直视下病变隔膜切除治疗布-加综合征(附172例报告)

１９９０年５月至１９９５年１０月应用病变隔膜切除术治疗膜型布－加综合征１７２例。术中以球囊控制肝、腔静脉血流。在常温、直视下切除病变隔膜。手术死亡率２．９％（５／１７２），有效率８６．６％（１４９／１７２），复发率１０．５％（１８／１７２）。认为直视下病变隔膜切除创伤较小，不用体外循环即能完成，下腔静脉内不留病变隔膜碎片，是治疗膜型布－加综合征的有效方法。     

重症布加综合征的外科治疗

目的 探讨重症布-加综合征的治疗方法。分析、评价肠腔静脉C形架桥、脾静脉-颈内静脉转流术对重症布-加综合征的治疗效果。方法 对1998年1月至2000年2月,作者收治的29例重症布-加综合征病人临床资料综合分析。结果 20例采用肠腔静脉C形架桥,随访2～25个月,其中17例效果良好(85％,17/20),3例症状改善(15％,3/20);9例采用脾静脉与颈内静脉转流术,随访2～25个月,其中5例效果良好(55.6％,5/9),3例症状改善(33.3％,3/9),1例死亡(11.1％,1/9)。结论 对重症布-加综合征病人,根据病变类型行肠腔静脉C形架桥术或脾静脉-颈内静脉转流术是有效的手术方式。     

闭式扩张术治疗布－加氏综合征

本文连续对７例布－加氏综合征病人采用手指戮破下腔静脉膜样梗阻，引导二尖瓣扩张器闭式扩张手术治疗，术后症状迅速减轻，体征消退，随访６～２４月，５例恢复良好。认为对上腔静脉膜样梗阻病人，该闭式扩张术简便、创伤小、安全有效。     

放射介入加肠腔架桥联合门奇断流术治疗布—加综合征

目的 评价下腔静脉放射介入加肠腔Ｃ型架桥联合门奇断流术对布－加综合征的治疗效果。方法 对１９９５年７月至１９９８年１２月收治的１０例下腔静脉及主肝静脉完倒闭和塞、又无扩张代偿的副肝静脉的１０例病人，行经皮腔下腔静脉球囊导管扩张内支架术后，再行肠系膜上静脉下腔静脉人工血管Ｃ型架桥联合门奇断流术（联合手术）。结果 下腔静脉压力由１．５７～２．７ｋＰａ（１６～２８ｃｍＨ２Ｏ）降至０．７８～１．４７ｋＰａ     

布-加综合征的治疗

目的：探讨布－加综合征（BCS）各种治疗方法的疗效。方法：回顾性分析260例BCS病人采用不同治疗方法的临床资料。结果：260例中采用介入、手术或介入联合手术治疗273例次，其中下腔静脉成形术或／和支架置入术149例160例次，肝静脉或副肝静脉成形术或／和支架置入术15例17例次，下腔静脉加肝静脉或融肝静脉成形术或／和支架置入术10例；常温下直视根治术8例，肠腔转流术16例，肠颈转流术5例，肠房转流术8例，腔房转流术6例，脾肺固定术18例，肠腔转流联合下腔静脉成形术和支架置入术17例，经右房手指破膜术联合下腔静脉成形术和支架置入术8例。手术死亡2例，1例介入病人心包填塞死亡，1例手术病人大出血死亡。全组病人经随访3月－6年，20例复发，其中7例死于肝功能衰竭，其余病人恢复满意。结论：布－加综合征首选介入治疗，不宜介入或介入失败和复发者应选用手术或介入联合手术治疗，治疗效果良好。     

布—加综合征伴下腔静脉血栓形成诊断与治疗

目的：探讨布－加综合征伴下腔静脉内血栓形成的诊断和治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析自１９８３年５月至１９９８年１２月收治的４３例患者。结果：手术治疗４２例,１例采用球囊导管扩张术。发生肺动脉栓塞６例,４例经药物治愈,２例死亡,结论：彩色多谱勒超声、下腔静脉造影或经皮肝穿刺肝静脉造影联合应用可提高对血栓的诊断率,治疗主要采用切开下腔静脉驱除血栓的术式。     

脾静脉与颈内静脉转流术治疗重症布-加综合征

目的探索重症布－加综合征的手术方式。方法自１９９４年１１月至１９９６年５月,对１７例重症布－加综合征患者采用脾切除、脾静脉－颈内静脉转流术进行治疗。结果随访３～２０个月,效果优者１１例（６４．７％）,良好者５例（２９．４％）,死亡１例（５．８％）。结论对重症布－加综合征患者,脾静脉－颈内静脉转流是一种有效的手术方式。     

上腔静脉综合征的外科治疗(附47例分析)

１９８４年１月至１９９４年１２月收治上腔静脉综合征病人４７例，其中３４例施行了手术治疗。病变原因为纵隔肿瘤１２例、纵隔炎症７例、静脉炎１４例、良性病变１２例和异位升主动脉压迫及原因不明各１例，同时伴下腔静脉病变８例。手术方法包括：各种转流术，肿瘤切除加上腔静脉重建或松解术，经右房、经球囊导管下腔静脉扩张术和上腔、无名静脉内血栓内膜切除加心包补片等。术后平均随访３２．５个月，显效５８．６％，改善２４．１％，无效３．５％，复发率为３．４％，死亡１０．３％。结论：手术的选择以病变切除和经胸转流优于经皮下转流；带外支持环ＰＴＦＥ人工血管经胸骨后行颈静脉—下腔静脉转流对缓解症状前景颇好。双侧大隐静脉—颈内静脉转流优于单侧。伴下腔静脉阻塞时，解决单侧病变，可能达到病人可接受的效果。而上腔静脉、无名静脉血栓内膜切除加补片移植和大网膜静脉与颈内静脉吻合为疑难病例提供了更多的选择。     

肠腔分流或联合下腔静脉内支架置入术治疗布—加氏综合征

目的 探讨肠腔分流术或联合下腔静脉内支架置入术治疗布－加氏综合征（BCS）的效果。方法 回顾性分析15例肠腔分流术或联合下腔静脉内支架置入术治疗BCS的临床资料。结果 4例行肠腔侧侧直接吻合,11例应用PTFE人造血管行肠腔分流;12例联合下腔静脉内支架置入术,门静脉压降低10－27cmH2O(0.98J-2.65kPa)。1例术后因肝昏迷肝脏功能衰竭死亡。14例存活患者肝脾肿大缩小,腹水消失,无并发症,随访5－26个月,均恢复正常生活。结论 肠腔分流或联合下腔静脉内支架置入术成功率高,创伤小,疗效满意,是治疗BCS的有效实用术式。     

布-加综合征下腔静脉阻塞合并血栓形成的治疗

目的 探讨下腔静脉阻塞并血栓形成的布-加综合征的治疗方法.方法 回顾分析近6年间收治的75例下腔静脉阻塞并血栓形成的布一加综合征患者的临床资料.其中行根治性隔膜切除、血栓取出22例,腔-腔(房)人工血管架桥41例,放射介入+内支架放置12例.结果 73例手术成功,手术死亡2例,手术后下腔静脉压力明显下降.临床症状及体征消失或缓解.随访6个月至6年,复发4例;其中人造血管堵塞2例,再发下腔静脉狭窄2例.结论 对下腔静脉阻塞合并血栓形成的布一加综合征患者,根据阻塞节段及血栓长度选择相应手术方式,大多可以取得满意效果.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.