肝移植患者术后气管导管延迟拔管的危险因素

目的 探讨行肝移植手术患者术后气管导管延迟拔管的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年10月于全麻下行肝移植手术患者339例,男264例,女75例,年龄18～80岁,BMI 14～35 kg/m²,ASAⅡ—Ⅴ级。根据术后24 h内是否拔除气管导管分为两组：正常拔管组和延迟拔管组。采用单因素分析延迟拔管相关的影响因素,多因素Logistic回归分析筛选肝移植术后延迟拔管的独立危险因素。结果 有60例(17.7%)患者术后延迟拔管。与正常拔管组比较,延迟拔管组终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分明显升高(P<0.05),手术时间、冷缺血时间明显延长(P<0.05),术中严重低血压发生率明显升高(P<0.05),术中6%羟乙基淀粉输入量、浓缩红细胞输入量、血浆输入量明显增多,(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,MELD评分≥17分(OR=1.829,95%CI 1.004～3.333,P=0.049)、浓缩红细胞输入量>4 U(OR=3.264,95%CI 1.650～7.271,P=0.001)和冷缺血时间≥4...     

病态肥胖患者胃减容术后延迟拔管的危险因素分析

目的 分析病态肥胖患者胃减容术后延迟拔管的危险因素。方法 检索医院病案系统,回顾性收集2012年9月至2018年12月在全麻下行腹腔镜下胃减容术的369例病态肥胖患者的手术麻醉相关资料,男139例,女230例,年龄18～60岁,BMI>35 kg/m²。根据拔管地点的不同将患者分为两组：非延迟拔管组(手术室拔管,ND组)和延迟拔管组(非手术室拔管,D组)。比较两组人口学资料、吸烟史、术前合并症、术中麻醉药物用量、出入量、手术时间、麻醉时间、总住院时间和术后住院时间等,采用多因素Logistic回归分析术后延迟拔管的危险因素。结果 延迟拔管的患者有109例(29.5%)。D组男性比例、体重、理想体重、BMI、吸烟史比例、合并高血压、糖尿病、冠状动脉粥样硬化、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSA)比例、睡眠呼吸紊乱指数(AHI)明显高于ND组,年龄明显大于ND组,呼吸暂停时间明显长于ND组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,体重增加(OR=1.045,95%CI 1.004～1.087,P<0.05),BMI增大(OR=2.020,...     

影响肝移植术后早期拔管的危险因素分析

目的 肝移植术后延迟拔管原因不明确,本研究旨在开发一种预测影响肝移植术后早期拔管危险因素的风险模型,为提高肝移植患者早期拔除气管插管提供依据。方法 回顾性分析安徽医科大学第一附属医院器官移植中心2018年1月至2021月5月收治的93例成人肝移植患者资料。根据术后24小时是否拔除气管插管分为早期拔管组(58例)和延迟拔管组(35例)。通过单因素和Logistic多因素分析出影响患者早期拔管的因素。结果 对影响肝移植术后患者早期拔管因素进行单因素和logistic多因素分析,评估得出术前Child-Pugh评分和手术时间是影响肝移植术后患者早期拔管的独立危险因素,术前Child-Pugh评分OR 1.542(95%CI 1.029～2.309),P=0.036,手术时间OR 2.059(95%CI 1.160～3.653),P=0.014。由术前Child-Pugh评分和手术时间组成模型和常用的肝移植患者的严重程度评分进行ROC分析,模型AUC 0.791;术前Child-Pugh评分AUC 0.743,术前MELD评分AUC 0.709,与这两个评分相比,预测模型在预测肝移植术后早期拔...     

老年患者术前衰弱与术后并发症的相关性

目的 分析非心脏手术老年患者术后并发症的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2021年3—8月行择期非心脏手术老年患者224例,男122例,女102例,年龄≥65岁,ASAⅠ—Ⅳ级。采用临床衰弱量表(CFS)评估患者术前衰弱状态。根据术后30 d是否发生并发症将患者分为两组：并发症组和非并发症组。采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析影响老年患者非心脏手术后并发症的危险因素。结果 共有64例(28.6%)患者发生术后并发症。与非并发症组比较,并发症组年龄、查尔森共病指数(CCI)明显增大,ASA分级明显增高,合并高血压、冠心病比例、衰弱比例、中性粒细胞浓度明显升高,白蛋白、Hb、淋巴细胞浓度明显降低,出血量明显增多,手术时间和麻醉时间明显延长(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄增大(每增大1岁,OR=1.142,95%CI 1.064～1.225,P<0.05)和术前衰弱(OR=12.028,95%CI 3.727～38.816,P<0.05)是术后并发症的独立危险因素。结论 年龄增大和术前衰弱是老年患者非心脏手术后并发症的独立危险因素。     

肾移植术后气管导管延迟拔管的危险因素分析

目的 探讨肾移植患者术后气管导管延迟拔管的危险因素及对预后的影响。
方法 回顾性分析2017年1月至2020年12月全麻下肾移植手术患者的电子病历资料366例,男261例,女105例,年龄18～64岁。根据拔除气管导管时间是否超过1 h分为两组：常规组和延迟组。采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析筛选肾移植术后延迟拔管的危险因素。
结果 有80例（21.9%）患者发生延迟拔管。与常规组比较,延迟组男性比例、亲属活体移植例数明显减少（P<0.05）,术前Hb、术前血钙明显降低（P<0.05）,冷缺血时间、麻醉时间明显延长（P<0.05）,诱导使用罗库溴铵和术中输血例数明显增加（P<0.05）,液体总入量、出血量明显增多（P<0.05）,拔管时间、PACU停留时间明显延长（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,肾移植术后延迟拔管的独立危险因素为：术前Hb<113 g/L（OR=1.847,95%CI 1.076~3.171,P=0.026）、术前血钙<2.48 mmol/L（OR=2.293,95%CI 1.258~4.179,P=0.007）、冷缺血时间>10.5 h（OR=1.986,95%CI 1.139~3.464,P=0.016）和液体总入量>1 975 ml（OR=3.092,95%CI 1.795~5.324,P<0.001）。
结论 术前Hb<113 g/L、术前血钙<2.48 mmol/L、冷缺血时间>10.5 h、液体总入量>1 975 ml是肾移植术后延迟拔管的独立危险因素。     

低出生体重患儿开胸心脏术后机械通气时间延长的危险因素分析

目的分析低出生体重患儿开胸心脏术后机械通气时间延长的危险因素。方法选择2003年6月至2018年3月在本院行开胸心脏手术的低出生体重(≤2.5 kg)患儿121例,男80例,女41例,手术日龄3～84 d,出生体重1.05～2.50 kg,手术日体重1.13～2.70 kg,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级。根据术后机械通气时间分为两组:机械通气7 d的延长组(PMV组,n=40)和≤7 d的非延长组(N-PMV组,n=81)。收集两组患儿一般情况和术前、术中和术后资料,采用单因素相关分析和二元逐步Logistic回归分析观察影响机械通气时间延长的危险因素。结果与N-PMV组比较,PMV组深低温停循环时间明显延长(P0.05),术前机械通气、术后延迟关胸、再次气管插管、非计划再次手术明显增多(P0.05),术后24 h乳酸浓度最大值明显升高(P0.05),术后贫血、术后败血症明显增多(P0.05)。二元逐步Logistic回归分析显示,术后败血症(OR=26.511,95%CI 1.326～530.217,P=0.032)和术后延迟关胸(OR=6.573,95%CI 1.293～33.401,P=0.023)是低出生体重患儿开胸心脏术后机械通气时间延长的独立危险因素。结论低出生体重患儿开胸心脏术后造成机械通气时间延长的原因较多,术后败血症和延迟关胸是机械通气时间延长的独立危险因素。     

肝移植手术后肺部感染的危险因素分析

目的 探讨肝移植手术患者术后肺部感染的危险因素。
方法 回顾性分析2005年6月至2013年6月于三家临床医疗中心首次行原位肝移植手术的1 358例患者的临床资料。根据患者术后30 d内是否发生肺部感染将患者分成两组：感染组和非感染组。收集术前资料、术中资料及术后资料，采用单因素分析及二元Logistic回归分析肝移植术后肺部感染的危险因素。
结果 肝移植手术后有316例（23.3%）发生肺部感染，其中有21例（6.7%）死亡。与非感染组比较，感染组术前诊断为慢性重型肝炎、肝癌、丙型肝炎肝硬化、先天性肝脏疾病及肝衰竭、术前合并肝肾综合征、肝昏迷、糖尿病的比例、术前肌酐浓度明显升高（P<0.05），术前总蛋白、白蛋白浓度明显降低（P<0.05），无肝期时间、术后苏醒时间及术后拔管时间明显延长（P<0.05），术中失血量明显增加（P<0.05），术中尿量明显减少（P<0.05），术中使用去氧肾上腺素、阿托品、利多卡因及呋塞米的比例明显降低（P<0.05），术后死亡率明显升高（P<0.05）。二元Logistic回归分析显示：慢性重型肝炎、丙型肝炎肝硬化、肝衰竭、术前合并糖尿病、术中失血量>1 900 ml、术后苏醒时间>7.3 h是肝移植患者术后肺部感染的危险因素；手术方式（经典非转流原位肝移植）、术中使用利多卡因、术前总蛋白>64.6 g/L、术中尿量>1 800 ml是肝移植手术患者术后肺部感染的保护因素。
结论 术前诊断慢性重型肝炎、丙型肝炎肝硬化、肝衰竭、术前合并糖尿病、术中失血量>1 900 ml、术后苏醒时间>7.3 h是肝移植手术后肺部感染的危险因素。     

肝移植术后早期急性肾衰竭的危险因素分析

目的探讨肝移植术后早期急性肾衰竭(acuterenalfailure,ARF)的危险因素。方法以临床资料完整的362例肝移植患者为研究对象,按术后早期(术后1个月内)有否发生ARF分为ARF组(71例)和非ARF组(291例)。对两组的36项围手术期可能危险因素进行单因素分析,并对单因素分析中P<0.05的变量进行Logistic逐步回归分析。结果经单因素分析,术前肝性脑病、术前血清肌酐(Scr)水平、术前血红蛋白水平、术前凝血酶原活动度、术前总胆红素水平、终末期肝病模型(modelforend-stageliverdisease,MELD)评分、总手术时间、术中失血量、术中输血量、术中尿量、术中低血压及术后合并感染等因素,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05～0.001)。对上述12项指标进行Logistic逐步回归分析,结果显示术前Scr水平增高[比数比(oddsra-tio,OR)=0.92]、术前凝血酶原活动度低(OR=1.015)、MELD评分高(OR=1.588)、术中出血量多(OR=1.012)、术后合并感染(OR=12.260)与肝移植术后发生ARF密切相关(均为P<0.05)。结论术前Scr水平增高、凝血酶原活动度低、MELD评分高,术中失血量多和术后合并感染是肝移植术后早期ARF的独立危险因素。     

老年患者胃肠肿瘤手术后认知功能障碍的相关因素

目的 探讨胃肠肿瘤手术老年患者术后认知功能障碍(POCD)的相关因素。方法收集201例胃肠肿瘤手术老年患者的临床资料,男106例,女95例,年龄≥65岁。根据患者是否发生POCD分为两组：POCD组和非POCD组。采用Logistic回归分析POCD的相关因素。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析独立危险因素对老年患者胃肠肿瘤手术POCD的预测价值。结果 共有67例(33.3%)患者发生POCD。POCD组BMI明显低于非POCD组,全麻联合硬膜外阻滞比例、右美托咪定预防性用药比例明显低于非POCD组,术中NTI<35时间、术中ΔrSO₂>13%时间明显长于非POCD组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,全麻联合硬膜外阻滞(OR=0.280,95%CI 0.097～0.809,P<0.05)、右美托咪定预防性用药(OR=0.276,95%CI 0.096～0.799,P<0.05)是老年患者胃肠肿瘤手术POCD的保护因素,术中NTI<35时间延长(每延长1 min, OR=1.213,95%CI 1.131...     

经皮左心耳封堵术术后谵妄的发生率及危险因素：单中心回顾性研究

目的探讨行经皮左心耳封堵术患者术后谵妄(postoperative delirium, POD)的发生率及相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2015年12月至2019年11月解放军总医院第一医学中心收治的180例经皮左心耳封堵术患者的临床资料, 根据患者有无发生POD分为谵妄组(17例)与非谵妄组(163例), 统计POD发生率, 并采用多因素Logistic回归分析评估相关危险因素。结果 180例患者中有17例出现POD, 发生率为9.44%。单因素分析结果显示, 两组患者年龄、年龄≥75岁、高血压史、糖尿病史、术前贫血差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示, 年龄[比值比(odds ratio,OR)1.211, 95%CI 1.036～1.415,P<0.05]、糖尿病史(OR 6.209, 95%CI 1.659～23.737,P<0.05)、术前贫血(OR 3.646, 95%CI 1.011～13.150, P<0.05)是经皮左心耳封堵术患者发生POD的独立危险因素。结论经皮左心耳封堵术POD有一定的发生率, 年龄、糖尿...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.