不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌中Ⅰ类整合子的检测

目的了解不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌中Ⅰ类整合子的存在情况,分析整合子与不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌耐药性的关系。方法测定194株不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌对抗菌药物的敏感性;应用兼并引物PCR方法,扩增整合子5’保守区的整合酶基因,对阳性PCR产物用限制性内切酶HinfⅠ作限制片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析进行整合子分类。结果 44株不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌检测出Ⅰ类整合子。Ⅰ类整合子阳性的菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率普遍比整合子阴性的菌株高。结论不发酵糖革兰阴性杆菌临床分离株的耐药性强,Ⅰ类整合子与细菌的多重耐药性相关。     

苏州地区鲍曼不动杆菌中Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类整合子的分布及其基因盒结构分析

摘要：目的: 分析Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类整合子在苏州地区临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌中分布情况及其基因盒结构。 方法：用PCR法检测69株鲍曼不动杆菌中Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类整合酶基因及整合子携带率,基因测序技术对其可变区进行分析;重复序列引物聚合酶链反应（REP-PCR）对Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株进行基因分型,分析其同源性。 结果：69株鲍曼不动杆菌中Ⅰ类整合子阳性29株,占42.0%,未检测到Ⅱ类整合子;基因盒结构分析共检出6种基因盒,分别为aacA4,aacC1,catB8,aadA1,orfX和orfX′,以5′CS-aacA4-catB8-aadA1-3′CS基因盒排列为主;REP-PCR法将29株Ⅰ类整合子阳性菌株分成I~V型,其中Ⅲ型为主要流行型别。 结论：苏州地区鲍曼不动杆菌中的整合子携带率较高,主要以Ⅰ类Ⅲ型为主。     

临床致病菌整合子检测及耐药基因盒序列分析

目的对临床菌株中的第一类整合子分布及其耐药基因盒的结构特征进行分析。方法应用PCR方法检测33株临床菌株中的第一类整合酶基因intI，并对intI阳性菌株整合的耐药基因进行测序及序列分析。结果33株临床菌株（100％）均为第一类整合酶基因阳性。耐药基因盒特异PCR扩增发现，29株菌得到1913bp的扩增产物，2株得到1664bp的产物，1株得到1009bp的产物，1株得到1913bp和1009bp两种不同产物。序列分析结果表明，1913bp的扩增产物携带基因盒dhfr、orfF和aadA2，1664bp的扩增产物携带基因盒aadA5和dfr17，1009bp的扩增产物携带基因盒aadA2，aadA2和aadA5均为编码对氨基糖苷类抗生素产生耐药的基因盒，dhfr和dfr17均为编码对磺胺类药物甲氧苄氨嘧啶产生耐药的基因盒；orfF为未知功能的开放阅读框。结论第一类整合子介导的耐药基因广泛存在于临床致病细菌中，提示要加强对耐药基因在细菌种属间水平转移的监测工作。     

鲍曼不动杆菌整合子与耐药性的相关性研究

目的调查鲍曼不动杆菌中Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子的存在情况,分析整合子与鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性的关系。方法测定93株鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物的敏感性;应用简并引物PCR方法,同时扩增整合子5’保守区的I类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合酶基因,对阳性PCR产物用限制性内切酶Hinf I作限制片段长度多态性（RFLP）分析进行整合子分类。结果 22株鲍曼不动杆菌检测出Ⅰ类整合子,未检出Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类整合子。Ⅰ类整合子阳性的菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率普遍比整合子阴性的菌株高。结论鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株的耐药性强,细菌的多重耐药性与Ⅰ类整合子的存在相关。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌整合子的鉴定与分析

目的 鉴定并分析耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌(IRPa)中整合子及其携带耐药基因盒的特点。 方法 收集2003～2007年临床分离IRPa共74株,用PCR-RFLP筛查携带整合酶的菌株,并对整合子进行分类。整合酶阳性菌株用普通PCR扩增检测整合子的qacE△1sul1基因、整合子可变区及膜微孔蛋白基因oprD2,并对整合子可变区扩增产物测序分析。 结果 74株菌中有16株菌（21.6%）携带整合酶基因,均为Ⅰ类整合子;有14株检出整合子可变区,经测序共得到7种整合子耐药基因盒的组合形式,其中有4种为首次发现,在GenBank上的登录号分别为FJ917747、FJ817422、FJ655384和FJ817423;另携带IMP-9基因2株。16株IRPa中有8株oprD2基因检测为阳性,其余为阴性。 结论 在本地区临床分离的IRPa中,仅2株菌的Ⅰ类整合子中携带的IMP-9与亚胺培南的耐药有关,其他菌株的整合子中携带的基因盒主要是介导对氨基糖苷类与β内酰胺类抗生素的耐药。金属酶的产生并不是其对亚胺培南耐药的主要原因。     

临床分离的革兰阴性菌3类整合酶基因的筛查与Ⅰ类整合子结构分析

目的 调查镇江地区临床分离的革兰阴性菌3类整合酶基因的检出情况,分析Ⅰ类整合子-基因盒结构特征.方法 对临床收集的细菌采用PCR方法 、T-A克隆以及基因测序技术对3类整合酶基因以及Ⅰ类整合子的结构进行分析.结果 296株革兰阴性肠杆菌科细菌和不发酵糖菌中Ⅰ类整合酶基因的检出率最高为43.2%.其中在大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌中的检出率分别为61.0%、14.3%、37.3%和20.0%,而Ⅱ、Ⅲ类基因的检出率较低.对Ⅰ类整合子基因盒结构分析发现共检测到5种不同基因盒,分别为:dfrA17、aadA5、aadA1、aadA2、dhrf XI,有4种不同的基因盒排列方式.结论 镇江地区临床分离的细菌Ⅰ类整合子-基因盒检出率较高.     

痰标本分离革兰阴性杆菌整合子分布及分型研究

目的研究临床痰标本分离革兰阴性杆菌中整合子的分布与分型。方法用Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类3种整合酶基因通用引物扩增398株痰标本分离革兰阴性杆菌的相应基因;用琼脂对倍稀释法检测临床菌株的MIC。结果Ⅰ类整合酶基因总阳性率为48.7%,Ⅱ类整合酶基因总阳性率为2.3%,未检出Ⅲ类整合酶基因阳性菌株,Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类整合子同时阳性率为1.5%。肠杆菌科细菌Ⅰ类整合酶基因阳性率为69%,Ⅱ类整合子阳性率为2.7%;非发酵菌中Ⅰ类整合子阳性率为34%,Ⅱ类整合子阳性率为1.8%。在肠杆菌科细菌中,Ⅰ类整合酶基因阳性菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率均明显高于阴性菌株。结论在痰标本分离的革兰阴性杆菌中,肠杆菌科细菌Ⅰ类整合子的携带率高于非发酵菌,Ⅱ类整合子则无明显区别。     

鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性与Ⅰ类整盒子的相关研究

目的了解该院鲍曼不动杆菌的流行趋势以及鲍曼不动杆菌与Ⅰ类整合子的耐药关系。方法用该院临床常用22种抗菌药物来检测临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌的敏感性。用PCR检测鲍曼不动杆菌Ⅰ类整合子酶基因,再扩增部分Ⅰ类整合子酶基因的可变区,对整合子可变区进行基因测序分析。结果鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药现象十分严重,呈多重耐药性。鲍曼不动杆菌对CPZ/SB耐药率为1.2%,对替加环素、左旋氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、比阿培南、阿米卡星等几种抗菌药物的耐药率为15.4%~69.5%,对其他抗菌药物均在71%以上。102株中有72株菌株含Ⅰ类整合子(阳性率为70.2%),Ⅰ类整合子阳性株的耐药性均高于阴性株,对Ⅰ类整合子可变区采用双酶切分析产生类似的酶切条带,说明该院鲍曼不动杆菌具有同源性。Ⅰ类整合子基因盒序列分析表明该院鲍曼不动杆菌Ⅰ类整合子携带aacA4、catB8和aadA1 3种耐药基因。结论该院2010~2013年,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢菌素类、广谱青霉素、氨基糖苷类和氟喹诺酮类呈高度耐药及严重的多重耐药现状,说明治疗鲍曼不动杆菌所致感染的抗菌药物选择已十分有限。Ⅰ类整合子与鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药性密切相关。     

检出3株携带新型基因盒组合形式Ⅰ类整合子的铜绿假单胞菌

目的 研究整合子介导铜绿假单胞菌耐药及多重耐药的机制。方法 整合子PCR法扩增整合子的可变区;联合限制性片段长度多态性分析（RFLP）和DNA测序技术分析整合子可变区的耐药基因。结果 98株南京地区铜绿假单胞菌中有35株（35．7％）整合子可变区扩增阳性,扩增片段大小1．0-4．0kb。共检出6种不同的可变区,含有编码对氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类和磺胺类抗菌药耐药的基因,其中有3例为新型基因盒组合形式,包括aadA6-orfD、aadB-blaP1和aadB-aac（6′）-Ⅱa-blaCARB-8,Genbank基因号分别为DQ 091179、DQ 141316和DQ 288251。结论 整合子参与了铜绿假单胞菌的耐药和多重耐药,主要携带氨基糖苷类耐药基因,首次报道了3种携带新型基因盒组合形式的Ⅰ类整合子。     

通辽地区大肠埃希菌耐药性与Ⅰ类整合子关系研究

目的了解通辽地区大肠埃希菌临床分离株中I类整合子分布情况及基因盒类型,初步探讨耐药与整合子之间的关系。方法收集2013年10月-2014年3月通辽市某医院的非重复菌株作为试验菌株,采用Kirby-Bauer纸片法进行药敏试验;采用PCR方法扩增Ⅰ类整合酶基因,在此基础上扩增Ⅰ类整合子可变区,对部分基因盒阳性菌株测序并分析。结果 99株大肠埃希菌临床分离株对所试23种抗生素中的13种耐药率高于50%,主要为对青霉素、磺胺类药物、头孢菌素等;Ⅰ类整合酶检出55株,检出率为55.56%;基因盒携带有36株,携带率为65.46%;共检出4种基因盒,共两种组合形式arr-3-dfrA27和dfrA17-AadA5。结论大肠埃希菌的耐药性与Ⅰ类整合子的存在有很大关系,dfrA17-AadA5是常见的基因盒组合形式。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.