老年心功能不全病人甲状腺激素测定的临床应用

目的 :了解老年心功能不全病人的甲状腺激素水平的变化规律。方法 :用放射免疫分析检测 1 30例心功能不全的老年病人和 4 0例心功能正常的老年健康志愿者血清甲状腺激素水平。结果 :心功能Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级病人其TT3 值和FT3 值的下降与正常的对照组相比 ,有显著差异 (p <0 0 1 ) ,而TT4及FT4无差异 ;Ⅲ和Ⅳ级心功能的病人其FT4的下降有差异 (p <0 0 5 ) ,TT3 和FT3 的下降有显著差异 (p <0 0 1 ) ,而TT4无差异。结论 :临床上对老年心功能不全的病人检测其甲状腺激素水平的变化 ,有一定的反映病情状况及观察预后的作用 ,亦可了解老年心功能不全病人内分泌代谢的变化 ,同时在分析甲状腺功能时 ,应了解病人心功能情况     

甲状腺激素自身抗体(抗T3、T4)放射免疫分析

目的 :本实验主要建立内源性甲状腺激素自身抗体 (抗T3 、T4)放射免疫分析的检测方法。方法 :用12 5I标记T3 、T4衍生物作为示踪剂 ,血清样本与T3 、T4衍生物 (12 5IT3 、T4衍生物 )在室温 16h孵育。用抗人IgG二抗分离抗体抗原复合物 ,测定放射性活度。结果 :12 5I标记T3 、T4衍生物与人血清T3 、T4自身抗体特异性结合。健康人群中甲状腺激素自身抗体阳性检出率为 1 0 7% ;甲状腺功能异常组甲状腺激素自身抗体阳性检出率为 14 4 % ;甲状腺功能亢进组 13 5 % ;甲状腺功能减退组 15 2 %。甲状腺激素自身抗体阳性血清标本经加入非标记T3 或T4,血清中T3 或T4自身抗体可被中和。T3 或T4自身抗体滴度较原滴度明显下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ,用PEG沉淀法去除血清中免疫球蛋白 ,高水平的FT3 、FT4均明显下降 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :本文结果提示 ,正常人群中甲状腺自身抗体阳性的发生率较低 ,甲状腺功能异常患者中甲状腺激素自身抗体阳性检出率达14 4 %。内源性甲状腺激素自身抗体对FT3 、FT4的测定存在干扰 ,结果常与临床表现不一致。经PEG将免疫球蛋白去除后 ,重新评估了血清中FT3 、FT4的含量 ,其结果与TSH趋于一致。     

消化道肿瘤患者血清甲状腺激素水平的变化及临床意义

目的:探讨消化道肿瘤患者血清甲状腺激素谱的变化.方法:应用放射免疫分析(RIA)检测33例消化道肿瘤患者的血清T3、FT3、T4、FT4和TSH,并与健康人群(对照组)40例作对照.结果:恶性消化道肿瘤患者血清T3、FT3值均明显降低,与正常对照组相比有显著性差异(P＜0.01);T4和FT4值轻度降低,但与对照组无显著性差异(P＞0.05),TSH值无明显变化(P＞0.05).晚期恶性肿瘤患者与早期相比,T3、FT3、T4、FT4值均明显降低(P＜0.01),TSH轻度降低,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).结论:监测消化道肿瘤患者血清甲状腺激素谱改变对判断疾病的严重程度及预后估计有积极意义.     

国产T3,T4,FT3和FT4 RIA kit对比测定研究

目的：使用国家质控血清和临床未知血清样品对国产甲状腺激素放射免疫分析试剂盒进行对比测定研究。方法：采用放射免疫分析法。结果：测定结果来自本实验室和15个生产商实验室。T3和T4：14组样品测定均值的变异系数，其中12组在5％～15％之间，2组在15％～20％之间；提示试剂盒之间的可比性好。FT3：7组样品测定均值的变异系数在25％～45％之间；FT4：7组样品测定均值的变异系数在15％～45％之间；提示试剂盒之间存在系统误差。结论：本实验提示T3、T4试剂盒质量满意，而FT3、FT4试剂盒的系统误差不容忽视。     

放免法测定胰岛素C-肽时脂血标本的预处理及其临床意义

为了消除脂血对测定结果的影响,探讨胰岛素(INS)、C-肽(C-P)放免法测定时脂血标本的预处理方法及意义.将每份待测标本(包括INS质控血清、正常人血清及高脂血清)分为两份,一份直接测定,另一份用95g/L聚乙二醇(PEG)处理标本后,再以放免法测定INS、C-P.测定结果进行t检验及相关性分析.标本经PEG处理离心后脂质被沉淀,质控血清及正常人血清INS、C-P测定值与未处理者无统计学差异(P》0.1).高脂血清与未处理标本测定值比较显著降低(P《0.001).因此正常情况下,PEG处理标本不影响INS、C-P的测定值;标本经PEG处理后,去除了高脂、INS抗体、INS原,从而消除对测定结果的干扰,提高了结果的准确性.     

北海地区正常孕妇不同孕期甲状腺激素的参考值范围

目的通过检测北海市不同孕期孕妇的FT3、FT4、TSH数值,从而提供本地区孕妇妊娠各期甲状腺功能的正常参考值范围,为临床提供各妊娠期诊断治疗甲状腺疾病的理论依据,提高出生人口素质。方法采用ACS一180化学发光分析仪检测1100例孕妇的血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）、游离甲状腺素（FT4）、促甲状腺激素（TSH）;建立甲状腺激素参考值范围,参考值范围采用中位数（M）及双侧限值（P2.5和P97.5）表示。结果早、中孕期孕妇的血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）和游离甲状腺素（FT4）明显高于孕晚期孕妇（P〈0．05）,而促甲状腺激素（TSH）则低于孕晚期孕妇（P〈0．05）。结论早、中、晚孕期的孕妇甲状腺激素水平存在明显的不同,建立正常孕妇不同孕期的甲状腺激素参考值范围具有非常重要的临床意义,值得推广。     

恶性肿瘤患者甲状腺功能分析

自Gharih及Chopra建立血清T_3、T_4 RIA法以来,已成为甲状腺疾病的重要常规检验方法之一。近年来文献报道,一些非甲状腺患者血清T_3和T_4值均有变化。为进一步了解恶性肿瘤患者血清甲状腺激素的变化规律,用RIA法对八类恶性肿瘤患者血清T_3、T_4含量值的测定,现将分析结果报告如下。对象和方法一、正常人组:113例(男性10例,女性103例),年龄在12～75岁。系本院职工及门诊健康检查合格者,均无甲状腺等有关内分泌疾病。二、恶性肿瘤组:254例,来自本院门诊及住院病人,均经临床检查、化验及病理证实。三、方法: (一)血清T_3、T_4放免试剂盒:由上海放射免疫分析技术研究所提供,按说明书操作。 (二)测量仪器:为LKB1282 Compugamma。 (三)为确保检测结果的可靠性,分别建立T_3、T_4高、中、低质控血清,使每批实验的各项质控数据基本合乎质控血清的标准要求。     

游离甲状腺激素检测在非甲状腺疾病患儿中的诊断意义

目的：探讨游离甲状腺激素检测在临床上非甲状腺疾病患儿中的诊断作用。方法：采用化学发光法检测患儿血清TT3、TT4、FT3和FT4，结果分析采用卡方检验。结果：31例TT3异常率为100％；FT3异常率为32．2％；两者差异有显著性意义（χ^2=6.755,p＜0．01）；TT4异常率为51．6％；FT4异常率为9．6％；两者差异有显著性（χ^2=6.988,p＜0．01）。结论：游离甲状腺激素检测较总甲状腺激素检测更能正常反映甲状腺功能。     

血清甲状腺激素水平与甲状腺"温"结节临床关系的初步观察

探讨血清甲状腺激素水平与核素99mTcO-4甲状腺显像为"温"结节的甲状腺肿块的病理分型的关系和对甲状腺结节样增生患者实施保守治疗的效果.观察了53例手术治疗的甲状腺"温"结节患者术前的甲状腺激素水平和术后的病理类型.病理结果显示,结节样增生、增生样囊性变与囊腺瘤、纤维样增生腺瘤、甲状腺滤泡状癌比较,前两种病例血清的TT3、TT4、FT3及FT4的水平明显低于后三种病例,而sTSH值却有所上升.根据上述结果,选择了65例甲状腺激素水平类似于甲状腺结节样增生的"温"结节患者,给予甲状腺片补充治疗.治疗后六个月后,B超检查有9例患者增生的肿块基本消失,其他患者的肿块均有不同程度的缩小,平均缩小率34.8%.TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4值均在正常值内有所提高.而sTSH值在正常值内有所降低(P＜0.01).治疗中患者均没有主诉发生不良反应.这提示"温"结节的患者血清TT3、TT4、FT3、FT4值在正常值范围低值,而sTSH值大于2.5mol/L以上时,替代治疗可能是一种较有价值的观察治疗方法.     

不同温育时间对层粘连蛋白放免分析结果的影响

在已达到要求的温育时间范围内, 选择最佳温育时间, 稳定剂量反应曲线, 使结果稳定、可靠.方法为: (1)随机取30份肝病患者血清, 在4℃分别温育18h、20h、23h,血清测定层粘连蛋白(laminin, LN)浓度, 并对三个不同的温育时间所得的值进行显著性检验;(2)对温育18h、20h、22h、24h分别为四批的标准曲线所得的质控指标进行分析;(3)对不同温育时间的回收率及浓度进行分析;(4)随机取20份肝病患者血清, 每三批各做20份, 于温育20h, 对其所得的值进行显著性检验, 以观察批间误差.结果表明: (1)三个不同温育时间的30份血清LN测定值的t检验有显著性差异.P值分别小于0.01和小于0.05;(2)不同温育时间的标准曲线B0/T(%)、NSB/T(%)、相关系数(r)的均值良好, 无明显差异;温育20h的ED50的均值为118.4ng/mL(范围113.9-123.8ng/mL), 在正常参考范围内(药盒正常参考值为115.7±17.3ng/mL).其它三个温育时间的ED50均超也正常参考范围;(3)温育低于及高于20h回收率均低于温育20h.温育20h的回收率最好, 为95.2%.(4)随机取20份肝病患者血清, 三批温育20h的批间结果均无显著性差异, P值均大于0.05.实验结果表明, 本实验室测定LN在4℃时, 最佳温育时间为20h.建议各实验室最好根据本室的实验条件寻找出最佳的温育时间.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.