学龄前儿童肱骨远端全骺分离探讨

目的探讨学龄前儿童肱骨远端全骺分离的诊断和治疗。方法对11例肱骨远端全骺分离儿童进行分析、治疗及随访。全部病例都曾被误诊,后对2例进行了手法复位石膏固定,5例行切开复位内固定,3例行鹰嘴牵引,1例行截骨治疗。结果随访3个月～10年,平均随访6．2年。7例外观及功能恢复满意,4例有不同程度肘内翻畸形,其中1例畸形严重,关节活动明显受限。结论儿童肱骨远端骨骺分离易误诊,但仍有一定的规律可循,认清儿童时期解剖、损伤规律及X线片特点是早期正确诊治的关键。     

改良截骨植骨低切迹内固定治疗肘内翻畸形

肱骨髁上骨折、肱骨远端全骨骺分离、肱骨内髁骨骺损伤等均可能发展至肘内翻畸形，出现上肢力线异常、肘关节疼痛、屈肘乏力，并且可引起骨性关节炎，同时影响外观，常需进行手术矫形治疗。方法上采用截骨加内固定术，有多种截骨和内固定术式。我院1998—2003年采用肱骨髁上改良截骨自体骨植骨螺钉钢丝低切迹加压内固定辅以中药熏洗治疗青少年肘内翻21例，经过随访证实疗效满意，现报告如下。     

儿童肱骨远端骨骺分离27例诊治分析

目的 探讨儿童肱骨远端骨骺分离的诊治方法,分析造成误诊的原因.方法 2009年9月至2011年9月收治儿童肱骨远端骨骺分离27例,按照DeLee分型,Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型21例,Ⅲ型5例.采用患肢外展水平皮肤牵引26例,2～3周后干骺端有明确骨痂后改石膏托外固定2～3周拆除;手术治疗1例.结果 本组27例,随访1个月～2年,平均1年,肘关节外形及功能均正常,X线显示肱骨远端形态基本正常.结论 儿童肱骨远端骨骺分离属Salter-HarrisⅠ型或Ⅱ型骨骺损伤,多见于婴幼儿,在肘关节的屈伸平面上塑形能力强,因此不必强调切开复位和内固定,外展水平皮肤牵引常可取得良好的近期疗效,远期疗效尚待随访观察.     

易误诊的儿童肱骨远端全骺分离

肱骨远端全骨骺分离在儿童肘关节损伤中较为少见。由于儿童肘关节周围各骨骺出现的时间不一，且在婴幼儿时期，骨骺与干骺端之间连接的是在解剖结构上较为薄弱的软骨板。在此时期经受外伤，易发生软骨板处骨折，导致肱骨远端全骨骺分离。由于未骨化的骨骺及软骨板在X线上不显影，临床上容易误诊及漏诊，延误诊治，造成关节畸形及功能障碍。我院自1995-2004年共收治11例误诊病例，现报道如下。     

闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨远端全骨骺分离

目的探讨闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨远端全骨骺分离的疗效。方法对45例儿童肱骨远端全骨骺分离行闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定术治疗。结果45例获得随访7～48个月,平均27．7个月。术后肘关节功能评定按Flynn标准：优34例,良6例,可5例,优良率88．9％。结论闭合复位经皮克氏针内固定治疗儿童肱骨远端全骨骺分离手术创伤小,能获得良好疗效。     

儿童肱骨远端全骺分离的X线诊断与临床意义

目的分析儿童肱骨远端全骺分离的X线表现,提高诊断率。方法回顾收集并分析26例小儿肱骨远端全骺分离的X线平片资料。结果本组26例儿童肱骨远端全骺分离均为Salter-HarrisⅡ型骨骺损伤。X线表现为小儿肱骨远端内侧干骺端有一骨块向尺侧和内上方移位,肱骨远端骨骺与尺桡骨近端一道向后内侧同步移位,桡骨小头与肱骨小头骨骺关系不变。结论肱骨远端骨骨骺一道同歩移位,与尺桡骨近端保持正常解剖位置关系,具有诊断意义。     

幼儿肱骨远端全骨骺分离误诊原因分析

目的探讨幼儿肱骨远端骨骺分离临床误诊的原因。方法对9例误诊的肱骨远端骨骺分离患儿进行分析。结果在急诊误诊为肘关节后脱位7例,肱骨外髁骨折2例。入院后经查体摄X线片后,诊断肱骨远端全骨骺分离6例,其余3例仍维持原诊断,经术中才证实为肱骨远端全骨骺分离。结论幼儿肱骨远端全骨骺分离易与肱骨外髁骨折及肘关节脱位等相混淆,主要原因在于临床症状的相似,患儿不能配合查体,骨骺不显影,X线片上所能提供的信息有限,以及医生经验不足或粗心等。     

小儿肱骨远端全骨骺分离37例误诊分析

１９９５年６月至１９９９年１１月收治６７例小儿肮骨远端全骨骺分离，其中误诊３７例（包括院外误诊），男２１例，女１６例、其中１岁以内１９例，１～２岁９例，２～３岁７例，３岁以上２例。分析误诊原因及其并发症，从而提高对小儿肱骨远端全骨骺分离的认识，防止各种并发症。 临床资料 回顾了自１９９５年６月至１９９９年１１月所收治的小儿肱骨远端全骨骺分离６７例，首诊误诊３７例，误诊率为５５．２％。１岁以内２２例，首诊误诊１９例，误诊率为８６．４％；１～２岁１５例，首诊误诊９例，误诊率为６０．０％；２～３岁１１例…     

肱骨远端全骺脱离的诊断与治疗

肱骨远端全骺脱离是儿童肘关节比较少见的骨骺损伤,2000年1月～2006年1月,我院共收治儿童肘部骨折682例,其中肱骨远端全骺脱离36例（占0．53％）。此种损伤容易漏诊、误诊。若治疗不当,可出现肘关节畸形,影响外观或肘关节功能,所以应引起足够重视。     

肱骨远端骨骺分离的临床误诊

肱骨远端骨骺出现的时间不一,肱骨小头骨骺在1岁左右出现,而滑车骨骺8～10岁出现.骨化中心与干骺端为骨骺软骨板,在结构上较为薄弱,故在婴幼儿期经受外伤时,容易发生肱骨远端骨骺分离.因为未骨化的骨骺及骨骺软骨板在X线检查上均不显影,临床上容易误诊和漏诊,延误治疗,造成关节畸形及功能障碍.我科从1992年5月至1997年5月在临床上遇到12例肱骨远端骨骺分离的误诊.报告如下.     

Complete distal humeral epiphyseal separation indicating a battered child syndrome: a case report

BACKGROUND: Complete distal humeral epiphysiolysis is a rare and uncommon injury and may result from severe trauma, e.g. birth injury or battered child syndrome. CASE REPORT: This is a case report of a 5-month-old female child with distal humeral epiphysiolysis. In the course of clinical and radiological examinations, a battered child syndrome could be diagnosed. Open reduction and temporary transfixation of the distal humeral physis were performed. In the middle term follow-up, 1.5-years after the injury, the function of the elbow was nearly normal but the ulnar condyle showed growth disturbance with cubitus varus of 10 degrees . CONCLUSION: Correct diagnosis of complete distal humeral epiphysiolysis may be difficult and misinterpretation of the injury as elbow dislocation should be avoided. This particular lesion is a strong indicator of child abuse. Treatment options and the necessity of operative procedures are discussed.     

结合关节造影、单人闭合复位治疗儿童肱骨远端全骨骺分离骨折的疗效观察

目的探讨关节造影下单人闭合复位治疗儿童肱骨远端全骨骺分离骨折的手术技巧及疗效。 方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2020年1月期间中山市中医院收治的43例肱骨远端全骨骺分离骨折患儿的临床病历资料，其中男32例、女11例；年龄1.5 ~ 4.2个月，平均2.8个月。伸直尺偏型37例，伸直桡偏型6例；高处坠落伤18例，运动中摔伤25例。受伤至手术时间为12 ~ 34 h，平均20.5 h。均可采用关节造影、单人操作完成闭合复位，助手经皮克氏针内固定术，术后石膏托外固定。术后3、6、9个月时采用Flynn肘关节临床功能评分标准评定疗效。 结果本组手术时间（32.8±10.6）min，术中透视次数（10.5±3.2）次。平均住院时间4 d（3 ~ 7 d）。43例均获得随访，平均随访时间18.4个月（9 ~ 36个月）。术后3 ~ 4周，X线片显示骨折临床愈合后，拆除石膏并拔除克氏针。按照Flynn肘关节临床功能评分标准评定疗效：术后3个月优良率为81.4％（35/43），术后6个月优良率为88.3％（38/43），术后9个月优良率为88.3％（38/43）。术后患儿均未出现骨筋膜室综合征、血管神经损伤、皮肤坏死、钉道感染等并发症。 结论术中肘关节造影可清晰地显示肱骨远端软骨，指导单人闭合复位微创治疗肱骨远端全骨骺分离骨折，直观判断复位后效果，指导经皮穿入克氏针，取得满意的治疗效果，本方法操作相对简单，易于掌握，疗效确切，有利于肘关节功能早期恢复，值得推广。     

Results of the treatment of the distal femoral epiphysiolysis]

INTRODUCTION: Distal femoral epiphysiolysis (DFE) is rare. In most of the cases it occures as an open epiphysiolysis. In the past DFE had often resulted in a tissue necrosis and required an amputation. Among complications limb shortening due to premature epiphyseal closure and deviation of the limb axis are evidenced. AIM: This study was conduced in order to evaluate the results of the treatment of DFE. MATERIAL: Eight children suffering from DFE who had undergone a treatment between 1990 and 2005 were reviewed. The mean age at the time of injury was 15.3 years. All cases of epiphysiolysis have been classified as Salter-Harris type II. The treatment consisted of reduction and 6 weeks immobilisation in 3 cases. Reduction followed by K-wire stabilization and immobilisation was applied in all other cases. METHODS: The follow-up evaluation covered a clinical and roentgenographic examination. The angular deformmity of tibia was measured in saggital and frontal plane in comparison to intact side. The range of motion and stability of both knee joints were recorded as well. The comparative X-ray pictures of the femur and knee joint were taken in A-P and lateral positions. RESULTS: The study revealed a premature closure of the injured distal femoral epiphysis in four children. There was a limb shortening of over 2 cm in 3 cases and over 3cm in one case. CONCLUSION: The distal femoral epiphysiolysis is a rare type of injury. It often leads to leg length discrepancy.     

儿童肱骨远端骨骺分离的手术治疗

目的：探讨手术治疗儿童肱骨远端骨骺分离的疗效。方法：自2002年1月至2006年8月,收治12例肱骨远端骨骺分离的患儿,按Salter—Harris分型：I型7例,Ⅱ型5例。合并桡神经损伤1例。9例采用肘关节外侧入路,3例采用肘关节后侧入路,行切开复位克氏针内固定治疗。术后拍片复查,3N6周拔除克氏针行功能锻炼。结果：本组12例,随访1-6年,平均36个月,骨折愈合时间3-6周,平均4周;9例患肘屈伸活动良好,2例患肘屈曲受限,1例发生肘内翻。1例桡神经损伤神经功能完全恢复。结论：儿童肱骨远端骺分离复位困难,行手术切开复位内固定治疗,可以解剖复位,减少肘内翻的发生。外侧入路对肘关节功能影响小,术后功能恢复良好。     

Fracture separation of the distal humeral epiphysis in children younger than three years old

This study evaluated the change of carrying angle and the causes of cubitus varus after the fracture separation of the distal humeral epiphysis in young children. Twelve cases of fracture separation of distal humeral epiphysis were treated from January 1995 to July 1997. The age of all patients was younger than 3 years old. A metaphyseal fragment was seen in all cases (Salter-Harris type II), but the size of the metaphyseal fragment was either a very small flake or a large Thurston-Holland fragment. Posteromedial displacement was seen in all cases. There were three treatment groups: closed reduction with percutaneous pinning, closed reduction with cast, and cast without reduction. Follow-up period averaged 23.5 months (range, 12-40). Cubitus varus deformity was seen in seven cases, and six of them had a partial defect of the medial condyle that was avascular necrosis. The methods of treatment, age of injury, and the type of epiphyseal injury had no influence on the development of cubitus varus, but avascular necrosis of the medial condyle was related to the cubitus varus deformity (p<0.05). The results of this study suggest that fracture separation of distal humeral epiphysis in young children is likely to produce cubitus varus deformity with the development of avascular necrosis of the medial humeral condyle.     

儿童肱骨外髁骨折的治疗体会

目的总结儿童肱骨外髁骨折的治疗效果。方法 35例JakobⅠ~Ⅲ度儿童肱骨外髁骨折患儿中,8例(Ⅰ度)采用石膏托外固定治疗,27例(Ⅰ度8例、Ⅱ度11例、Ⅲ度8例)采用切开复位克氏针内固定治疗。结果手术治疗的27例获11个月~5年随访,骨折均骨性愈合;根据Hardacre评分:优17例,良8例,差2例,优良率为25/27。非手术治疗的8例获11个月~2年随访,骨折均骨性愈合;根据Hardacre评分:优6例,良2例,优良率为8/8。结论儿童肱骨外髁骨折手术或非手术治疗均可获得较满意效果。如行非手术治疗,必须严密观察,一旦发现骨折移位应早期手术治疗。     

肱骨远端关节内骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨肱骨远端关节内骨折手术治疗效果。方法14例肱骨远端关节内粉碎性骨折,按AO/ASIF分型,B型2例,C1型8例,C2型3例,C3型1例。采用钢板或克氏针、松质骨螺钉固定4例,“Y”形钢板内固定10例。结果14例均获得随访,随访时间9～20个月。按Aitken和Rorabeck标准进行功能评定:优9例,良3例,可2例。结论治疗肱骨远端关节内骨折应解剖复位、有效固定、早期功能锻炼,手术治疗是比较好的选择。     

Combination of ipsilateral supracondylar humeral- and forearm fractures in children

In an 11-year period, from 01. 08. 1987 to 31. 08. 1998, a total of 72 children (mean age 7.6 years, range 2-12 years) with dislocated supracondylar humeral fractures were treated surgically in the Department for Traumatology, University Hospital, Essen. The combination of supracondylar humeral fracture and ipsilateral forearm fracture occurred in 8 children (11.1 %). 4 revealed a complete forearm fracture in the distal third, 4 children a fracture of the distal physis (Salter-Harris type II). The supracondylar humeral fractures were reduced openly via a single lateral approach and stabilized by crossed K-wire fixation. The distal forearm fractures were treated by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Fractures of the distal physis were treated by closed reduction and application of an above elbow cast. Excellent results were achieved in all children with ipsilateral supracondylar and forearm fractures.     

儿童移位肱骨髁间骨折的手术治疗

目的：回顾性评估切开复位内固定术治疗儿童移位肱骨髁间骨折的临床效果。方法：自2007年3月至2009年2月,我科应用切开复位及内固定治疗了8例移位的肱骨髁间骨折患儿,其中男7例、女1例,平均年龄8．2岁（6-12岁）。按照Riseborough—Radin分型系统,其中Ⅲ型6例、Ⅳ型2例;受伤机制包括：5例滑板车摔伤、1例摩托车摔伤、1例高处坠落伤、1例自行车摔伤。方法为采用Bryan—Morrey后内侧手术入路切开复位内固定术,应用克氏针钢丝或钉板系统内固定治疗。结果：术后无一例伤口感染及尺神经损伤,骨折均解剖对位。7例应用克氏针钢丝固定,1例行钉板系统固定。8例患儿均获得随访,平均随访时间2．2年（1．5-3年）。肘关节X线片显示无一例出现骨折的延迟愈合、不愈合,无一例肱骨远端骨骺坏死发生,2例合并肘关节异位骨化,肘关节屈伸活动度平均-10．6°131．3°,日常生活无明显影响。结论：移位的肱骨髁间骨折患儿,应用Bryan—Morrey后内侧手术入路切开复位内固定术可获得较好的治疗效果。     

Pinning in slipped capital femoral epiphysis: long-term follow-up study

This long-term follow-up study was aimed at evaluating patients with hip epiphysiolysis treated by pinning and previously controlled by short-term follow-up, in order to evaluate both clinical and radiographic evolution. The case series included 36 patients (17 female and 19 male) for overall 48 hips (21 right, 27 left). The epiphysiolysis was bilateral in 12 patients. Median follow-up was 17.9 years (range 8.8-29.2). Clinical results were evaluated according to Harris, radiographic results according to Boyer. The patients were divided into three groups according to slipping degree calculated following Southwick (0-30 degrees, 30-60 degrees, >60 degrees ). Slipping degree was found to be directly correlated with worsening of results. Reduction manoeuvres on chronic epiphysiolysis proved to lead to even poorer results. Our review, even though carried out on a limited number of cases, showed that (1) hips with arthrosis at first control resulted in worsening in the majority of cases; (2) slipping degree was proportional to the result obtained; (3) reduction manoeuvres performed on chronic epiphysiolysis had a negative influence on results; (4) the presence of chondrolysis or epiphyseal necrosis always led to early hip arthrosis; (5) in the absence of major complications, evolution towards arthrosis can be slow and adulthood or even old age can be reached without resorting to total hip replacement.