恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

目的探讨恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗方法及其疗效。方法对256例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,施用经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTCD)加金属内支架置入术或结合局部动脉化疗术,共使用256条外引流管和256枚金属内支架。结果 256例患者采用经皮经肝穿刺置入外引流管及支架置入术,均一次置入成功。术后总胆红素、直接胆红素、碱性磷酸酶均明显下降。术后256例患者黄疸消退满意;112例黄疸消退,并于术后4周行局部灌注化疗术。结论经皮经肝穿刺胆道外引流加内支架置入术是姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的安全、有效方法,结合局部动脉灌注化疗,能提高患者的生命质量及延长生存期。     

恶性胆道梗阻金属支架堵塞后再次置入金属和塑料支架的比较

背景：在堵塞的支架中再次置入金属或塑料支架可解决支架的堵塞问题,然而关于支架间如何搭配组合将使患者受益更大却一直存在着争论。 目的：对比恶性胆道梗阻金属支架堵塞后再次在其内置入不同种类支架之间的临床效果。 方法：收集在南昌大学第二附属医院行经内镜胆道金属支架置入的,且在原支架堵塞后再次在其内置入另一支架的中、低位胆道恶性梗阻患者83例,并根据原支架与再次置入支架的不同搭配组合形式,将以上患者分为3组,即覆膜金属支架组、无覆膜金属支架组和塑料支架组。 结果与结论：在原金属支架堵塞后,再次置入覆膜金属支架的通畅时间显著长于塑料支架(P < 0.05);覆膜金属支架组的支架累计通畅时间显著长于无覆膜金属支架组(P < 0.05-0.01)。提示经内镜置入胆道金属支架治疗中、低位胆道恶性梗阻时,在原金属支架和支架堵塞后再次置入金属支架时,使用≥1根覆膜支架的累计通畅时间显著长于先后2次置入无覆膜金属支架者。     

胆道支架放置术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的体会

目的探讨胆道支架放置术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的安全性和有效性。方法采用自膨式胆道支架放置术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸78例病人。术前实验室检查血总胆红素为(362.4±106.7)μmol/L,以直接胆红素升高为主[(271.9±74.3)μmol/L]。结果所有病例均成功放置支架,术中、术后无因操作原因致死病例,1～4周黄疸完全消退68例,血胆红素降到正常水平,10例血胆红素平均降至65.2μmol/L;并发症以胆道感染为主。结论胆道支架放置术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸有效、安全。     

经皮肝胆管引流术在肝门部恶性肿瘤胆道梗阻中的应用

目的分析经皮肝胆管引流术(PTCD)在肝门部恶性肿瘤胆道梗阻中的治疗效果,探讨PTCD介入治疗的价值。方法将55例肝门部恶性肿瘤胆道梗阻患者按照手术适应评估结果分为PTCD组(30例经皮肝胆管引流术)和对照组(25例经内镜内支架植入术),观察PTCD组患者术前及术后生化指标,包括血清总胆红素(TB)、血清直接胆红素(DB)、血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、血清谷氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP),并且对2组患者进行术后随访,比较2组患者治疗有效率和术后生存时间。结果 PTCD组患者手术后1周与术前TB、DB、ALT、AST和APK比较变化明显,PTCD治疗后患者生化指标明显改善,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);PTCD组和内镜内支架植入组治疗有效率分别为83.3%和64.0%,生存时间分别为(7.5±2.6)个月和(4.8±2.8)个月,PTCD组明显优于内镜内支架植入,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论患者PTCD治疗后,生化指标得到明显改善,术后生存时间显著延长,PTCD治疗可以作为临床上治疗肝门部恶性肿瘤胆道梗阻的有效手术方法。     

经皮经肝胆管引流途径胆道支架置入与姑息性胆肠内引流治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效比较

目的：探讨不能手术切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行经皮经肝胆管引流（ PTCD)途径放置胆道支架与姑息性胆肠内引流减轻黄疸方式的疗效差异。方法回顾性分析蚌埠医学院第一附属医院肝胆外科2005年12月—2011年12月不能手术切除且资料完整的210例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料,其中 PTCD 途径胆道金属支架置入术137例（支架组),男83例、女54例,年龄（67．64±12．68)岁;姑息性胆肠 Roux-en-Y 内引流术73例（引流组),男50例、女23例,年龄（64．69±12．99)岁。比较两组患者的疗效差异。结果支架组和引流组均可有效解除患者胆道梗阻、改善肝功能;在身体状况、黄疸程度及肝功能损害更严重的情况下,支架组在解除胆道梗阻、改善肝功能方面优于引流组,且不增加手术并发症和住院时间;两组术后生存时间分别为（9．25±6．24)个月和（10．36±8．02)个月,差异亦无统计学意义（P>0．05)。结论对于失去手术切除肿瘤机会的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,可选择PTCD途径胆道金属支架置入术解除胆道梗阻、改善全身状况,其与姑息性胆肠内引流相比具有简便、安全、创伤小、可重复及可为后续治疗创造条件等优点,可作为首选。     

B超引导下应用PTCD治疗胆道梗阻23例临床分析

目的分析B超引导下经皮肝胆管引流术(PTCD)优缺点,为临床治疗胆道梗阻提供参考。方法回顾性分析23例胆道梗阻患者,使用国产PTCD F8-F9套管针,在B超引导下行PTCD,在右腋中线第7~9肋间或剑突下为穿刺点,局麻后皮肤戳孔3 mm,置入肝穿针,经肝行胆管穿刺,选择直径在5 mm以上且离肝下缘较远的扩张胆管。结果23例经皮肝插管外引流均获得成功,1次穿刺成功17例,2次穿刺成功6例,无1例发生并发症,21例引流获得较好效果。结论PTCD是一种比较安全、简便的诊断和治疗胆道疾病的方法。     

经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术联合经肝动脉内灌注化疗栓塞治疗原发性肝癌合并梗阻性黄疸的初步观察

目的探讨经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTCD)联合经肝动脉内灌注化疗栓塞(TAE)治疗原发性巨块型肝癌合并梗阻性黄疸的方法和临床应用初步效果。方法原发性巨块型肝癌患者25例,其中男性15例,女性10例;年龄35～65岁,平均年龄48岁。因肿瘤压迫或侵蚀胆总管/肝总管合并梗阻性黄疸。在影像诊断明确病变部位和梗阻程度后,先行经皮经肝穿刺胆管(PTC),明确肝胆管侵犯和梗阻细节,酌情置入引流导管行外引流或胆管支架行内引流;术后1周患者黄疸减轻后常规进行肝动脉内介入灌注化疗与栓塞。结果 10例置入外引流管,10例置入胆道支架,5例同时置入外引流管和胆道内支架。引流术后全部外引流病例引流通畅,内引流患者大便色泽改变;血清胆红素、总胆红素下降明显,患者全身状况明显改善。5例出现右侧少量胸腔积液,其他未出现明显并发症。TAE术后肝脏肿块均不同程度缩小(t=10.00,P<0.01)。随访患者最长生存期为3年。结论 PTCD联合TAE治疗原发性肝癌引起的梗阻性黄疸疗效可靠,应根据胆管梗阻部位及程度确定治疗方案,及时施行手术可进一步提高患者生存期。     

恶性胆道梗阻的肝脏病理组织学观察

恶性胆道梗阻是指由肿瘤堵塞或压迫胆汁流出道,使胆汁排出受阻,胆道内压力增高,引起肝脏继发性损害而产生梗阻性黄疸。恶性胆道梗阻导致肝脏组织学及超微结构的改变,国内未见报道,本研究旨在对此进行探讨。材料与方法标本来自1986年1～11月我院收治的恶性胆道梗阻病人,共32例。年龄30～78岁,平均54.5(±1.7)岁。男性22例,女     

探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中预防胆道损伤的对策

目的 探讨在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中预防胆道损伤的方法，提高手术的安全性。方法自2004年1月至2005年7月采用以Rouviere＇s沟或线为导向的胆囊三角区解剖方法结合术中胆道造影，对440例病人进行了腹腔镜胆囊切除术。结果 所有病人无一例发生胆道损伤及手术死亡。13例中转开腹（2．9％）。4例术后胆漏（0．8％），其中2例经腹腔引流管引流9天治愈；1例在“B”超引导下经皮穿刺抽吸二次治愈；1例经十二指肠内镜鼻胆管引流8天治愈。2例术后腹腔出血再次腹腔镜探查结扎止血而愈。1例因呼吸道并发症于术后一个月死亡。4次胆漏病人术后随访3-6个月无胆道遗留症状。结论 以Rouviere＇s沟或线为导向的胆囊三角区解剖方法结合术中胆道造影可以减少胆道损伤的几率，是值得推广应用的。     

塑料与金属胆管支架的材料特征及其生物相容性

背景：经消化内镜塑料及金属胆管支架置入技术是治疗胆道良恶性梗阻的有效手段。尤其是高位梗阻胆管内支架置入治疗,对不能进行外科治疗的胆系肿瘤患者急需消除黄疸,顺应生理性引流,延长生存期,提高生活质量有极大的临床应用价值。 目的：对比经消化内镜置入塑料及金属胆管支架治疗胆道良恶性梗阻的临床效果,并探讨塑料及金属胆管支架与宿主间的生物相容性。 方法：由第一作者以“胆道梗阻,塑料胆管支架,金属胆管支架,生物相容性”为中文检索词,以“cerebrovascular disease,stent,biocompartibility”为英文检索词,在中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI：1989/2009)及Medline(1989/2009)数据库中采用电子检索的方式进行文献检索。排除Meta分析及重复性研究。筛选纳入35篇文献进行评价,探讨塑料及金属胆管支架的治疗现状、并发症和生物相容性。 结果与结论：经内镜置入胆管支架是治疗胆道良恶性梗阻的主要手段。胆管内支架主要包括金属支架和塑料支架两种。金属支架在预防细菌滋生,保持支架持久通畅等方面有很大的优势,但价格昂贵。塑料支架较易细菌附着,胆泥淤积导致支架阻塞,但具有容易更换、价格低廉的优点。塑料及金属胆管支架的生物相容性均有待于提高,对于胆管恶性梗阻的患者,胆管内支架置入与放射治疗相结合有助于预防支架梗阻。对于胆泥的形成,支架的移位和堵塞,以及支架降解产物等问题尚需要进一步的观察和研究。     

Unilobar Versus Bilobar Biliary Drainage: Effect on Quality of Life and Bilirubin Level Reduction

Background:

Percutaneous biliary drainage is an accepted palliative treatment for malignant biliary obstruction.

Purpose:

To assess the effect on quality of life (QOL) and bilirubin level reduction in patients with inoperable malignant biliary obstruction treated by unilobar or bilobar percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD).

Materials and Methods:

Over a period of 2 years, 49 patients (age range, 22–75 years) of inoperable malignant biliary obstruction were treated by PTBD. Technical and clinical success rates, QOL, patency rates, survival rates, and complications were recorded. Clinical success rates, QOL, and bilirubin reduction were compared in patients treated with complete (n = 21) versus partial (n = 28) liver parenchyma drainage. QOL before and 1 month after biliary drainage were analyzed retrospectively between these two groups.

Results:

Biliary drainage was successful in all 49 patients, with an overall significant reduction of the postintervention bilirubin levels (P < 0.001) resulting in overall clinical success rate of 89.97%. Clinical success rates were similar in patients treated with whole-liver drainage versus partial-liver drainage. Mean serum bilirubin level before PTBD was 19.85 mg/dl and after the procedure at 1 month was 6.02 mg/dl. The mean baseline functional score was 39.35, symptom scale score was 59.55, and global health score was 27.45. At 1 month, mean functional score was 61.25, symptom scale score was 36.0 4, and global health score was 56.33, with overall significant improvement in QOL (<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the improvement of the QOL scores (P = 0.002), among patients who achieved clinical success, compared with those patients who did not achieve clinical success at 1 month. We did not find any significant difference in the QOL scores in patients according to the amount of liver drained (unilateral or bilateral drainage), the type of internalization used (ring biliary or stent). Overall, minor and major complications rates were 14.3% and 8.1%, respectively.

Conclusion:

Percutaneous biliary drainage provides good palliation of malignant obstructive jaundice. Partial-liver drainage achieved results as good as those after complete liver drainage with significant improvements in QOL and reduction of the bilirubin level.     

抗反流胆道支架研究现状及进展

胆道支架是治疗恶性胆道梗阻的有效手段,而常规胆道支架术后普遍存在肠胆反流,从而引发胆道逆行感染、支架堵塞等并发症,严重降低了患者生存质量.目前,抗反流胆道支架被认为是兼顾引流与抑制肠胆反流功能的具有前景的姑息性治疗手段.对抗反流胆道支架的研究现状进行综述,重点对抗反流瓣膜的功能设计与评估、瓣膜与本体支架连接设计、抗反流...     

Biliary stent replacement cytology

Using fluoroscopic guidance, polyethylene biliary stents are replaced endoscopically or percutaneously when bile duct stenosis recurs. To improve the sensitivity of conventional biliary cytology, we examined cells recovered from removed stents. Biliary stents removed endoscopically from each of 11 patients were rinsed with saline; next, the rinse was centrifuged and the sediment smeared and Papanicolaou stained. Three patients with choledocholithiasis had biliary stent replacement cytology (BSRC) to exclude a neoplastic etiology. Eight patients with clinicoradiologic evidence of hepatobiliary or pancreatic carcinoma had BSRCs performed for pathologic documentation of carcinoma. BSRC from six of eight patients with clinicoradiologically malignant biliary strictures contained malignant cells, predominantly in loose clusters, but also singly (sensitivity 75%, specificity 100%; positive predictive value 75%, negative predictive value 60%). Reparative epithelial atypia was also present in all cases. BSRC from two patients with clinicoradiological evidence of carcinoma of the biliary region and from three with choledocholithiasis contained only bile pigment, leukocytes, and benign epithelial cells. The sampling of cells which have accumulated on, or in biliary stents, improves the sensitivity of biliary cytology. This is most applicable when 1) a patient is inoperable, 2) tissue biopsy is neither feasible nor diagnostic, 3) prior brush, suction, percutaneous, or endoscopic needle aspiration cytology is inconclusive, and 4) permanent metal stent is needed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 61:233–237, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials and Prospective Studies Comparing Covered and Bare Self-Expandable Metal Stents for the Treatment of Malignant Obstruction in the Digestive Tract

Background: Self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) are widely used for the palliative treatment of malignant gastrointestinal obstruction. Our aim was to evaluate the evidence comparing covered and bare SEMS in the digestive tract using meta-analytical techniques.Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases for comparative studies assessing the two types of stents. The primary outcomes of interest were stent patency and patient survival; second outcomes included technical success, clinical success, tumor ingrowth, tumor overgrowth, and stent migration. A random-effects model was conducted. Pooled analysis was done separately based on the different segments of the digestive tract.Results: Eleven studies (8 randomized controlled trials and 3 prospective cohort studies) including a total of 1376 patients were identified. Covered SEMS were equivalent to bare SEMS in terms of technical success, clinical success, stent patency (gastroduodenal obstruction: HR =0.87, 95% CI 0.53-1.42; colorectal obstruction: HR =0.89, 95% CI 0.18-4.45; biliary obstruction: HR =0.73, 95% CI 0.41-1.32) and survival rates (esophageal obstruction: HR =1.80, 95% CI 0.73-4.44; gastroduodenal obstruction: HR =0.83, 95% CI 0.55-1.26; biliary obstruction: HR =0.99, 95% CI 0.77-1.28), although bare stents were more prone to tumor ingrowth (esophageal obstruction: RR =0.10, 95% CI 0.01-0.77; gastroduodenal obstruction: RR =0.12, 95% CI 0.03-0.55; colorectal obstruction: RR =0.21, 95% CI 0.06-0.70; biliary obstruction: RR =0.21, 95% CI 0.06-0.69), whereas covered stents had the higher risk of stent migration (gastroduodenal obstruction: RR =5.01, 95% CI 1.53-16.43; colorectal obstruction: RR =11.70, 95% CI 2.84-48.27; biliary obstruction: RR =8.11, 95% CI 1.47-44.76) and tumor overgrowth (biliary obstruction: RR =2.03, 95% CI 1.08-3.78).Conclusion: Both covered and bare SEMS are comparable in efficacy for the palliative treatment of malignant obstruction in the digestive tract. Each type of the stents has its own merit and demerit relatively.     

超声导航技术辅助经皮穿刺胆管置管引流术治疗

目的:探讨超声导航技术辅助经皮穿刺胆管置管引流术治疗的临床效果。方法:选择收治的60例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者,划分为30例/组,两组均行经皮穿刺胆管置管引流术,对照组采取X线辅助,观察组采取超声导航技术辅助,比较两组的穿刺成功率、穿刺时间、穿刺次数、生命体征指标、疼痛评分、舒适度评分、并发症发生率、胆汁引流量、肝功能指标。结果:（1）统计首次穿刺和首二次穿刺的成功率,观察组均较对照组高（P<0.05）;（2）统计单次穿刺和总穿刺时间,观察组均较对照组短（P<0.05）,其穿刺次数,观察组也较对照组少（P<0.05）;（3）对照组穿刺前与穿刺后的心率、血压等生命体征指标均发生明显改变（P<0.05）,而观察组穿刺前与穿刺后的生命体征指标均未发生明显改变（P>0.05）;（4）穿刺时及穿刺后,观察组的疼痛评分均较对照组更低（P<0.05）,其舒适度评分均较对照组更高（P<0.05）;（5）并发症总发生率分别为0%（观察组）、13.33%（对照组）,观察组较对照组更低（P<0.05）;（6）术后第1天、第2天、第3天,观察组与对照组的胆汁引流量比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;（7）组内AST、ALT、TBIL等肝功能指标比较,两组手术后均较手术前降低（P<0.05）。结论:利用超声导航技术,完成经皮穿刺胆管置管引流术的实施,实现对恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的胆汁予以充分引流,改善肝功能,还可提高穿刺成功率,减少穿刺耗时和次数,减轻穿刺疼痛感,减少并发症的发生。     

肿瘤标志物联合MRCP对肝外胆道梗阻的临床应用研究

评价肿瘤标志物与MRCP联合对肝外胆道梗阻的鉴别诊断价值.采用化学发光免疫分析法测定97例肝 外胆道梗阻患者血清CA19-9、CA125及CEA水平,行MRCP显像并进行统计分析.CA19-9在恶性梗阻时的阳 性率明显高于CEA和CA125(P<0.01),与MRCP联合检查,诊断准确性可达100%.血清CA19-9检测与 MRCP结合鉴别诊断肝外胆道梗阻不仅能提供精确的定位信息,而且可以进行准确的定性判断;CEA和CA125 还可以为恶性梗阻的腹腔转移提供可靠信息.     

自膨式金属支架及手术解除晚期结直肠癌肠梗阻的疗效比较

背景：对于发生梗阻的晚期结直肠癌患者,置入金属支架的治疗效果尤其是远期疗效知之甚少。 目的：比较自膨式金属支架和姑息性手术解除晚期结直肠癌患者肠梗阻的疗效。 方法：纳入采用自膨式金属支架和姑息性手术两种治疗方式的186例患者,回顾性分析两组患者性别、年龄、梗阻部位、转移部位、支架类型、支架直径、术后并发症、住院时间、化疗、手术至初次化疗时间和晚期梗阻等资料。 结果与结论：支架组的技术成功率低于手术组(P=0.030),临床成功率无差异。与手术组比较,支架组并发症发生率较低,但是主要并发症发生率比较,差异无显著性意义(P=0.839)。支架组住院时间、手术到化疗时间均比较短,但其晚期梗阻的发生率明显高于手术组(P=0.028)。Logistic多元回归分析发现,支架直径和化疗是影响晚期梗阻的独立危险因素。说明对于无法切除并发梗阻的结直肠癌患者支架置入治疗具有更好的早期疗效,但是长期疗效较差,尤其是放置支架直径较小的化疗患者,可能需要再次放置支架或手术以解除晚期梗阻。