耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的感染特点和耐药性分析

目的了解耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的感染特点及对抗菌药物的敏感性。方法分析我院2012年分离培养的耐亚胺培南绿假单胞菌感染特点。采用微量稀释法和纸片扩散法测定铜绿假单胞菌与耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对常见抗菌药物的敏感性。结果耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌主要来自于痰液。在老干部病房、ICU和呼吸科比普通病房更加严重,耐药组泌尿道及呼吸机的使用率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。对照组对抗菌药物的耐药率明显低于耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌。结论耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌选择抗菌药物的范围很窄,只有环丙沙星和阿米卡星的活性较好。     

广州地区耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的感染现状及耐药性检测

目的调查广州地区耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌在医院内的感染现状及耐药谱特性,帮助临床合理选用抗生素。方法用VITEK-32型全自动细菌分析系统筛选广东省中医院、南方医院、广州中医药大学附属第一医院、中山大学附属第二医院2005-2007年期间耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌,并用琼脂稀释法检测其对亚胺培南的最低抑菌浓度。结果440株铜绿假单胞菌中,耐亚胺培南81株（18．41％）。在所测试的抗生素中,耐亚胺培南菌株组与非耐亚胺培南菌株组之间的耐药率差异明显,尤以庆大霉素（分别为65．43％、10．86％）、头孢他啶（分别为53．09％、10．03％）和阿米卡星（分别为53．09％、12．26％）显著。结论耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗生素耐药,且耐药率有逐年增高的趋势,在治疗时应根据药敏试验结果合理谨慎选用抗生素,有效控制及减缓耐药株的产生。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌头孢哌酮/舒巴坦与阿米卡星联合用药评估

目的：分析佛山地区耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药特征,探讨头孢哌酮/舒巴坦与阿米卡星联合使用的药敏情况。方法收集2011年1月至2014年9月临床分离的耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌,分析其对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,并采用微量棋盘稀释法测定头孢哌酮/舒巴坦与阿米卡星联合使用对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的药敏情况,计算部分抑菌浓度(FIC)指数。结果分离的1000株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对16种抗菌药物的耐药率总体呈逐年上升趋势。两种抗菌药物联合使用主要表现为协同作用(76.0%)和相加作用(20.3%),有3.7%的菌株表现为无关作用,未发现拮抗作用。结论佛山地区耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率逐年上升,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和阿米卡星联合对绝大多数菌株表现为协同作用或相加作用,临床医生应关注各种抗菌药物的耐药谱变化,并根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的临床分离及耐药谱分析

目的 了解耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞外国菌在医院内的流行情况及耐药谱的特性。以利用临床合理选用抗生素。方法 用Vitek32型全自动细菌分析系统检测铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药性。用E-test法检测对亚胺培南耐药铜绿假单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果 1997-199年对亚胺培南耐药的铜绿假单胞菌占当年分离到铜绿假单胞菌株数分别为：3.8%(8/58)、18.7%(23/123)、19.3%(53/275)。在三年中分离到耐亚胺培南菌株,其来源按标本分以痰液最多见,分别为：62。5%（5/8）、60.9%(14/23)、73.6%(39/53),按病区分以重症监护病房（ICU）最高,分别为：37.5%(3/8)、43.5%(10/23)、43.4%(23/53)。耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对其他种类抗生素敏感试验显示,其耐药率对氨基糖苷类中的妥布霉素相对较低,其次为哌拉西林和复合三代头孢菌不中的头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,结论 耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌在医院内的分离率有随年度增加趋势。三代头孢菌素中的头孢哌酮/舒巴坦。结论 耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌在医院内的分离率有随年度增加趋势。其主要来源为ICU病房,主要致病部位为呼吸道。治疗此类细菌感染宜参考实验室的细菌药敏结果选用敏感的氨基糖苷类或哌拉西林。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的药敏情况与耐药机制

目的：探讨44株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的药敏情况和产金属β-内酰胺酶的类型。方法：采用K-B法测定抗菌药物对细菌的体外抗菌活性，双纸片协同试验进行金属β-内酰胺酶筛选，PCR法进行金属β-内酰胺酶耐药基因IMP和IMP的检测。结果：阿米卡星敏感性最高为27．3％，其次为环丙沙星（20．5％）和头孢吡肟（15．9%）；44株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌中，扩增出IMP型阳性株4株，未检测到VIM型金属β-内酰胺酶基因。结论：对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌引起的感染，阿米卡星、环丙沙星和头孢吡肟可以考虑使用。北京天坛医院耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌耐药机制中，产IMP型金属β-内酰胺酶起着重要作用。     

111株铜绿假单胞菌感染的分布及药敏分析

目的了解铜绿假单胞菌对抗菌药物敏感及耐药情况，从而指导临床合理用药。方法对南宁市第七人民医院各种临床标本中所分离的铜绿假单胞菌药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果共分离铜绿假单胞菌111株，其中呼吸道（痰及咽拭子）分离出80株（72．0％）；伤口分泌物（脓及分泌物）分离出25株（22．5％）。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、阿米卡星的耐药率分别为6．3％、9．9％、10．8％、18．0％；对复方新诺明、氨苄西林的耐药率高达97．3％及91．9％。结论铜绿假单胞菌主要以呼吸道及伤口感染为主，其对抗菌药物耐药情况严重。严格执行抗菌药物的管理制度，使临床用药在药敏试验结果指导下进行，对控制铜绿假单胞菌耐药率具有重要意义。碳青霉烯类抗菌药物（亚胺培南、美罗培南）可作为南宁市第七人民医院铜绿假单胞菌重症感染的首选药物；头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、阿米卡星可作为次选药物。     

铜绿假单胞菌科室分布及耐药性分析

目的了解铜绿假单胞菌,尤其耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的科室分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法应用回顾性调查方法,对我院2009—2011年临床送检标本中分离的1053株铜绿假单胞菌药敏试验结果进行统计分析。结果标本分离的铜绿假单胞菌主要来自重症医学科、呼吸内科、神经外科和急诊科,痰液标本中铜绿假单胞菌分离率最高,为82.5%(869/1053),耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌菌株分离率达22.2%。耐亚胺培南菌株除对头孢哌酮钠、阿米卡星和哌拉西林钠-他唑巴坦钠耐药率<40.0%外,对头孢他啶、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、哌拉西林钠和头孢吡肟耐药率均>40.0%,对氨曲南、头孢噻肟钠、头孢曲松钠、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和亚胺培南-西司他汀钠耐药率为57.7%～100%;非耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松钠、头孢噻肟钠、环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星敏感性降低,耐药率为32.4%～44.8%,对其他抗菌药物的敏感性较强,耐药率≤21.2%。神经内科未分离出耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌。结论耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌菌株分离率较高,临床医生应关注各种抗菌药物的耐药谱变化,根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药特征及其耐药机制研究

目的分析耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药特征,并研究对亚胺培南的耐药机制。方法采用Micro-Walkaway-40进行细菌鉴定和药物敏感试验,应用PCR法对铜绿假单胞菌亚胺培南耐药相关基因（IMP、VIM、GIM、OXA）和膜微孔蛋白基因oprD2进行检测,琼脂稀释法检测氰氯苯腙（cccp）对耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌MIC的影响。结果 65株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对舒普深、特治星、阿米卡星的耐药率分别为38.5%、43.1%和44.6%,对头孢他啶、马斯平和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为50.8%、53.8%和55.4%;65株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌中,IMP阳性11株（16.9%）、VIM 4株（6.2%）,oprD2基因缺失5株（7.7%）,其余耐药基因未检出;CCCP检测阳性时,亚胺培南的MIC值下降,提示存在主动外排机制的菌株7株（10.8%）。结论耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌多重耐药现象较为严重,其耐药机制主要与细菌产IMP型金属β-内酰胺酶、细胞主动外排机制以及膜微孔蛋白基因oprD2缺失有关。     

医院耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌金属β-内酰胺酶检测及耐药性分析

目的 了解耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的产金属酶情况,分析其耐药特点.方法 使用全自动细菌鉴定药敏分析仪对临床送检各种标本进行菌种鉴定和药敏分析,采用药敏纸片法对金属β-内酰胺酶进行检测.结果 在591株铜绿假单胞菌中,耐亚胺培南214株,耐药率为36.2％,其中产金属β-内酰胺酶36株,产酶率为16.8％ (36/214);药敏结果显示,591株铜绿假单胞菌对舒普深、阿米卡星和特治星敏感率较高,对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑林和头孢泊肟耐药率较高.结论 耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌检出率较高,多重耐药现象严重,金属酶的产生是铜绿假单胞菌对碳青酶烯类及头孢类抗菌药物耐药的主要因素之一.临床应参考实验室的药敏结果,合理选用抗菌药物.     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌感染耐药性及危险因素分析

目的探讨耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌感染的耐药特点及危险因素,为临床防治提供相关依据和参考。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年12月临床分离的耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌耐药情况及发生感染的相关危险因素。结果共分离铜绿假单胞菌798株,其中耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌217株,分离率为27.2%;标本来源以痰液为主,占71.9%,感染患者主要来自重症监护病房(ICU),占52.1%;对阿米卡星耐药率最低(10.1%),其次为庆大霉素(29.5%),其余耐药率均超过45.0%;耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率明显高于非耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);高龄、住院时间超过2周、使用抗菌药物超过2周、使用过碳青霉烯类、糖尿病、入住ICU、机械通气、深静脉置管、留置导尿、昏迷等是耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌感染的主要危险因素。结论应加强耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌耐药性监测,针对感染危险因素进行干预、预防及控制耐药菌株在医院内流行。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.