经皮血管成形术治疗移植肾动脉狭窄的临床分析

目的 探讨经皮血管成形术(PTA)治疗移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)的效果及预后.方法 回顾性分析白2002年4月至2008年12月经肾动脉造影检查证实为TRAS的10例患者临床资料.术前患者均接受血液透析治疗;术后采用三联免疫抑制治疗方案;初步诊断TRAS采用彩超检查方法,确诊应用移植肾动脉造影方式;采用PTA治疗10例移植肾动脉狭窄患者,观察治疗效果及患者预后.结果 10例患者经PTA治疗后均获临床治愈,其中8例术后血压及移植肾功能显著改善,2例术后发生肾功能延迟恢复(DGF),经血液透析治疗后肾功能恢复良女子.结论 PTA是治疗TRAS的安全、有效的方法,PTA治疗后出现的DGF是可以治愈的.     

移植肾动脉狭窄的诊断与治疗

目的　探讨移植肾动脉狭窄 (TRAS)的诊断与治疗方法。　方法　对 8例TRAS患者的临床表现、辅助检查及治疗情况进行回顾性分析并结合文献复习。　结果　 8例经彩超检查 ,5例明确诊断为TRAS ,3例提示移植肾动脉可疑狭窄 ,诊断TRAS的特异性为 78% ,阳性预测值为6 2 %。 7例行经皮穿刺移植肾动脉球囊扩张成形术 (PTRA) ,均获得近期临床治愈 ,随访 3～ 12个月 ,血Cr 186 .2～ 12 1.3μmol/L ;1例切除移植肾。　结论　肾移植术后出现不明原因高血压、突发性尿量减少和血Cr升高应考虑是否有移植肾动脉狭窄。彩超检查可作为筛选及随访手段 ,PTRA可作为TRAS的首选治疗方法。     

移植肾动脉狭窄的诊治(附3例报告)

目的探讨移植肾动脉狭窄的诊治方法. 方法回顾性分析253例肾移植术后发生的3例移植肾动脉狭窄(transplant renal artery stenosis, TRAS)的诊治经过. 结果 3例TRAS均发生于肾移植术后半年内,经彩超和肾动脉造影确诊.3例均行经皮穿刺移植肾动脉球囊扩张成形(percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty, PTRA)和血管内支架置入,获临床治愈.随访15～24个月,无TRAS复发,移植肾功能正常. 结论彩超是筛选TRAS的首选检查方法,肾动脉造影是TRAS的确诊手段.PTRA/血管内支架置入是治疗TRAS的安全、有效和首选方法.     

经皮穿刺血管成形术治疗移植肾动脉狭窄

为了观察血管成形术在移植肾动脉狭窄的治疗作用。我们将18例移植肾动脉狭窄并高血压的患者进行了血管成形术治疗。疗效以临床随访、血管造影和超声追踪为评价。结果18例患者手术均成功，成形术后，所有患者均治愈。认为血管成形术是移植肾动脉狭窄所致长期高血压和肾功能减退的有效的和首选的治疗方法。     

移植肾动脉血流峰值速度加快与移植肾动脉狭窄相关性研究

目的:探讨肾移植术后半年内移植肾动脉血流峰值速度加快与移植肾动脉狭窄相关性。方法:回顾性分析我院102例肾移植患者术后半年内移植肾多普勒超声图像检查结果及临床资料,比较患者收缩期血流峰值速度(PSV)、血压及移植肾功能。结果:102例患者中,有27例患者出现较高的PSV,其中4例患者呈现持续性PSV升高,经行移植肾动脉造影检查而确诊为移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS),行经皮肾动脉支架植入术(PTRAS)后,PSV降至正常,血压恢复正常,随访6~13个月未见狭窄复发。结论:在肾移植术后半年内,移植肾动脉PSV加快未必是肾动脉狭窄,可先随访观察,若超声提示PSV呈持续性升高,尤其是伴顽固性高血压,则需行移植肾动脉造影明确是否是TRAS。PTRAS是TRAS安全有效的治疗方法。     

经皮穿剌血管盛开术治疗移植肾动脉狭窄

为了观察血管成形术在移植肾动脉狭窄的治疗作用。我们将１８例移植肾动脉狭窄并高血压的患者进行了血管成形术治疗。疗效以临床随访、血管造影和超声迫踪为评价。结果１８例患者手术均成功，成形术后，所有患者均治愈。认为血管成形术是移植肾动脉狭窄所致长期高血压和肾功能减退的有效的和首选的治疗方法。     

经皮腔内血管成形术联合支架置入治疗移植肾动脉狭窄的临床分析

目的  探讨经皮腔内血管成形术（PTA）联合支架置入治疗肾移植术后移植肾动脉狭窄（TRAS）的临床疗效。方法  回顾性分析21例肾移植术后TRAS行PTA联合支架置入治疗患者的临床资料。总结肾移植受者中TRAS的发生情况,比较TRAS患者介入治疗前后相关指标变化情况,分析TRAS患者的预后情况。结果  507例肾移植受者中有21例发生TRAS,发生率为4.1%（21/507）。TRAS诊断时间为术后5（4,7）个月,67%（14/21）在术后6个月内出现TRAS。与介入治疗前比较,介入治疗后1周和1个月TRAS患者血清肌酐、收缩压、舒张压以及移植肾动脉峰值血流流速均降低,估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）、叶间动脉阻力指数均升高,差异均有统计学意义（均为P < 0.05）。PTA联合支架置入术后随访期间,共有1例出现移植肾动脉再发狭窄,经单纯球囊扩张后好转,1例右股动脉穿刺点假性动脉瘤形成,1例移植肾动脉闭锁导致肾脏萎缩失功,其余18例术后均恢复良好。结论  PTA联合支架置入是肾移植术后TRAS首选治疗方式,可明显改善移植肾功能,显著延长移植肾的生存时间。     

移植肾动脉狭窄病因及介入治疗疗效分析

目的探讨移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)的病因、介入治疗的疗效及安全性。方法对2000年至2005年经移植肾动脉造影确诊为TRAS的23例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。男19例,女4例。年龄23～62岁,平均44岁。23例术后均采用环孢素(CsA)或他克莫司(FK506)加吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)加泼尼松(Pred)三联免疫抑制治疗,其中以CsA治疗为主者14例(60.9%),以FK506治疗为主者9例(39.1%)。结果23例TRAS患者中发生急性排斥反应(AR)者13例(56.5%);移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)者4例(17.4%);吻合技术原因致吻合口狭窄者1例(4.3%),移植术后1周切除移植肾,再次移植成功;TRAS原因不明者5例(21.7%)。经造影确诊为移植肾动脉狭窄时间为移植术后1周～4年,平均(12±11)个月。单纯吻合口狭窄12例,单纯主干狭窄9例,吻合口并主干狭窄1例,吻合口并受体髂动脉狭窄1例。22例经介入治疗,13例(59.1%)肾功能于1周内恢复,8例(36.4%)2～3周内恢复,1例(4.5%)随访3个月肾功能无变化;造影剂肾毒性导致血肌酐一过性升高者5例,发生移植肾动脉血栓和腹股沟血肿各1例。结论同种异体肾移植术后TRAS与移植肾血管吻合技术、AR及DGF有关。移植肾动脉造影是确诊金标准,一经确诊应立即行球囊扩张或血管内支架治疗,注意并发症的发生。     

经皮血管成形术治疗肌纤维发育不良型肾动脉狭窄的临床疗效

目的评价经皮血管腔内血管成形术(PTA)治疗肾动脉肌纤维性发育不良的疗效及安全性。方法选择肌纤维发育不良型肾动脉狭窄患者32例(均合并2~3级高血压或难治性高血压),行经皮肾动脉成形术治疗。术后随访观察患者血压、药物治疗种类、术后再狭窄、生存率和并发症等。结果 PTA技术成功率93.94%(31/33)。术前、术后收缩压分别为(189.6±26.0)mmHg、(136.6±8.0)mmHg(t=9.117,P0.001),舒张压分别为(121.6±21.7)mmHg、(81.1±11.5)mmHg(t=7.745,P0.001)。无肾动脉破裂、夹层、分支堵塞及血栓形成等相关并发症和术后不良事件发生。术后随访时间5~100个月,平均(40.4±26.1)个月,患者生存率100%(32/32)。结论经皮血管成形术治疗肌纤维发育不良肾动脉狭窄安全、有效。     

移植肾早期动脉狭窄的介入治疗及预后观察

移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)可发生于肾移植术后任何时期,以术后早期较多,多与外科操作相关[1],如不及时处理,可出现移植肾功能不可逆损伤,乃至出现早期肾功能不全.目前介入治疗已成为大多数TRAS的首选治疗手段.我院2003年3月至2009年4月对8例早期TRAS患者进行介入治疗,近期及远期疗效较佳,特将诊治体会报告如下.     

Transplant renal artery stenosis: experience and comparative results between surgery and angioplasty

Abstract. One hundred thirty-eight patients with transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) were identified among 1200 patients undergoing renal transplantation in our university hospital. Severe systemic hypertension was the main symptom leading to a diagnosis of TRAS. Only 88 TRAS patients were given interventional treatment consisting of percutaneous angioplasty (PTA; n = 49) or surgical repair (SR; n = 39). The immediate success rate was 92. 1% for SR and 69% for PTA. The long-term success rate was 81. 5% for SR and 40. 8% for PTA, with a follow-up period of 56. 722. 4 months (SR group) and 3228. 1 months (PTA group). PTA morbidity reached 28%, compared to 7. 6% in the SR group. In spite of these results, we still favor PTA as a first line interventional treatment when TRAS is recent, linear, and distal and primary SR in cases of kinking and proximal TRAS.     

Incidence and outcome of transplant renal artery stenosis: single center experience

Since the incidence of transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) in renal allografts varies from 1% to 23%, we sought to examine its incidence, to analyze treatment options, and to ascertain its outcomes. Retrospective analysis of 793 kidney allograft recipients transplanted between 1996 and 2004 revealed an incidence of 0.9% (n = 7). Time from kidney transplantation to the first symptoms varied from 1 week to 3 years (median, 4 months). Three patients experiences refractory hypertension and six patients developed allograft dysfunction. Screening color Doppler ultrasonography showed hemodynamic changes in six patients with the definitive diagnosis confirmed by angiography in all patients. One patient with an anastomotic stenosis was treated with a surgical operation and six patients, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), with stenting in three cases. Both surgical as well as PTA treatment were successful in all but one patient, who underwent PTA alone, developed chronic renal insufficiency necessitating hemodialysis and finally lost his allograft. In the other patients all symptoms resolved after treatment and the patients are doing well with functioning allografts. Although TRAS was an uncommon complication, if recognized promptly it could be treated by surgery or PTA with a high success rate.     

Management of Arterial Stenosis Affecting Kidney Graft Perfusion: A Single-Centre Study in 53 Patients

We assessed clinical and duplex sonographic (CDS) findings, and outcome in patients with stenosis of the transplant renal artery (TRAS) or the aorto-iliac segment proximal to the graft (Prox-TRAS) treated with dilatation (PTA), stenting (PTAS) and surgery. From 1988 to 2002, of 1189 patients with renal transplantations, 117 underwent angiography. Fifty-three patients with TRAS (n = 37)/Prox-TRAS (n = 16) were found (4.4%). Clinical presentation included deterioration of hypertension (144 +/- 15/84 +/- 9, 157 +/- 22/90 +/- 10 mmHg; p < 0.001), increase of creatinine (1.7 +/- 0.9, 2.5 +/- 1.3 mg/dL; p = 0.01) and renal failure (n = 12). CDS indicated insufficient perfusion and differentiated between TRAS and Prox-TRAS. From renal transplantation (RTX) until the detection of stenosis pulsatility indices (PI) decreased from 1.2 +/- 0.46 to 0.98 +/- 0.29; (p = 0.001). Fifty-two patients underwent invasive treatment (21 PTA, 10 PTAS and 21 surgery) after which hypertension and creatinine significantly improved. PI increased. Restenosis occurred in 16 (52%) cases of the interventional (PTA 62% and PTAS 30%) and in 3 (14%) of the surgical group (p = 0.011). Hypertension and graft dysfunction due to perfusion problems are rare. Clinical findings are nonspecific but CDS findings are helpful to select patients for angiography. Invasive treatment leads to clinical improvement. Surgery yields better results than PTA, but additional stenting will probably improve the outcome of angioplasty.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. The procedure of choice in the hypertensive renal allograft recipient with renal artery stenosis

A retrospective review of 547 renal transplants performed over a six-year period revealed allograft renovascular hypertension secondary to RTAS in 39 (7.1%) patients. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) resulted in immediate cure or improvement in 76% of the patients, increasing to 83% in patients with functioning kidneys at a mean follow-up period of 30 months (1-72 months). The renal artery stenosis (RTAS) was equally distributed between living-related and cadaver kidney recipients and did not appear to be more prevalent in end-to-end or end-to-side anastomoses. The blood pressures fell from pre-PTA levels of 167 +/- 22 mmHg systolic to 141 +/- 23.7 post-PTA and 102 +/- 11 mmHg diastolic pre-PTA to 88 +/- 12 mmHg post-PTA (P less than 0.01). Of 25 cured or improved patients, 24 are on significantly less hypertensive medication. Two patients died of causes unrelated to the PTA and only one patient lost a kidney because of the procedure. Compared with operation, PTA is a safer and more effective procedure for the initial treatment of RTAS.     

Surgical repair of transplant renal artery stenosis with preserved cadaveric iliac artery grafts

OBJECTIVE: To review the authors' experience with ABO-matched, preserved, cadaveric, iliac artery grafts for treatment of transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: TRAS is an important and treatable cause of hypertension and graft dysfunction in renal allograft recipients. Surgical treatment is reserved for lesions that are not amenable to percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) or for recurrence after PTA. Various surgical options for reconstruction of the transplant renal artery exist, although no single technique has been demonstrated to be superior. The authors have used preserved, blood type-matched, iliac artery grafts procured from cadaver organ donors to reconstruct transplant renal arteries in patients with specific lesions and following unsuccessful PTAs. METHODS: Between 1991 and 2001, 21 patients underwent reconstruction of allograft renal arteries using cadaveric iliac artery as conduit. Charts, operative notes, and imaging studies of all patients were reviewed. A successful intervention for TRAS was defined as technical success as well as a decrease in serum creatinine and/or blood pressure 6 weeks after the procedure. Development of a hemodynamically significant lesion following renal artery reconstruction was considered a recurrence. RESULTS: In patients treated with surgical reconstruction, hemodynamically significant TRAS occurred at or within 1 to 2 mm of the anastomosis in 13 patients, in the middle of the renal artery in 4, and secondary to a kink in 2 patients. Surgical treatment was undertaken in seven patients following unsuccessful PTA. Two patients had aneurysms of the iliac artery. Reconstruction using cadaveric iliac artery was successful in 19 of 21 (90%) patients, and only 1 these patients (4.8%) failed due to recurrence, with a median follow-up of 42 months. Graft loss secondary to TRAS occurred in two patients. The authors have not seen any long-term complications related to cadaveric iliac artery grafts, and the majority of the allografts continue to function well. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical reconstruction of the transplant renal artery with blood type-matched iliac artery grafts should be considered a viable option for patients with specific anatomic lesions, those who have had an unsuccessful PTA, and those with recurrence following PTA.     

Transplant renal artery stenosis: experience and comparative results between surgery and angioplasty

One hundred thirty-eight patients with transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) were identified among 1200 patients undergoing renal transplantation in our university hospital. Severe systemic hypertension was the main symptom leading to a diagnosis of TRAS. Only 88 TRAS patients were given interventional treatment consisting of percutaneous angioplasty (PTA; n=49) or surgical repair (SR; n=39). The immediate success rate was 92.1% for SR and 69% for PTA. The long-term success rate was 81.5% for SR and 40.8% for PTA, with a follow-up period of 56.7±22.4 months (SR group) and 32±28.1 months (PTA group). PTA morbidity reached 28%, compared to 7.6% in the SR group. In spite of these results, we still favor PTA as a first line interventional treatment when TRAS is recent, linear, and distal and primary SR in cases of kinking and proximal TRAS.     

Noninvasive procedures for diagnosis of renovascular hypertension in renal transplant recipients--a prospective analysis.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the selectivity and specificity of noninvasive procedures for diagnosis of clinically suspected posttransplant renovascular hypertension. We prospectively investigated 25 renal transplant recipients with arterial hypertension and clinically suspected stenosis of the graft artery (8 female and 17 male patients; ages 45 +/- 15 years). We performed a captopril test with 25 mg captopril (n = 25), renography with technetium-99m diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) before and after angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition with determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) (n = 23) and color-coded duplex ultrasonography of the transplant kidney vessels (n = 24). Renal transplant artery stenosis (RTAS) was excluded by renal arteriography in 20 patients and by operative evaluation or clinical follow-up in 5 patients. We identified 4 patients with RTAS and renovascular hypertension. The noninvasive methods showed the following results (sensitivity/specificity): (1) captopril test: 75%/67%; (2) renography combined with ACE-inhibition: 75%/84%; and (3) color-coded duplex ultrasonography: 100%/75%. We conclude that in patients with clinical evidence of RTAS most noninvasive diagnostic procedures are not sufficiently accurate to exclude the diagnosis. Only color-coded duplex ultrasonography did not fail to detect all patients with RTAS and may act as a screening test. Intraarterial renal angiography remains the most reliable and as-yet indispensable diagnostic test for transplant recipients to rule out RTAS.     

Transplant renal artery stenosis in children: risk factors and outcome after endovascular treatment

Background

Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is an increasingly recognised cause of post-transplant hypertension.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed 216 paediatric renal recipients transplanted between 2001 and 2011 to assess TRAS prevalence and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) efficacy. To assess risk factors, we compared children with TRAS with a propensity score-matched cohort of recipients without TRAS.

Results

Of the 216 paediatric patients who were transplanted in the study period, 44 were hypertensive (prevalence 20.3 %) and ten presented with TRAS (prevalence 4.6 %, median age at transplantation 14 years, range 6.78–17.36 years). Hypertensive patients without TRAS were prescribed one to two anti-hypertensive agents, whereas patients with TRAS required one to five medications. In the TRAS group, one recipient presented with vascular complications during surgery, and in three patients the graft had vascular abnormalities. TRAS was detected by Doppler ultrasonography (US) performed due to hypertension in nine of the patients with TRAS, but in the tenth case the TRAS was clinically silent and detected by routine Doppler-US screening. TRAS diagnosis was refined using angio-computed tomography or angio-magnetic resonance imaging. All patients underwent PTA without complications. Significant improvement after PTA was observed in the standard deviation scores for blood pressure [3.2?±?1.4 (pre-PTA) vs. 1.04?±?0.8 (post-PTA); p?=?0.0006) and graft function [creatinine clearance: 69?±?17.08 (pre-PTA) vs. 80.7?±?21.5 ml/min/1.73 m² (post-PTA); p?=?0.006] We observed no significant differences between the two cohorts for cold ischaemia time, recipient/donor weight ratio, delayed graft function, cytomegalovirus infections and acute rejection episodes.

Conclusions

Our study reports a low but significant TRAS prevalence among the paediatric patients who were transplanted at our centre in the study period and confirms that PTA is an effective and safe therapeutic option in paediatric renal transplant recipients. Known risk factors do not appear to be related to the development of TRAS.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty treatment of renal transplant artery stenosis

Since June 1979, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) has been the procedure of choice for renal transplant artery stenosis (RTAS) at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Of 241 renal allograft recipients, 17 (7%) when studied by arteriogram because of suspected RTAS proved to have significant stenosis (the mean reduction in luminal width for the group being 68%) and underwent PTA. RTAS was equally prevalent in cadaver and related kidney allografts and was no less common in HLA-identical related donor grafts, arguing against the importance of immune factors in etiology. RTAS was equally prevalent whether the anastomotic technique was end to end or end to side. However, when RTAS occurred after end to side anastomoses, it was usually postanastomotic. Fifteen of 17 of the attempts at dilation by PTA were successful by angiographic analysis. Thirteen of the 15 successfully dilated patients had long-term allograft survival and in all of these instances blood pressure (BP) was decreased after PTA. After a mean of 67 weeks, BP decreased from a systolic of 184 +/- 24 mm Hg pre-PTA to 135 +/- 15 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) and from a diastolic of 115 +/- 10 mm Hg pre-PTA to 87 +/- 11 mm Hg (P less than 0.001). The majority of patients continue to require antihypertensive drugs but in a less vigorous regimen than pre-PTA. Serum creatinine level fell following PTA from 1.9 +/- 0.6 to 1.7 +/- 0.5 mg/100 ml (P less than 0.01). Repeat angiographic study was done in nine patients, an average of 61 weeks after PTA, and no recurrent RTAS was identified. Three minor complications of PTA occurred but none led to long-term sequelae. Thus, we believe PTA of RTAS is relatively safe, carrying less mortality and morbidity than operative treatment, and is capable of improving BP control and renal allograft function.