小切口白内障囊外摘除人工晶状体植入术观察

目的观察小切口白内障囊外摘除人工晶状体植入术的临床效果：方法观察300例（396眼）小切口白内障囊外摘除人工晶体植入术的手术并发症及并发症的处理情况。结果术中并发症：后囊破裂16眼（4.04％），均一期植入后房型人工晶状体，无晶状体移位发生。术后并发症：角膜水肿56眼（14．14％），术后一周内药物治疗水肿消退。前房炎症反应26眼（6.57％），袁现为房水混浊、纤维素性渗出，药物治疗3-7天内消退，本组无角膜失代偿、视网膜脱离、人工晶状体脱位等严重并发症发生。结论小切口白内障囊外摘除术具有损伤小、恢复快、并发症少。适合基层医院开展等优点。     

超声乳化联合人工晶体植入治疗白内障的临床分析

目的:探讨分析超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术治疗白内障的效果。方法:分析超声乳化联合人工晶体植入术治疗76例白内障的临床资料,观察超声乳化联合人工晶体植入术的治疗效果和并发症。结果:超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术治疗白内障的效果明显,显著提高了病人的视力。最常见并发症虹膜损伤,后囊膜破裂,角膜内皮水肿,一过性眼增高和后发障。结论:白内障超声乳化联合人工晶体植入术成功的关键在于手术操作的熟练和规范,对常见并发症原因及表现有充分重视。     

折叠式人工晶状体临床应用观察

目的:探讨白内障超声乳化摘除联合折叠式人工晶状体植入术的临床应用效果.方法:对109例(147只眼)白内障行超声乳化吸除术联合折叠式人工晶状体植入术,分别植入人工晶状体CANON STAAR AQ-110NV型53眼、AMO S140NB型43眼、Pharmacia CeeOn 911型32眼、Alcon Acrysof型20眼.对术后视力、术前术后角膜散光、术后前房反应、人工晶状体位置、手术并发症进行观察.结果:术后6个月.矫正视力≥0.5眼数分别为94.3%、93.0%、90.6%、90.0%;术后6个月,AQ-110NV型和S140NB型、CeeOn 911型和Alcon Acrysof型间角膜平均散光度数无显著差异,AQ-110NV型和S140NB型与CeeOn 911型和Alcon Acrysof型有显著差异(P＜0.05);术后前房反应轻微;角膜水肿、后囊破裂、后囊混浊、人工晶状体破损,发生率分别为6.1%、4.1%、10.9%、3.9%;未发现人工晶体状体明显移位者.结论:各种材料的折叠式人工晶状体在临床上的应用都是有效的,推注式人工晶状体(AQ-110NV、SI40NB型)植入术无须扩大切口,容易掌握,术后反应轻,并发症少,手术疗效满意.     

角膜穿孔伤修补及白内障摘出联合人工晶状体植入术临床观察

目的观察并探讨角膜穿孔伤修补白内障摘出及人工晶状体植入三联手术的手术效果及可行性.方法对不合并眼后段严重并发症的37例角膜穿孔合并白内障患者均Ⅰ期植入了后房型人工晶状体,术后随防半年以上. 结果 37例患者术后随防视力<0.1者2例,0.1～0.5者25例,>0.5者10例,术后无严重并发症.结论角膜穿孔伤后使眼部条件较差,手术复杂,但及早行联合手术可获得早期恢复及双眼单视,并减轻患者的心理和经济负担.     

角膜穿孔伤修补及白内障摘出联合人工晶状体植入术临床观察

目的 观察并探讨角膜穿孔伤修补白内障摘出及人工晶状体植入三联手术的手术效果及可行性。方法 对不合并眼后段严重并发症的37例角膜穿孔合并白内障患者均I期植入了后房型人工晶状体，术后随访半年以上。结果 37例患者术后随访视力＜0．1者2例，0．1－0．5者25例，＞0．5者10例，术后无严重并发症。结论 角膜穿孔伤后使眼部条件较差，手术复杂，但及早行联合手术可获得早期恢复及双眼单视，并减轻患者的心理和经济负担。     

虹膜膈人工晶状体治疗外伤性白内障合并虹膜缺损的临床应用

目的探讨虹膜膈人工晶体植入术对外伤白内障合并无虹膜或虹膜大部分缺损患者的临床效果。方法采用植入带虹膜膈人工晶体治疗22例（22眼）无虹膜或大部分无虹膜的外伤性白内障患者,观察视力及各种手术并发症。结果全部病例带虹膜膈人工晶体植入成功,术后视力均有不同程度提高（眼前指数～0．6）,18例畏光症状全部消除,4例明显减轻。1例人工晶状体襻折断,2例发生睫状体少量出血,10例角膜水肿,6例葡萄膜炎,6例继发性青光眼,13眼术后散光,经处理全部得到控制,1例大泡性角膜炎。结论带虹膜膈人工晶体对无虹膜或大部分虹膜缺损的外伤性白内障患者提供了一个行之有效的方法。     

粘连性小瞳孔白内障手术临床观察

目的 观察粘连性瞳孔白内障患者手术临床效果.方法 对54例66眼粘连性小瞳孔白内障患者采用切除瞳孔区纤维机化膜在瞳孔中央注入粘弹剂,用粘弹剂注射针头分离虹膜后粘连并注射适量粘弹剂,使瞳孔进一步扩大.对瞳孔缘发生机化条索者(即瞳孔闭锁)分离粘连后使用囊膜剪将粘连条索剪断,然后用撕囊镊沿瞳孔缘环形撕去瞳孔缘机化条索,再注入粘弹剂.若瞳孔仍不理想,用虹膜钩或晶状体定位钩牵拉扩张瞳孔,获得满意瞳孔后,进行原位白内障超声乳化并人工晶体囊袋内植入术,16眼同时联合行小粱切除术.结果 术后全部病人均有不同程度的葡萄膜炙反应,13眼有人工晶体前膜形成,用药后消退.术后1周64眼视力有不同程度提高,2眼视力无变化;12眼术后高眼压,,经治疗后获得目标眼压;术后3月42眼有不同程度的后囊浑浊,视力低于0.3行激光后囊切除术;全部病人瞳孔居中,人工晶体位正.结论 粘连性小瞳孔白内障患者通过手术可改善视力.     

高龄患者白内障摘除人工晶状体植入的临床观察

目的 探讨高龄患者白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术的临床效果。方法 对56例（56眼）高龄白内障患者行白内障囊外摘除或超声乳化吸出术及人工晶状体植入术，术后观察视力，手术并发症及老人的身心改变。结果 术后视力≥0.3者42眼（75％），0．05-0.25者9眼（16％），总脱盲率（91．1％）。结论 在精心准备下，对高龄患者行白内障人工晶状体植入是可行的。     

糖尿病高血糖患者白内障人工晶状体植入术

目的总结糖尿病患者在高血糖状态下行白内障人工晶状体植入术的可行性。方法对糖尿病合并白内障同时血糖在8.3-15.7mmol/L之间的25眼行白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术,术后观察视力和可能的并发症。结果术后4周视力≥0.3者19眼,其中≥0.5的14眼,低于0.1者4眼。无严重并发症发生。结论对于经正规治疗仍血糖高的糖尿病合并白内障患者,可正常行白内障摘除人工晶状体植入。     

人工晶体植入术前术后病情观察及护理

晶体是眼屈光系统的重要组成部分,它本身无血管,营养主要来自房水。各种内在因素包括先天因素、遗传和疾病以及中毒、外伤等外来原因引起房水成分和晶体囊渗透性改变及代谢紊乱时,均会引起晶体混浊,形成白内障。目前,治疗白内障主要有两种方法。即药物疗法和手术疗法。药物对早期白内障有延缓的作用。随着眼科显微手术的发展,现代白内障的手术已不再是单纯的晶体囊外摘除术,而是在手术显微镜下晶体囊外摘除术后,在粘弹性物质保护下,安置人工晶体。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.