Effects of professional and media warnings about the association between aspirin use in children and Reye's syndrome.

The media played a central role in changing the use of aspirin among children with viral illness following reports of its association with a rare but deadly disease, Reye's syndrome (RS). It did so by alerting health professionals and parents about ways to prevent RS in children. Indeed, by the time aspirin product labeling was required by the FDA in 1986, most of the decline in RS incidence had already occurred. In the past, media-only health education campaigns have been relatively unsuccessful in achieving long-term changes in complex health behaviors. This article supports the theory that media warnings about the hazards of common products may successfully change consumer behaviors when the illness is devastating, the behavioral message is simple, acceptable and inexpensive alternatives are available, and the campaign is comprehensive, involving multiple professional groups to reinforce direct appeals to consumers.     

不同人群梅毒预防知识知晓率调查

目的了解不同人群梅毒预防知识的知晓情况,为制定梅毒防治工作策略提供依据。方法采用国家性病控制中心编制的梅毒知晓率调查问卷表,选择湖南省内长沙市和五个国家性病监测点,对城市居民、农村居民、流动人口、高校学生、商业性女性性服务者(FSW)和男男性接触者(MSM)6类人群进行匿名问卷调查。采用EpiData 3.1软件建立数据库,双录入并进行逻辑纠错和一致性检验直到两个数据库达到完全一致为止。用SPSS 11.5软件、Excel进行统计分析t检验和χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果本调查研究共收回2 075张有效问卷,其中城市居民300份、农村居民300份、流动人口439份、高校学生365份、FSW 410份、MSM 261份。对梅毒预防知识的知晓率城市居民为71.33%、农村居民为55.00%、流动人口55.71%、高校学生67.67%、FSW 56.10%、MSM 72.03%。结论抽查的6类人群中农村居民、城市居民、流动人口、FSW梅毒预防知识知晓率较低,亟需加强宣传教育普及梅毒预防知识,尤其是对低文化层次的高危人群。     

湖州市幼儿家长手足口病认知水平

了解湖州市吴兴区、南浔区幼托儿童家长手足口病认知水平与影响因素,为制定有效的手足口病健康教育工作方法 提供依据.方法采用分层整群随机抽样,对湖州市本级6所幼儿园851名家长进行问卷调查.结果 湖州市吴兴区、南浔区幼托儿童家长手足口病总体认知均分为(8.15±3.43)分、合格率为5.17%;传染源、传播途径、主要症状和预防措施的知晓率仅分别为34.08%,20.80%,3.41%和30.32%.多元线性回归分析表明,幼儿园类型(B=-1.07)、性别(B=0.70)、年龄(B=-0.41)、文化程度(B=1.60)、职业(B=-1.37)是影响家长手足口病认知水平的主要影响因素(P值均<0.05).幼儿家长期望获取手足口病防治知识的来源前3位依次是手机短信(45.24%)、幼儿园讲座(43.24%)和宣传单/栏(40.19%).结论 湖州市吴兴区、南浔区幼托儿童家长手足口病总体认知水平较低.应依托幼托机构和基本公共卫生服务健康教育项目,结合主要影响因素和需求开展适宜的健康传播与干预,提高幼儿家长手足口病认知水平与健康相关行为,预防幼儿手足口病的发生.     

儿童哮喘控制现状及家长对疾病认知水平调查——西安地区单中心研究

目的 了解西安地区儿童哮喘控制现状及患儿家长对哮喘的认知水平,并分析其影响因素,为哮喘规范治疗和管理提供依据.方法 选取在西安交通大学医学院第二附属医院儿童哮喘门诊就诊且哮喘规范化治疗超过6个月的哮喘患儿,采用问卷调查方法,哮喘专科医生与患儿及其家长面对面沟通,可由父母共同参与完成,填写完成后由医生当场核查,并对数据进行统计分析.结果 收集的118例问卷显示:①患儿首次喘息发病年龄平均为5.1±3.7岁,首次喘息发作距确诊哮喘时间为2.3±1.6年;患儿中有55.1%合并过敏性鼻炎、50.0%有湿疹、28.8%有哮喘家族史;②患儿在三甲医院确诊哮喘占67.8%、二级及以下医院确诊占32.2%.89.0%的患儿在哮喘未发作时能够定期复诊,59.3%的患儿在过去12个月内有喘息发作,发作次数平均为4.2±2.5次.78.8%的患儿进行了肺功能检查,32.2%的患儿进行过敏原检测;③51.7%的患儿使用吸入激素与长效β2受体激动剂联合制剂,39.8%单独吸入激素,62.7%的家长选择喘息发作大于3次诊断为哮喘;④家长哮喘知识79.7%来自医生的讲解、44.9%为大众媒体宣传、29.7%为哮喘健康知识讲座.72.9%的家长最希望与医护人员一对一交流获得哮喘知识.结论 通过对儿童哮喘疾病的管理,可改善儿童哮喘的控制与家长对疾病的认知水平.     

大学生预包装食品营养标签认知度调查

摘要:目的　了解石河子大学大学生对预包装食品营养标签的认知情况,为大学生食品营养标签健康教育提供依据。方法　随机抽取17个学院4228名大学生进行食品营养标签认知度问卷调查。结果　大学生食品营养标签知识平均得分（4.51±1.78）分,医药学部得分最高（4.79±1.78）分,人文科学学部得分最低（4.14±1.76）分,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝120.261,P＜0.001）;女生得分［（4.61±1.76）分］高于男生［（4.39±1.80）分］,差异有统计学意义（Z＝-4.277,P＜0.001）。书籍、报刊或杂志是大学生获得食品营养标签知识的主要途径。78.5%的学生认为有必要在食品包装上标注营养标签。68.9%的学生对食品营养标签的内容与形式比较满意。29.3%的学生经常阅读食品营养标签。结论　大学生食品营养标签知识得分不高,需要加强宣教和引导,普及营养知识,提高大学生对营养标签的认知和科学使用。     

宜兴市幼儿家长对安全座椅使用及认知情况调查

目的 了解儿童安全座椅购买和使用情况及相关影响因素,为预防控制儿童交通伤害提供参考依据。方法 2017年6月在宜兴市随机选取城镇和乡村幼儿园各两所,在托班、小、中、大班中各选1~2个班级开展问卷调查,儿童年龄为3~6周岁,对拥有私家车的927名儿童家长进行儿童安全坐椅购买和使用行为及相关因素调查。结果 宜兴市幼儿家长有37.43%购买儿童安全座椅,其中使用率为30.20%,总使用率为9.82%,儿童年龄小于4岁、家长教育水平越高、家庭收入越高及私家车价格越高的家庭儿童安全座椅购买和使用率较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);安全座椅相关知识应答的全部正确率为10.4%;有84.1％的家长认为,必须立法制定相关法律,以实现儿童乘坐汽车时强制使用儿童安全座椅;在选购安全座椅时最关注的为“质量”(44.8%),认为合理价位认可度最高的为501~元占39.4%,首选渠道占比最高为“商场专柜”(43.4%);未购买安全座椅的主要原因是“孩子乘车机会少”占33.7%,在孩子乘车出行时不使用儿童安全座椅的主要原因为“孩子不想坐安全座椅”占53.8%。结论 宜兴市儿童安全座椅的购买率和使用率较低,幼儿园家长对安全座椅的认知水平还较低,存在认识误区,应加强相关知识的宣传教育及采取有针对性的立法来提高家长对儿童乘车安全知识的认知和有效使用符合标准的儿童安全座椅,以保障儿童的乘车安全。     

A Canadian survey of prophylactic antibiotic use among hip-fracture patients.

OBJECTIVE: To study how surgical prophylactic antibiotics (SPAs) were utilized in the perioperative management of surgery for hip fractures. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of randomly selected medical records. SETTING: Twenty-two hospitals (teaching, nonteaching, community, and large urban referral centers) from across Canada. PATIENTS: Patients admitted in 1990 with a diagnosis of hip fracture. METHODS: Complete medical records of 438 patients were examined; 352 cases who underwent surgical repair of a fractured hip with insertion of prosthetic material were included in analysis. Perioperative SPA use was assessed by abstracting the agent(s) chosen, dosages, time given with respect to the incision, and duration of postoperative use. Fourteen patient and process-of-care variables related to SPA were examined. RESULTS: 247 (70%) of 352 cases did not receive a dose of SPA 2 hours preoperatively. Ten percent of preoperative SPA was administered either too early or during the procedure. In 91 (39%) of 231 cases receiving SPA, the first dose was not administered until the end of the procedure. Preoperative SPA consisted of a parenteral first-generation cephalosporin for 94% of cases. SPAs were continued more than 24 hours postoperatively in 78% of cases. Lack of a written order for SPA, being a nonteaching hospital, and shorter duration of surgical procedure were predictive of failure to receive SPA in an effective manner. CONCLUSIONS: Most hip-fracture-surgery patients did not receive effective antibiotic prophylaxis as required to prevent serious wound infections. This important variable can be included for surveillance, so that corrective measures can be taken to assure effective prophylactic antibiotic administration.     

A survey of physicians knowledge regarding awareness of maternal alcohol use and the diagnosis of FAS.

Background

Alcohol is the most widely used drug in the world that is a human teratogen whose use among women of childbearing age has been steadily increasing. It is also probable that Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is under diagnosed by physicians. The objectives of this study were twofold: 1) to evaluate the experience, knowledge and confidence of family physicians with respect to the diagnosis of FAS and 2) to evaluate physicians awareness of maternal drinking patterns.

Methods and Participants

A multiple choice anonymous questionnaire was sent to a randomly selected group of family physicians in the Metropolitan Toronto area.

Results

There was a 73% (75/103) total response rate; Overall, 6/75 (8%) of family physicians reported that they had actually diagnosed a child with FAS. 17.9% had suspicions but did not make a diagnosis and 12.7% reported making a referral to confirm the diagnosis. Physician rated confidence in the ability to diagnosis FAS was low, with 49% feeling they had very little confidence. 75% reported counselling pregnant women and 60.8% reported counselling childbearing women in general on the use of alcohol. When asked what screening test they used to detect the use of alcohol, 75% described frequency/quantity. Not a single respondent identified using the current accepted screening method for alcohol use (TWEAK) which is recommended by The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.

Conclusions

Family physicians do not feel confident about diagnosing FAS. None of the physicians were aware of the current screening methods to accurately gage alcohol use in pregnant and childbearing women

     

Computer awareness among medical students: a survey

The objective of the study was to assess the attitude of Edinburgh University medical students towards computers and to evaluate the effects of changes in the curriculum and intercalated BSc towards computer knowledge. During March to November 1995 a questionnaire was distributed in lectures, seminars and tutorials to all Edinburgh University medical students. Overall, 65% of students returned the questionnaire, divided equally between both genders. Only 2% of students had not used a computer in the previous year. The most frequent application used was E-mail and the most frequent site, the Greenfield suite micro lab, within the medical school. The average score for self-perceived computer knowledge on a scale of 0–10 was 4.19. This score was significantly higher for the students who own a computer and who have an intercalated BSc honours degree as well as the pre-clinical students compared to the clinical students. There is also a strong correlation between computer use and doing a second year special option module. With regards to attitude towards computers, 86% of students agreed that computer skills will be beneficial to them in their future career and 62% of all students wanted a structured course in computer use as part of the MB ChB course. There has been a general increase in computer literacy amongst the medical students in Edinburgh. This is specially so for the pre-clinical students who have had the brunt of the changes in the curriculum. The tendency for both the lower knowledge and use by the clinical students can, in part, be due to the accessibility of computers to these students.     

蚌埠市学生家长营养知识行为及学校午餐认知和满意度分析

目的 了解蚌埠市学生家长营养知识行为及学校午餐认知和满意度,为改善学生营养提供相关依据.方法 采用整群随机抽样方法,在蚌埠市区范围内(不含所辖县)分别从中心城区和周边城区各抽取4所中小学校中的二、五和八年级2 051名学生家长为调查对象,进行营养知识行为及学校午餐认知和满意度的问卷调查.结果 蚌埠市学生家长营养知识合格...     

儿童烫伤院前急救知识及家长掌握情况

烫伤是儿童多发的意外伤害,严重者会导致残疾。作为儿童的主要照顾者,家长不仅要了解预防儿童烫伤的措施,还要充分掌握烫伤后的院前急救知识,从而能够正确处理儿童烫伤事故。各国家长均存在儿童烫伤后院前急救知识不足的问题,中国也不例外。为此,对儿童烫伤和相关院前急救知识以及国内外家长对烫伤急救知识的掌握情况进行综述,并提出相应的干预措施。     

Prevalence and patterns of problematic alcohol use among Australian parents

Objective: Limited research data exists on the prevalence, and characteristics associated with parental alcohol use, particularly in Australia. This study aims to examine the drinking patterns of Australian parents, and to determine whether the drinking pattern differs by family type. The characteristics associated with regular parental alcohol use were also assessed. Methods: Data from a representative sample of 23,356 Australians were analysed from the 2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey. Results: The study found that parents were less likely to drink at levels defined as risky. Additionally, single mothers were more likely to report monthly and weekly binge drinking, compared to other mothers. Four predictors of risky parental alcohol use were identified: male; a current tobacco smoker; reporting higher levels of psychological distress; and lower levels of education. Conclusions: Although this study found that parents were less likely to consume alcohol at risky levels, population estimates suggest a considerable number of Australian children live in households where risky parental alcohol use occurs. Implications: This study provides the first step to extending the knowledge base on the prevalence of parental alcohol use which will help to inform public health policy and early intervention programs.