老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者骨密度测定及影响因素分析

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者骨质疏松的发生及有关影响因素。方法应用双能量Ｘ线吸光测定法测定ＣＯＰＤ组３９例患者及对照组１９例全身及局部的骨矿物含量,同时测定营养状态、血清钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶和肺功能。结果ＣＯＰＤ组体重、体重／理想体重％、上臂围、三头肌皮皱厚度、臂肌围、第２、３、４腰椎（Ｌ２～４）及左股骨Ｗａｒｄ＇ｓ区骨密度水平均显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＣＯＰＤ组Ｌ２～４和左股骨Ｗａｒｄ＇ｓ区骨质疏松发生率显著高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ｌ２～４和左股骨Ｗａｒｄ＇ｓ区骨密度均与体重、体重／理想体重％、上臂围、三头肌皮皱厚度、臂肌围呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。左股骨Ｗａｒｄ＇ｓ区骨密度与用力肺活量（ＦＶＣ％）、一秒钟用力呼气量（ＦＥＶ１％）及一秒率（ＦＥＶ１／ＦＶＣ％）均呈显著正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论老年ＣＯＰＤ组骨质疏松发生率高于同年龄对照组。营养状态、肺功能指标为影响ＣＯＰＤ患者骨密度的相关因素。     

溴化异丙托品与氨茶碱片对支气管扩张作用的对比观察

目的比较定量雾化吸入溴化异丙托品与口服氨茶碱片对支气管扩张的作用。方法对２６例稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者采用安慰剂控制的双盲交叉试验，于试验前及试验后３０分，１，２，３，４，５，６小时分别测定第一秒用力呼气容积（ＦＥＶ１）。结果使用溴化异丙托品及氨茶碱后ＦＥＶ１平均峰值较基础值增加分别为３４％及１９％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；达峰时间分别为１～２小时及２～３小时；ＦＥＶ１较基础值增加＞１５％的患者分别为９０％及５０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＦＥＶ１＞１５％的平均持续时间为３．６小时及１．６小时，６小时内ＦＥＶ１较基础值平均增加分别为１８％及８％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论对ＣＯＰＤ患者雾化吸入溴化异丙托品较口服氨茶碱片能更有效的扩张支气管作用     

溴化异丙托品与沙丁胺醇雾化吸入对COPD病人的支气管扩张作用

以随机公开对照试验比起对ＣＯＰＤ病人的支气管扩张作用及副作用．雾化吸入沙丁胺醇（５００μｇ）为Ａ组１６例；雾化吸入溴优异丙托品（５０μｇ）为Ｂ组１５例，雾化吸入沙丁胺醇（５０μｇ）合并异丙托品（５００μｇ）为Ｃ组１５例。结果：Ａ组１５分钟起效；Ｂ组６０分钟起效，其ＦＥＶ１（第一秒用力肺活量）及ＦＶＣ（用力肺活量）的最大改善率（２２．０％、２２．７％）与Ａ给（２１．５％、２３．２％）相比无差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），Ｃ组５、１５分钟ＦＥＶ１的改善率（８．７％、１３．０％）高于Ｂ组（０％、２％）；１８０、３６０分钟ＦＥＶ１的改善率为（２３．９％、１７．３％）高于Ａ组（１３．７％、５．８％）（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＦＶＣ与ＦＥＶ１的改变相近，三组均无严重的副反应。提示：ＣＯＰＤ患者雾化吸入异丙托品具有与沙丁胺醇相近的气道扩张作用．但起效慢．两者合用时，起效快，持续时间长，作用优于单药应用．     

消炎痛雾化吸入对慢性支气管炎的疗效观察

采用随机、单盲、安慰剂及正常对照的方法，观察了４８例慢性支气管炎（慢支）急性发作期患者痰及血中６－酮－前列腺素Ｆ１ａ（６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ａ）、血栓素Ｂ２（ＴＸＢ２）含量的变化以及它们与疾量，痰干／湿比，肺活量实测值占预计值百分比（ＶＣ％），１秒用力肺活量占用力肺活量百分比（ＦＥＶ１％）的相关性。并观察了消炎痛对它们的影响。结果表明：慢支患者痰及血中６－ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ｕ及ＴＸＢ２均高于正常对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。痰及血中６—ｋｅｔｏ－ＰＧＦ１ａ和ＴＸＢ２与痰量和疾干／湿比里正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）；与ＶＣ％和ＦＥＶ１％呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）。与安慰剂组相比消炎痛雾化吸入可明显降低慢支患者的痰量，痰粘度和血沉（Ｐ＜０．０１）；明显提高ＶＣ％和ＦＥＶ１％（Ｐ值分别小于０．０５，Ｐ＜０．０１）；明显缩短病程（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

高原地区老年慢性肺心病患者夜间睡眠减氧饱和的观察

目的探讨高原老年肺心病患者夜间睡眠减氧饱和及与呼吸功能的关系。方法对３４例高原老年肺心病缓解期患者作了白天血气、血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２）、肺功能、最大跨膈压（Ｐｄｉｍａｘ）和夜间睡眠脑电图、眼电图、ＳａＯ２连续监测。结果高原老年肺心病患者夜间睡眠快动眼睡眠（ＲＥＭ）和非ＲＥＭ（ＮＲＥＭ）期平均ＳａＯ２（ＭＳａＯ２）和最低ＳａＯ２（ＭｍＳａＯ２）较白天觉醒ＳａＯ２（ＤＳａＯ２）明显降低（均为Ｐ＜００１），以ＲＥＭ期最明显；高碳酸血症组较无碳酸血症组降低明显（Ｐ＜００１或００５）。ＭＳａＯ２与ＤＳａＯ２、１秒钟用力呼气容积（ＦＥＶ１）、７５％、５０％和２５％肺活量最大呼气流量〔Ｖ７５／Ｈｔ（ｍ）、Ｖ５０／Ｈｔ（ｍ）、Ｖ２５／Ｈｔ（ｍ）（Ｈｔ为身高，ｍ为米）〕、Ｐｄｉｍａｘ和ＭｍＳａＯ２与ＤＳａＯ２呈明显正相关（ｒ＝０７３８、０６８７、０７７１、０８８９、０５６８、０８７６、０８２２，均为Ｐ＜００１）。结论高原老年肺心病患者夜间睡眠有明显减氧饱和，尤以ＲＥＭ期最明显，且与肺和膈肌功能损害程度呈正相关     

雾化吸入爱喘乐对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能的影响

为了观察雾化吸入爱喘乐（溴化异丙托品）对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者肺功能，尤其是气道阻力的影响，对４０例ＣＯＰＤ患者随机分为雾化吸入溴化异丙托品组和吸入生理盐水组，雾化吸入前，二组临床资料和各项肺功能指标均大致相同（Ｐ＞００５）。结果：雾化吸入溴化异丙托品（０．０２５％２ｍｌ）者６０分钟后各项肺功能指标（ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１、ＦＥＦ２５％～７５％、ＰＥＦＲ）均有不同程度的改善（Ｐ＜００５～００１），尤其是气道阻力（Ｒａｗ、Ｇａｗ、ｓＲａｗ、ｓＧａｗ）明显降低（Ｐ＜００１）。吸入生理盐水组各项肺功能指标均无改变（Ｐ＞００５）。     

早期应用卡托普利对急性心肌梗塞后左室容积和功能的影响

本文对６５例急性心肌梗塞（ＡＭＩ）患者随机分为卡托普利组３３例，服用卡托普利（１２．５ｍｇ，ｔｉｄ）；安慰剂组３２例，服用安慰剂。两组均在服药后第１周和第１、２、３个月各做一次二维超声心动图检查。结果：卡托普利组左室收缩末期容积指数（ＬＶＥＳＶＩ）降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），舒张末期容积指数（ＬＶＥＤＶＩ）无显著改变，每搏量指数（ＳＶＩ）和射血分数（ＥＦ）增加（均Ｐ＜０．０５）；安慰剂组ＬＶＥＤＶＩ和ＬＶＥＳＶＩ增加，ＥＦ降低（均Ｐ＜０．０５）。两组比较，至服药后第３个月，上述各指标差异均显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

前列腺素E1对肺心病心衰疗效的观察

探讨前列腺素Ｅ１静脉滴注对肺心病心衰的疗效。方法对３０例肺心病心衰患者，应用前列腺素Ｅ１（ＰＧＥ１）２００μｇ／ｄ静脉滴注，疗程５天。于治疗前后同步检测内源性洋地黄因子（ＥＤＦ）、过氧化脂质（ＬＰＯ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）及动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（ＰａＣＯ２）和观察症状体征变化，并与对照组（不用ＰＧＥ１）的３０例肺心病心衰患者及２０例健康者进行比较。结果两组肺心病心衰患者的ＥＤＦ、ＬＰＯ显著高于健康组（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＳＯＤ含量则显著降低（Ｐ＜０．００１）。治疗组病例治疗后ＥＤＦ、ＬＰＯ较治疗前显著降低（Ｐ＜０．００１），ＳＯＤ含量则显著升高（Ｐ＜０．００１），症状体征及血气参数显著改善（Ｐ＜０．０１～０．００１）。对照组（不用ＰＧＥ１）病例的ＥＤＦ、ＬＰＯ、ＳＯＤ、血气参数及症状体征，于治疗前、后无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论ＰＧＥ１对肺心病心衰患者确有较好的疗效。     

吸入糖皮质激素治疗非哮喘性慢性阻塞性疾病的研究

目的 研究中等剂量二丙酸氯地米松（ＢＤＰ）短疗程吸入治疗非哮喘慢性阻塞性肺疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）是否有疗效，方法 按照随机，对照，单盲的设计，６１例非哮喘性ＣＯＰＤ患分两组，分别予ＢＤＰ（１０００μｇ．ｄ＾－１）与安慰剂吸入治疗６周，治疗前后测定肺功能一秒钟用力呼气容积（ＦＥＶ１）用力肺活量（ＦＶＣ），最大呼气中段流速（ＭＭＥＦ）值和血浆内纱（ＥＴ－１）的浓度，并记录临床症状记分，生活质量记分，结果     

慢性低氧性肺动脉高压的无创诊断

通过Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ导管，测定了３０例ＣＯＰＤ并肺心病患者的肺动脉压等血流动力学参数，同步行核素心功能、超声心动图、血气分析、肺功能等检查。结果发现肺动脉平均压（ｍＰＡＰ）与右室射血分数（ＲＶＥＦ）、残气／肺总量（ＲＶ／ＴＬＣ）、肺动脉直径（ＰＣＤ）、动脉血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２）等均有显著相关性（Ｐ均＜０．０５）。通过逐步回归分析得到最优多元回归方程：Ｙ（ｍＰＡＰ）＝３．９０２－０．１０６ＲＶＥＦ＋０．０３６ＲＶ／ＴＬＣ＋０．２００ＰＡＤ－０．０５０ＳａＯ２。该多元回归方程可试用于临床低氧性肺动脉高压的无创诊断。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.