工作场所空气中己二腈气相色谱测定方法研究

目的：建立工作场所空气中己二腈气相色谱的检测方法。方法：硅胶管吸附空气中己二腈，无水乙醇解吸液解吸，氢焰离子化检测器检测。结果：标准曲线回归方程为Y=0．125X-3．55，相关系数r=0．9999；检出限为1．6μg／ml；高、中、低3个浓度6d6次测定的变异系数分别为1．3％、1．5％、2．1％；平均解吸效率为95．1％；穿透容量大于12．8mg己二腈（200mg硅胶）；采样效率100％，室温下采样后硅胶管可放置7d。结论：本方法适用于工作场所空气中己二腈浓度的测定。     

工作场所空气中三氯杀螨醇的气相色谱测定方法

目的：建立工作场所空气中三氯杀螨醇的气相色谱测定方法。方法：按照《车间空气监测检验方法》研究规范的要求进行实验室实验。结果：用超精细玻璃纤维滤膜，以5L／min的速度采样4min时，采样效率为100％；方法的重现性好，不同浓度的相对标准偏差（RSD）为2．4％－4．9％；平均解吸效率为93．5％－100％；方法的测定范围为0．25－5．0mg/m^3；空气中与三氯杀螨醇共存的DDT、六六六不干扰测定。结论：此方法各项指标均达到规范要求，适用于工作场所空气中三氯杀螨醇的现场监测。     

气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中氯萘

目的：建立用硅胶管采集工作场所空气中氯萘的毛细管气相色谱分析方法。方法：硅胶管吸附空气中氯萘，样品经正己烷解吸，气相色谱检测。结果：当空气中氯萘浓度范围在0．33～6．67mg／m^3（参照国标PC-TWA0．5mg／m^3）时，相关系数r〉0．999，检出限0．3μg／ml，以采集7．5L空气样品计，最低检出浓度0．04mg／m^3。平均解吸效率90％，硅胶吸附10．0μg氯萘，样品放置7d后，回收率仍达90％。在本实验条件下与萘等化合物有较好的分离。结论：本方法可用于工作场所空气中氯萘的检测。     

工作场所空气中毒死蜱气相色谱测定法

目的建立工作场所空气中毒死蜱的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法采用硅胶管吸附空气中的毒死蜱，用90％甲苯和10％丙酮的混合液解吸后用带火焰光度检测器（FPD）的毛细管气相色谱法测定。结果空气中毒死蜱浓度在0．22～14．22mg／m^3（以采集4．5L空气样品计，相当于毒死蜱标准溶液在1～64μg／ml）时，回归方程Y=612．82X-60．59，相关系数r=0．9999，检出限为0．06mg／m^3。平均解吸效率89.67％，采样效率94．0％，样品在室温下至少可以保存15d。结论该方法适用于工作场所空气中毒死蜱浓度的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸的研究

目的：建立工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸的溶剂解吸高效液相色谱测定方法。方法：以硅胶管采集空气中甲基丙烯酸，用甲醇解吸后高效液相色谱测定。结果：甲基丙烯酸浓度在0．24—300μg／ml（以采集3L空气样品计，相当于空气中甲基丙烯酸的浓度在0．24～300mg／m^3）线性关系良好，回归方程Y=74359644．5X＋96317．1，r=0．9993（n=6），检出限为0．24μg／ml；方法精密度试验，相对标准偏差在0．7％～3．6％之间；平均解吸效率98．4％；200mg硅胶管穿透容量（BTV）〉14．3mg；200mg硅胶吸附420μg甲基丙烯酸，密闭放置1周，损失率〈10％；采样效率达100％。结论：本方法适用于工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸的浓度测定。     

工作场所空气中石油醚的气相色谱测定方法研究

目的建立工作场所空气中石油醚的气相色谱测定方法。方法活性炭吸附空气中石油醚，热解析后气相色谱（FID）测定。结果空气中石油醚浓度在102～407mg／m^3时，相对标准偏差为0．20％～0．80％（n=6）；回归方程y=-9396＋56450x，相关系数r=0．9999；检出限为1．2×10^-2μg/ml（进样1ml）；平均解析效率为94．4％；穿透容量（BTV）为8．04mg/100mg；低温放置7d，回收率90．1％；采样效率100％。结论本方法适用于工作场所空气中石油醚的浓度测定。     

工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法的研究

目的：建立工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法：硅胶管吸附空气中甲基丙烯酸。用丙酮解吸后毛细管气相色谱（FID）测定。结果：空气中甲基丙烯酸的浓度在2．4-533．3mg／m^3（以采集4．5L空气样品计，相当于甲基丙烯酸标准溶液浓度在10．9-2400μg／ml）时，回归方程Y=296．14X-15247．6，r=0．9999，最低检出限10．9μg／ml，平均解吸效率93．2％。穿透容量（BTV）〉5．3mg；采样效率达100％，样品在室温下至少可保存15d。结论：本方法适用于工作场所空气中甲基丙烯酸的浓度测定。     

大口径毛细管柱气相色谱法测定车间空气中的二甲基甲酰胺

用大口径毛细管柱气相色谱法测定车间空气中的二甲基甲酰胺，操作简单，分离度好，灵敏度高。线性范围为0--150mg/L，最低检出限为lμg/L，回收率为91．3％--98．0％，相对标准偏差(RSD)＜4．5％。     

空气中三硝基甲苯的毛细管气相色谱测定法

目的建立毛细管气相色谱法测定三硝基甲苯（TNT）生产车间工作场所空气中的TNT的方法。方法采用玻璃纤维滤纸吸附空气中TNT，以二氯甲烷经超声洗脱，应用OV-17弹性石英毛细管色谱柱电子捕获气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中的TNT。结果空气中TNT检出限为0．006ug／ml，最低检出浓度为0．0013mg/m^3（以采集45L空气样品计），线性范围为0．040～2．0ug／ml，r=0．9998。相对标准偏差为0．66％～3．62％，回收率为90．4％-95．5％。用玻璃纤维滤纸采样，样品解吸率大于90％，样品在2～8℃条件下至少可稳定7d。结论该方法快速、简便，精密度和准确度较好，适合于TNT生产车间空气中TNT的测定。     

大口径毛细管柱气相色谱法测定空气中乙二醇

目的：建立了大口径毛细管柱测定空气中乙二醇的方法。方法：采用硅胶管采集空气中乙二醇，95％乙醇解吸气相色谱分析其含量。结果：乙二醇含量在0．01～1．0mg／ml范围内呈良好的线性关系，线性方程为：Y=4．53＋1840．2X（r=0.9999）。空气中最低检测浓度为1．3mg／m^3（以采样7．5L计），平均解吸效率在89．5％～94．5％，相对标准偏差在1．8％～7．8％。结论：方法快速、灵敏、准确。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.