Tumescent superficial liposuction with curettage for treatment of axillary bromhidrosis

Backgrounds Axillary bromhidrosis is a common but unpleasant and distressing problem faced by many societies, particularly in Asia, where malodour is reflected as a social handicap. Currently, local surgery is the treatment of choice among various non‐surgical and surgical treatment. Objectives To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of tumescent superficial liposuction and curettage in treating axillary bromhidrosis. Methods Forty‐three patients (25 females and 18 males, average age 24.5 years) have undergone tumescent superficial liposuction and curettage. Local anaesthesia, tumescent solution, was injected into the hair‐bearing area of the axilla. Two tiny incisions were made for Fatemi cannule, and subcutaneous tissue was removed by stroke movement under negative pressure. Subsequently, additional curettage was done around the incision sites. We evaluated the clinical efficacy (excellent, good, fair and poor) and complications. In addition, preoperative and postoperative histologic findings were reviewed in 15 patients. Results The follow‐up evaluation started 3 months after the surgery, and mean follow‐up period was 15.8 months, ranging from 3 to 54 months. Among 43 patients, 31 patients (72.1%) showed excellent to good results. The most common postoperative complication was transient ecchymosis which spontaneously regressed in 1 to 2 weeks. Focal skin necrosis, induration, and haematoma or seroma were each noted in four, three, and one patients, respectively, but resolved after proper dressing. The preoperative histological findings included increase in size and number of apocrine glands in cross‐section view, and the postoperative specimen evidently showed removal of subcutaneous tissue, including apocrine and eccrine glands, and remnant sweat glands were severely destructed. Conclusion Tumescent superficial liposuction with curettage for axillary bromhidrosis is an effective and safe treatment method for axillary bromhidrosis.     

顺腋纹平行双切口保留真皮血管网切除顶泌汗腺治疗腋臭

目的：评价肿胀麻醉下顺腋纹平行双切口保留真皮血管网的顶泌汗腺切除术根治腋臭的疗效.方法：手术顺腋纹做两个平行切口,于腋浅筋膜浅层向四周锐性分离皮下组织达腋毛边缘,翻转皮瓣直视下逐一修剪顶泌汗腺组织.结果：本组68例共136侧,所有病例切口均I期愈合,无1例发生皮瓣坏死,术后经6～12个月的随访,治愈122侧,治愈率89.71%,显效14侧,显效率10.29%,总有效率100%.术后瘢痕轻微、隐蔽,腋窝皮肤活动性好,上肢功能无影响.结论：肿胀麻醉下顺腋纹平行双切口保留真皮血管网的顶泌汗腺切除术治疗腋臭总有效率高,并发症少,瘢痕小,为目前较理想的根治腋臭的手术治疗方法.     

腋臭患者腋区顶泌汗腺的分布特点

【摘要】 目的 检测腋臭患者腋区顶泌汗腺在深度、广度的分布,探讨其范围内的分布差异性。 方法 2010年9 - 12月间的15例腋臭患者,行直视下顶泌汗腺剪除术,切取切口处宽约2 mm的全层皮肤,深度达腋浅筋膜浅层,用于判明顶泌汗腺分布的深度。留取腋中心（点1）、距腋中心1 cm（点2）、距腋毛边缘内1 cm（点3）、腋毛边缘（点4）、距腋毛边缘外1 cm（点5）共5个标记点对应的皮下暗红色粗大的颗粒状组织,用于判明顶泌汗腺的分布范围及分布规律。 结果 顶泌汗腺分泌部主要分布于真皮网状层和皮下脂肪浅层,表皮层、真皮乳头层及腋浅筋膜浅层均无顶泌汗腺分布。顶泌汗腺广度分布与腋毛范围基本一致,腋中心部可见大量顶泌汗腺组织,腋毛边缘处仍有少量顶泌汗腺分布,腋毛边缘外1.0 cm处已无顶泌汗腺分布。5个点顶泌汗腺面积占整块组织面积的百分比平均值分别为74.1%、46.6%、25.3%、2.1%和0,相邻两点进行t检验,点1、2之间t = 29.78,P < 0.01;点2、3之间t = 9.76,P < 0.01;点3、4之间t = 20.83,P < 0.01;点4、5之间t = 1.96,P > 0.05。 结论 手术治疗腋臭时,清除范围深度达真皮网状层和浅层脂肪层,广度到腋毛范围即可,没有必要过度扩大清除范围。     

A refined surgical treatment modality for bromhidrosis: Subcutaneous scissor with micropore

Axillary bromhidrosis has a strong negative effect on one's social life. A high success rate and few complications are criteria for a surgical treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate a new surgical treatment modality for bromhidrosis: subcutaneous scissor with micropore. Twenty patients with bromhidrosis were treated. Patients were placed in a supine position with their treated arms abducted to 110°. After injection of 60 mL of tumescent solution into each axilla, one small incision was made at the middle axillary of the hair‐bearing area. The whole hair‐bearing skin was undermined at the level of the superficial fat to obtain adequate skin eversion. The flaps were everted to offer full exposure of the apocrine glands, and meticulous excision of each gland was performed. Both sides were punctured with scalpel. The micropore was used for drainage, and whose width was just 3 mm. Finally, the incisions were re‐approximated, and bulky compressive dressings were applied to the area for 72 hours. Of the 40 axillae (20 patients), 34 (85.0%) showed excellent results, and six (15.0%) had good results. Malodor was significantly decreased. There were no serious complications. This technique can produce excellent results with a lower complication rate than most other surgical modalities and can be performed without costly equipment.     

Refined tumescent liposuction‐curettage with pruning in small incisions for treatment of axillary bromhidrosis

Axillary bromhidrosis is a widespread social problem in our society. Various modalities have been developed for the destruction or removal of the apocrine sweat glands to eliminate underarm odor. However, conventional surgical treatments often result in a high complication rate and frequent recurrence. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of refined tumescent liposuction‐curettage with pruning in small incisions as treatment for axillary bromhidrosis. Between July 2013 and April 2019, 110 patients (75 women and 35 men) with axillary bromhidrosis underwent refined tumescent liposuction‐curettage with pruning. The results of eliminating underarm odor were evaluated by both the patients and doctors and rated as very satisfied (excellent), satisfied (good), slightly satisfied (fair), and not satisfied (poor). Postoperative complications, such as dehiscence, infection, wound contracture, cyst, subcutaneous hydrops, hematoma, or seroma, were also evaluated. Preoperative and postoperative histological examinations of axillary tissues were performed in two patients. In the subjective evaluation of 110 patients, 33 (30.0%) were very satisfied with the results, 70 (63.6%) were satisfied, and seven (6.4%) were slightly satisfied. The objective evaluation showed that 43 (39.1%) patients graded the results as excellent, whereas others graded the results as good. No serious complications occurred, except three patients with slight local subcutaneous hydrops and hematoma. Histologic examinations showed that the apocrine glands were significantly decreased or destroyed after the surgery. Refined tumescent liposuction‐curettage with pruning in small incisions is an effective method for the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis.     

Innervation and receptor profiles of the human apocrine (epitrichial) sweat gland: routes for intervention in bromhidrosis

Background Human apocrine (epitrichial) sweat glands secrete in response to local or systemic administration of catecholamines and cholinergic agonists. As the process of secretion in human apocrine glands is not fully understood and no literature detailing the expression of adrenergic, cholinergic and purinergic receptors is available, there is a need to know the receptor types. Such data could provide new approaches for the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis. Objectives To investigate the localization of nerve fibres, adrenergic, cholinergic and purinergic receptors in human axillary apocrine sweat glands by immunohistochemistry. Methods Human axillary apocrine sweat glands were investigated by serial sectioning of paraffin wax‐embedded skin samples from volunteers. Sections were examined by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry, using antibodies against neurofilament, α‐ and β‐adrenoceptors, P2Y₁, P2Y₂ and P2Y₄ purinoceptors, and M₃ cholinoceptors. Results Neurofilaments were found near the eccrine but not the apocrine gland. Apocrine glands demonstrated the presence of β‐2 and β‐3 adrenoceptors in the secretory coil of the gland, but not α‐1, β‐1 or M₃ receptors. Glandular purinergic staining (P2Y₁, P2Y₂ and P2Y₄) was found in what looked like myoepithelial cells, while P2Y₁ and P2Y₂ staining was found on apical membranes and diffusely throughout secretory cells. Eccrine gland staining acted as internal positive controls. Conclusions No nerve fibres were found near the apocrine gland, suggesting that any catecholamine influence is through humoral effects and that glands could be influenced by β‐adrenoceptor subtypes and purinoceptors. Blockage of both these types of receptors offers a route to controlling apocrine secretion from axillary glands and reducing the opportunity for the development of bromhidrosis.     

两种切口的顶泌汗腺修剪术治疗腋臭的并发症对比分析

目的采用"W"形切口(A组)及"1"字形腋窝皱襞切口(B组)的顶泌汗腺修剪术治疗腋臭,统计分析两组患者术后并发症的发生率。方法回顾分析2011年5月-2013年12月采用两种切口的顶泌汗腺修剪术治疗腋臭163例,其中A组84例,B组79例,对其术后的并发症进行对比分析。结果 A组术后发生血肿5例、皮瓣坏死3例,切口裂开11例,局部瘢痕增生13例,异味残留3例;B组术后发生血肿4例,皮瓣坏死2例,切口裂开3例,局部瘢痕增生4例,异味残留4例。A、B组在切口裂开、局部瘢痕增生的发生率差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 "1"字形腋窝皱襞切口较"W"形切口的顶泌汗腺修剪术在一定程度上可减轻腋臭术后并发症。     

The absence of apoeccrine glands in the human axilla has disease pathogenetic implications, including axillary hyperhidrosis

BACKGROUND: The existence of a third type of sweat gland in human axillary skin, the apoeccrine gland, with a capacity to produce much higher sweat output than the eccrine gland, was proposed from examination of microdissected glands. However, previous studies of axillary skin glands did not examine the entire individual glandular structure via serial sections and the markers used to identify the different glands gave conflicting results and, hence, the existence of the apoeccrine gland remains controversial. OBJECTIVES: To investigate human axillary sweat glands by serial section histology and immunofluorescence. METHODS: Human axillary sweat glands were investigated by serial sectioning of paraffin wax-embedded skin samples taken by biopsy from four male and six female volunteers (age range 20-35 years). Sections were examined by light microscopy and immunofluorescence, using antibodies to antigens reported to be markers for discriminating between eccrine and apocrine gland cells: CD15, CD44, S100 and human milk fat globulin. RESULTS: Light microscopy demonstrated that there were hair follicles and a mean +/- SD of 76 +/- 14 sweat glands cm(-2). Eccrine and apocrine glands were found to be present; however, no glands resembling the apoeccrine glands were detected. Both types of sweat gland exhibited signs of being active, with segments of the secretory coils displaying flattened cells and dilated glandular lumina; however, this dilation did not extend to obvious changes in the width of the gland. None of the eccrine glands exhibited evidence of the presence of apocrine cells or vice versa. Immunofluorescence markers were found not to be specific and did not discriminate between the different types of glands or demonstrate the presence of apoeccrine glands. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first time that serial sections of axillary skin have been examined by histology and immunofluorescence. The markers reported to discriminate between apocrine and eccrine glands were found to be nonspecific. No evidence of apoeccrine glands was found either by histology or by immunofluorescence.     

Local injection of botulinum toxin A: An alternative therapy for axillary osmidrosis

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of local injection of botulinum toxin A for treating axillary osmidrosis. One hundred and fifty patients with axillary osmidrosis were randomly divided to receive botulinum toxin A injection treatment (50 U of botulinum toxin A was injected intracutaneously into 6–20 different sites within each axilla, n = 74) or surgical excision of the apocrine glands (n = 76). The patients were followed up for 1–3 months to analyze the therapeutic effect and complications of the two methods. The curative effect in patients with mild and moderate axillary osmidrosis was not significantly different between the botulinum toxin A injection group and operation group. However, for patients with severe axillary osmidrosis, surgery treatment seemed to be superior to botulinum toxin A treatment (P = 0.005). There was also no significant difference in the modified Dermatology Life Quality Index between the two treatments. Two cases showed complications related to hemorrhage and incision infection in the operation group. In conclusion, local injection of botulinum toxin A is a safe, fast and effective treatment for mild and moderate axillary osmidrosis, but the long‐term effect remains to be further investigated.     

深浅两层顶泌汗腺处理法治疗腋臭术后并发症的分析和处理

目的分析探讨深浅两层顶泌汗腺处理法治疗腋臭,其术后并发症出现的原因和处理方法。方法对317例腋臭患者行深浅两层顶泌汗腺处理法治疗腋臭,观察术后并发症,分析原因并及时外科处理。结果 317例患者术后血肿20例(6.3%)、皮下积液12例(3.8%),皮肤瘀斑36例(11.4%),皮肤坏死5例(1.6%),切口裂开34例(10.7%),切口感染16例(5.1%),切口延期愈合71例(22.4%),切口瘢痕23例(7.3%),瘢痕挛缩12例(3.8%),异味残留11例(3.5%),腋毛脱落317例(100%);皮肤外科适当处理后效果满意。结论深浅两层顶泌汗腺处理法治疗腋臭术后并发症的发生与多种因素有关,及时恰当的处理仍可以获得满意的术后效果。     

A Prospective,Long-Term Follow-Up Study of 1,444 nm Nd:YAG Laser: A New Modality for Treating Axillary Bromhidrosis

Background

Surgery for bromhidrosis has a high risk of complications such as hematoma and necrosis. New nonsurgical methods may reduce the burden on surgery and the risks for the patient.

Objective

This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and side-effects of the 1,444 nm Nd:YAG interstitial laser for treating axillary bromhidrosis.

Methods

Eighteen bromhidrosis patients were treated with a 1,444 nm Nd:YAG laser at Korea University Ansan Hospital. The post-treatment follow-up was 6 months. After the procedure, we confirmed apocrine gland destruction through histopathological examination. At each follow-up, we measured the severity of the remaining odor, postoperative pain, degree of mobility restriction, and overall satisfaction.

Results

After 180 days of follow-up, malodor elimination was good in 20 axillae, fair in 12 axillae, and poor in four axillae. At the end point of the study, 14 patients were totally satisfied with the laser treatment, three patients were partially satisfied, and one patient was disatisfied. Pain and limitation of mobility were significantly reduced within 1 week post-operatively, and were almost resolved within 4 weeks post-operatively. A histopathological examination revealed decreased density and significant alterations to the apocrine glands.

Conclusion

Subdermal coagulation treatment with a 1,444 nm Nd:YAG interstitial laser may be a less invasive and effective therapy for axillary bromhidrosis.     

Surgical subcision as a cost-effective and minimally invasive treatment for axillary osmidrosis

Background Axillary osmidrosis, characterized by unpleasant odor and occasional staining of clothing, is a personal discomfort and social impairment for people who suffer from it. Various types of surgical procedures involving instrumented‐assisted tools (lasers, ultrasonic, endoscope, and others) have shown relatively positive results; however, for patients in developing countries, especially in China, these treatments are inconvenient and cost‐ineffective. Objective To introduce a minimal incision surgical procedure with skin flap treatment that removes the apocrine sweat glands in the subcutaneous tissue through a 1‐cm‐long incision without instrument‐assisted tools. Method From July 2005 to October of 2007, 108 patients (68 women and 40 men) were treated with the minimal incision and cost‐effective surgical treatment by manual excision. A 1‐cm‐long incision is made in the axillary crease. Subcutaneous tissue and glands were removed with scissors through this incision. This procedure is repeated throughout the entire axilla until the axilla has essentially become a super‐thin flap. Result Malodor elimination was good in 206 out of 215 axillae (95.8%) treated, fair in nine (4.2%), and poor in zero (0%). The resulting scar is small and virtually invisible because it is only 1‐cm long and located in the axillary crease. Conclusion Treatment of axillary osmidrosis by manual excision through a 1‐cm incision is a convenient, efficient, cost‐effective, and relatively safe technique that results in high patient satisfaction and benefits patients and surgeons in developing countries. Axillary osmidrosis, a non‐life‐threatening condition characterized by unpleasant odor and occasional staining of clothing, is an annoying problem, particularly in Asian societies. For many people who suffer from this problem, this condition is a personal discomfort, a social impairment, and discourages patients from enjoying social or personal activities, especially young women. They are usually embarrassed by the smell during their daily activities and communication with other people.     

The immunohistochemical localization of lysozyme in human axillary apocrine glands

Lysozyme has been observed in intraluminal secretory products of apocrine glands in specimens of normal human axillary skin. Lysozyme was also observed in an occasional apocrine secretory cell, as well as in leukocytes within vascular lumina and dermal histiocytes. Lysozyme was not observed in sebaceous glands, eccrine glands, or cells of the epidermis. These observations support an epithelial origin of cutaneous lysozyme and suggest a means of further characterization of the origin and/or differentiation of tumors of appendageal origin.     

392例负压抽脂微创治疗腋臭疗效分析

目的:探讨负压抽脂微创技术治疗腋臭的临床疗效及安全性.方法:收集我院皮肤科门诊腋臭患者392例,腋窝局部肿胀麻醉后使用脂肪抽吸管抽吸脂肪浅层及刮吸真皮深层,术后随访1年,观察疗效、并发症及复发情况.结果:治愈367例,治愈率93.63％,总有效率100％.其中10例出现局部硬结,2例出现上臂抬举稍受限,未见严重并发症及...     

Effect of optimizing the use of endoscope on the efficiency of microdynamic bromhidrosis removal operation

Background

Bromhidrosis, also known as body odor, is a common disease in life, which often occurs in young adults. The histological basis of bromhidrosis is the hyperplasia of apocrine sweat glands.

Objective

To compare the effects of different methods of endoscopy in microdynamic axillary osmidrosis removal on curative effect, complications, and surgical efficiency.

Methods

A total of 149 patients with axillary osmidrosis were treated in our hospital from January 2020 to December 2021. They were treated with endoscopic assistance in the whole process of operation (Group A) and endoscope-assisted exploration after blind rotary cutter suction (Group B), respectively, and the curative effect, complication rate, and surgical efficiency were evaluated.

Results

There was no significant difference in the curative effect and complication rate between the two groups, but the endoscope-assisted exploration group after suction with rotary cutter (Group B) had higher surgical efficiency.

Conclusion

On the basis of professional use of rotary cutter, it is efficient to choose endoscope to check the excision of sweat gland in the operation area and stop bleeding in time after blind suction.     

Scanning electron microscopic study of the human axillary apocrine glands.

The human axillary apocrine glands were observed by scanning electron microscopy.

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Surgical management of axillary necrotizing fasciitis: a case report

Axillary necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is quite rare and requires special management with respect to debridement and delayed surgical reconstruction. A 76-year-old man presented to our emergency department with a 2-day history of high fever, severe left axillary pain and redness. A few hours later, he developed discoloration and hemorrhagic bulla in the axilla, and the redness enlarged on the trunk. Emergency surgical debridement was performed. The blackish necrosis in the axilla was completely excised and the erythematous areas in the chest wall were cut down to the level of the fascia. Split-thickness skin grafts were applied during the second debridement on the 30th day of hospitalization and negative pressure wound therapy was used. Although the grafts took partially, full thickness axillary defects remained. We performed reconstruction with a pedicled latissimus dorsi flap on day 78. This case highlights some of the important surgical considerations in the management of axillary NF.     

内镜结合超声刀治疗臭汗症八例

【摘要】 目的 探讨内镜结合超声刀在臭汗症根治术中的应用。 方法 8例双侧臭汗症患者全麻下采用术区外小切口内镜结合超声刀清除大汗腺治疗臭汗症。 结果 8例患者术后6个月疗效评估：0级7例（87.50%）,1级1例。1例女性患者由于术中皮肤局部温度过高造成一侧腋下皮肤表皮脱落,术后加强局部皮肤护理后治愈。1例男性患者由于手术过程中电凝钩灼伤皮肤,缝合后伤口愈合,未影响手术效果及美观。8例患者均未出现皮瓣全层坏死或皮下血肿。术后美容效果好。随访3 ~ 12个月,无复发,患者对治疗效果均满意。 结论 内镜结合超声刀治疗臭汗症具有切口隐蔽、效果满意、术后并发症少的优点。     

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Axillary Osmidrosis Using a Combination of Subcutaneous Tissue Removal and a 1,444-nm Nd:YAG Laser

Many treatment modalities have been developed for axillary osmidrosis. It is well known that the surgical treatment has the best results. However, there is a high possibility of side effects. The 1,444-nm lipolysis laser has been recently introduced to remove the apocrine glands. So far, subdermal coagulation treatment with a 1,444-nm Nd:YAG laser may be the least invasive and most effective therapy for axillary osmidrosis. However, according to our previous experience, the recurrence rate was 20%~30%. This emphasizes the need for combination of surgical method and non-surgical method and we combined subcutaneous tissue removal and photothermocoagulation with a 1,444-nm Nd:YAG laser. Three patients for bilateral axillary osmidrosis were enrolled. After an incision of about one-third the length of the widest transverse diameter, the apocrine glands were separated from the skin. And then apocrine glands within the marked area were destroyed by irradiation with a 1,444-nm Nd:YAG laser thereafter. All patients exhibited no relapse of axillary osmidrosis and were satisfied with the treatment results. A combination of subcutaneous tissue removal and Interstitial laser photothermocoagulation with a 1,444-nm Nd:YAG laser could be an effective treatment for mild to moderate axillary osmidrosis.     

Surgical treatment of suppurative axillary hidradenitis: value of a musculocutaneous island flap of the latissimus dorsi. Apropos of 3 cases

We report our experience of the surgical management of severe, extensive, medically intractable axillary Hidradenitis suppurativa in three male patients. Under general anaesthesia, all patients underwent large, deep and full excision of the disease prone areas, i. e. zones of apocrine sweat gland distribution and not only of the skin involved at the time of surgery, for the best possible prevention of recurrence. The operation was bilateral in two patients and unilateral in one. In all cases closure was achieved using the latissimus dorsi flap technique. In the two patients with bilateral lesions surgery was carried out in two steps at about two months' interval. At present, after a follow-up of about two years, none of the patients have relapsed and their shoulder mobility is perfectly preserved with a normal abduction allowed by the total absence of axillary scar contracture. The latissimus dorsi flap technique consists of transplanting into the recipient's axillary defect the pedicellated lateral margin of the latissimus dorsi muscle with (2 patients) or without (1 patient) a cover of attached skin palette vascularized by the underlying muscle tissue. Mainly used hitherto for reconstructive mammary surgery, this technique perfectly fits axillary diseases, such as Hidradenitis suppurativa, which can only be cured by creating wide surgical skin defects. It is particularly reliable: covering of the defect is easy and the immediate muscle interposition effectively protects the otherwise widely exposed neurovascular pedicle. The need for a skin palette cover associated with the latissimus dorsi flap is discussed.