR=1.066, 95%CI 1.027～1.106)、血小板计数降低(OR=0.994, 95%CI 0.990～0.997)及淋巴细胞比例降低(OR=0.873, 95%CI 0.774～0.985)是心脏瓣膜置换患者术后发生AKI的独立危险...     

产后慢性腰痛的预测模型建立及验证

目的 构建产后慢性腰痛的预测模型并进行验证。方法 选取2019年3月～2021年3月于本院生产的产妇147例为建模组,2021年4月～2022年4月生产的产妇56例为验证组。对建模组的临床资料进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,构建预测模型;采用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)及Hosmer-Lemeshow检验验证模型的区分度和校准度,并在验证组中验证模型的预测价值。结果 建模组产后慢性腰痛41例,发生率为27.89%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,生育次数(OR=2.860,95%CI:1.050～7.778)、分娩方式(OR=2.844,95%CI:1.279～6.321)、孕期体质量增加(OR=2.604,95%CI:1.043～6.498)、妊娠期间腰痛史(OR=3.571,95%CI:1.608～7.933)为产后慢性腰痛的影响因素(P<0.05)。据此构建产后慢性腰痛的预测模型如下：■生育次数-1.045×分娩方式-0.957×孕期体质量增加-1.273×妊娠期间腰痛史。ROC曲线分...     

女性良性乳腺结节增长的危险因素分析及列线图预测模型的构建

目的 分析影响良性乳腺结节增长的相关因素,建立列线图预测模型并进行验证。方法 选取2021年1月～2022年1月在我院进行治疗的女性良性乳腺结节患者为研究对象,根据有无发生结节增长将患者分为增长组和未增长组;通过Logistic回归分析筛选结节增长的危险因素,构建列线图预测模型;采用受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC curve)和校准图验证模型的区分度以及一致性。结果 本研究中424例良性乳腺结节患者有182例出现结节增长,发生率为42.92%。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄<50岁(OR=1.015)、多发结节(OR=1.864)、囊性结节(OR=2.130)、对侧有结节(OR=1.705)、结节最大直径<8 mm(OR=2.411)、血小板计数升高(OR=3.206)均为影响结节增长的危险因素(P<0.05)。基于以上危险因素建立预测良性乳腺结节增长风险的列线图模型,ROC曲线显示,建模组和验证组预测良性乳腺结节增长风险的模型AUC分别为0.725(95%CI:0.674～0.7...     

围术期患者因素和麻醉方式对再次剖宫产术中出血风险的影响

目的通过回顾性病例数据分析,探讨围术期患者因素和麻醉方式对再次剖宫产术中出血风险的影响。方法通过检索医院电子病历系统,搜集我院2015年10月至2017年10月再次剖宫产产妇2 442例的临床病历资料,年龄20～45岁,BMI 18～40 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ—Ⅳ级。剖宫产常规采用椎管内麻醉,全麻仅用于患者强烈要求、椎管内麻醉禁忌或失败等情况。根据术中出血标准分为明显出血组(MH组,n=494)和非明显出血组(NMH组,n=1948)。记录产妇的术前、术中和术后的资料。应用Logistic回归分析筛选术中出血的危险因素。采用倾向性匹配分析比较全麻组(GA组,n=141)与非全麻组(NGA组,n=141)术中明显出血发生率、新生儿窒息和住院时间。结果 MH组的术中出血量明显大于NMH组(P0.05)。Logistic回归结果显示再次剖宫产术中出血的危险因素包括:前置胎盘(OR=38.269,95%CI 15.970～91.706,P0.001),宫缩乏力(OR=10.047,95%CI6.155～16.399,P0.001),胎盘粘连(OR=5.045,95%CI 3.146～8.089,P0.001),全麻(OR=2.922,95%CI 1.521～5.614,参考组:非全麻,P0.001)等。倾向性匹配结果显示,GA组术中明显出血发生率明显高于NGA组(P0.05), 1 min新生儿窒息率明显明显高于NGA组(P0.05),住院时间明显长于NGA组(P0.05)。结论再次剖宫产术中出血的风险因素包括前置胎盘、宫缩乏力、胎盘粘连、全麻等。全麻与非全麻比较,可增加术中出血风险和新生儿窒息发生率,延长住院时间。     

低位直肠癌经括约肌间切除术后早期并发症的危险因素分析及预测模型的构建

目的探讨经括约肌间切除术(ISR)治疗低位直肠癌术后早期并发症的危险因素, 并构建列线图预测模型。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2021年12月陕西省人民医院普通外科收治的82例低位直肠癌患者的临床资料。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析ISR术后早期并发症的相关危险因素, 绘制列线图预测模型, 通过ROC曲线、Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验及临床决策曲线进行验证。结果 82例患者中22例(27%)术后发生早期并发症。单因素分析显示, 早期并发症与糖尿病、血清白蛋白水平、营养预后指数、新辅助放化疗及手术时间均有关(均P<0.05)。多因素回归分析证实, 糖尿病(OR=4.853, 95%CI:1.059～22.241, P=0.042)、低血清白蛋白水平(OR=0.672, 95%CI:0.468～0.966, P=0.032)、新辅助放化疗(OR=4.482, 95%CI:1.117～17.979, P=0.034)及手术时间较长(OR=1.015, 95%CI:1.001～1.029, P=0.037)是ISR早期并发症的独立影响因素。根据多因素回归分析结...     

老年患者胃肠肿瘤手术后认知功能障碍的相关因素

目的 探讨胃肠肿瘤手术老年患者术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的相关因素。方法收集201例胃肠肿瘤手术老年患者的临床资料,男106例,女95例,年龄≥65岁。根据患者是否发生POCD分为两组：POCD组和非POCD组。采用Logistic回归分析POCD的相关因素。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析独立危险因素对老年患者胃肠肿瘤手术POCD的预测价值。结果 共有67例(33.3%)患者发生POCD。POCD组BMI明显低于非POCD组,全麻联合硬膜外阻滞比例、右美托咪定预防性用药比例明显低于非POCD组,术中NTI<35时间、术中ΔrSO₂>13%时间明显长于非POCD组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,全麻联合硬膜外阻滞(OR=0.280,95%CI 0.097～0.809,P<0.05)、右美托咪定预防性用药(OR=0.276,95%CI 0.096～0.799,P<0.05)是老年患者胃肠肿瘤手术POCD的保护因素,术中NTI<35时间延长(每延长1 min, OR=1.213,95%CI 1.131...     

老年髋部骨折术后并发心力衰竭相关因素分析及列线图预测模型构建

目的分析老年髋部骨折患者术后并发心力衰竭的相关危险因素, 并构建预测老年髋部骨折术后心力衰竭发生风险的Nomogram模型。方法选取2020年1月至2023年3月于郑州大学第一附属医院实施手术的607例髋部骨折患者作为研究对象。根据患者术后有无并发急性心力衰竭分为心力衰竭组(n=76)和无心力衰竭组(n=531), 分析两组患者的临床资料, 采用二元Logistic回归分析确定老年髋部骨折患者术后并发心力衰竭的危险因素。利用R软件构建Nomogram模型, 并通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线和校准曲线对模型进行评价。结果年龄[比值比(OR)=1.044, 95%可信区间(CI):1.008～1.081]、高血压(OR=2.800, 95%CI:1.503～5.217)、冠心病(OR=1.941, 95%CI:1.122～3.356)、房颤(OR=4.486, 95%CI:2.158～9.323)、血红蛋白浓度(OR=0.964, 95%CI:0.943～0.985)、红细胞分布宽度(OR=1.155, 95%CI:1.025～1.303)是老年髋部骨折术后并发心力衰竭的危险因素, 差异...     

剖宫产产妇术中寒战的危险因素

目的 探讨剖宫产产妇术中寒战的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年12月行子宫下段剖宫产术产妇2 808例的临床资料,年龄22～48岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。收集产妇信息和术中寒战发生情况,并且通过手麻系统中不良事件登记的寒战程度分级(Wrench分级)评估术中寒战的程度。根据Wrench分级评分将产妇分为两组：寒战组(Wrench分级评分≥1分)和非寒战组(Wrench分级评分=0分)。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析筛选剖宫产产妇发生术中寒战的危险因素。结果 发生术中寒战的产妇有673例(23.96%)。单因素分析显示,BMI、手术时间、胎儿剖出时间、手术室温度、补液量、液体丢失量、消毒碘伏温度、术中有无使用加温毯、右美托咪定与剖宫产产妇发生术中寒战有关(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,BMI(<23.5 kg/m²,OR=1.231,95%CI 1.101～1.376,P=0.026)、手术室温度(<21℃,OR=1.826,95%CI 1.303～2.561,P<0.001)、术中未使用加温毯...     

海口市老年骨质疏松症患者生活质量状况及影响因素分析

目的调查海口市老年骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)患者的生活质量状况并分析其危险因素,为提高OP患者的生活质量提供依据。方法对904例海口市老年OP患者进行问卷调查,收集患者的生活质量相关资料,采用多元Logistic回归分析老年OP患者生活质量的影响因素。应用ROC曲线评价Logistic回归模型的预测效果。结果将患者的性别、年龄、居住情况、劳动类型、体质量指数(bone mass index,BMI)、病程、睡眠情况、家庭经济情况、骨折史、每天运动时间、关节疼痛和驼背情况的生活质量得分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0. 01)。多元Logistic回归分析显示,年龄(OR=2. 604,95%CI:1. 702～3. 913)、病程(OR=5. 205,95%CI:3. 705～8. 614)、家庭经济情况(OR=2. 411,95%CI:1. 518～3. 361)、每天运动时间(OR=4. 216,95%CI:3. 102～6. 104)、关节疼痛(OR=7. 115,95%CI:5. 283～13. 726)、驼背(OR=5. 702,95%CI:4. 108～8. 263)是影响老年OP患者生活质量的危险因素。ROC曲线评价Logistic回归模型效果,其AUC及95%CI为0. 925(0. 861～0. 984)。结论海口市老年OP患者的生活质量水平较低,影响其生活质量的危险因素较多,应针对相关的危险因素采取有效的干预措施,改善OP患者的生活质量。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.