右美托咪定用于膝关节镜术后多模式镇痛的临床观察

目的 观察右美托咪定（dexmedetomidine,Dex）用于膝关节镜术后多模式镇痛的效果.方法 90例美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级需行关节镜诊治术患者,按随机数字表法分为3组（每组30例）：A组患者关节腔内注入含1μg/kgDex的0.25％罗哌卡因混合溶液20 ml,静脉给予生理盐水20 ml;B组患者关节腔内注入0.25％罗哌卡因20 ml,静脉给予含1 μg/kg Dex的溶液20 ml;C组关节腔内注入0.25％罗哌卡因20 ml,静脉给予生理盐水20 ml.比较3组患者术后1、2、4、8、12、20、24 h的视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）、Ramsay镇静评分、镇痛持续时间、术后24 h芬太尼用量及副作用发生率.结果 患者术后A组,B组1、2、4、8h的VAS静息及运动状态评分明显低于C组（P＜0.05）;但术后12h后,3组患者VAS评分差异无统计学意义;B组1、2h的Ramsay评分明显高于A组、C组（P＜0.05）,A组2、4h的Ramsay评分高于C组分（P＜0.05）,但术后8h以后,A组、B组、C组3组患者Ramsay评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,镇痛持续时间A组（650±127） min较B组（452±86） min、C组（390±74）m in明显延长,B组较C组延长（P＜0.05）;术后24 h芬太尼用量A组（22±6）μg较B组（92±10） μg、C组（146±21） μg明显减少,B组较C组减少（P＜0.05）;3组心动过缓发生率B组显著高于A组、C组（P＜0.05）.结论 在膝关节镜术后多模式镇痛方案中,关节腔内注射Dex与罗哌卡因混合液可显著减轻关节镜术后疼痛,减少术后阿片类药物的使用,并延长镇痛持续时间.     

关节腔内给予右美托咪定对膝关节镜术后镇痛的影响

目的 本研究评价关节腔内给予右美托咪定对膝关节镜术后镇痛的影响.方法 拟行膝关节镜手术患者60例,随机均分为三组:关节组关节腔内给予右美托咪定0.7 μg/kg(用生理盐水配置成15 ml),静脉给予生理盐水15 ml;静脉组静脉内给予右美托咪定0.7 μg/kg(用生理盐水配置成15ml),关节腔内给予生理盐水15 ml;对照组静脉和关节腔内给予生理盐水各15 ml.记录患者术后静息时和运动时VAS评分和术后2h改良Ramsay镇静评分,以及术毕至首次需要镇痛药时间和术后24 h内曲马多用量.结果 关节组术后1～6h.静脉组术后1h静息时和运动时VAS评分明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).首次使用镇痛药时间.关节组(198.0±50.5)min明显长于静脉组(97.0±39.5)min和对照组(62.0±28.1)min(P＜0.01).使用曲马多剂量关节组(82.0±36.5)mg明显低于静脉组(119.2±44.1)mg和对照组(163.0±52.5)mg(P＜0.01),静脉组又明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).术后2h改良Ramsay镇静评分静脉组明显高于关节组和对照组(P＜0.05).结论 关节腔内给予右美托咪定可提供膝关节镜术后的有效镇痛,延长术后首次使用镇痛药的时间和减少术后镇痛药的使用.     

Postoperative analgesia for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery with intraarticular clonidine

Intraarticular (i.a.) local anesthetics are often used for the management and prevention of pain after arthroscopic knee surgery. Clonidine prolongs the duration of local anesthetics. We designed this study to determine whether clonidine added to an i.a. injection would result in an analgesic benefit. Fifty patients were randomly assigned to one of five groups that received clonidine (either via the subcutaneous or i.a. route) or saline placebo with or without i.a. bupivacaine, as follows: Group 1 received 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine i.a.; Group 2 received 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with clonidine (1 microg/kg) i.a.; Group 3 received 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine i.a. and subcutaneous clonidine (1 microg/kg); Group 4 received 30 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine with epinephrine (5 microg/mL) i.a.; and Group 5 received clonidine (1 microg/kg) in 30 mL of saline i.a.. The results of this study revealed a significant difference in analgesia from the i.a. administration of clonidine. The group who received a combination of i.a. bupivacaine and clonidine had a significantly decreased need for oral postoperative analgesics and an increased analgesic duration (P < 0.0001). We conclude that i.a. clonidine improved comfort in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. Implications: The intraarticular administration of clonidine along with bupivacaine results in a significant improvement in analgesia compared with either drug alone. There was an increased time to first analgesic request and a decreased need for postoperative analgesics.     

A comparison of intra-articular magnesium and/or morphine with bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery

Purpose

Both magnesium and morphine provide enhanced patient analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery when administered separately via the intra-articular route. Magnesium sulfate amplifies the analgesic effect of morphine. This study was designed to compare the analgesic effects of intra-articular magnesium and morphine, with bupivacaine, when used separately and in combination.

Methods

Eighty patients undergoing arthroscopic menisectomy were randomized blindly into four intra-articular groups: group B+Mor+Mg received 20 ml 0.25% bupivacaine, morphine 2 mg, and magnesium 150 mg; group B+Mor received 20 ml 0.25% bupivacaine and morphine 2 mg; group B+Mg received 20 ml 0.25% bupivacaine and magnesium 150 mg; and group B received 20 ml 0.25% bupivacaine. Pain scores at rest and during movement, analgesic duration, and total analgesic consumption were recorded.

Results

Group B+Mor and group B+Mg patients had equally effective postoperative analgesia. Group B+Mor+Mg patients had significantly reduced visual analogue scale (VAS) values both at rest and during movement and significantly increased time to first postoperative analgesic request, as well as significantly reduced total analgesic consumption, compared with the other groups.

Conclusion

Intra-articular administration of magnesium sulfate or morphine, with bupivacaine, had comparable analgesic effects in the doses used. Their combination provided more effective postoperative analgesia than either drug alone.     

Bupivacaine/ketamine is superior to intra-articu-lar ketamine analgesia following arthroscopic knee surgery

PURPOSE: Centroneuraxial and parenteral administration of ketamine has been shown to produce analgesia. However, this analgesia is limited by adverse effects. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ketamine alone or in combination with bupivacaine provides superior pain relief after surgery in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. METHODS: Sixty patients (classified as ASA status I or II) under-going arthroscopic meniscus repair during general anesthesia were randomized to receive 1.0 mg x kg(-1) ketamine (Group K), 0.25% bupivacaine (Group B) or a combination of 1.0 mg x kg(-1) ketamine and 0.25% bupivacaine (Group BK) to a total volume of 20 mL by intra-articular route following surgery. Visual analogue score in the postanesthesia care unit at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hr after surgery, duration of analgesia and subsequent 24 hr consumption of rescue analgesic (dextroproxyphene/acetaminophen) were evaluated. RESULTS: The results showed significantly higher pain scores in Group K as compared to Group B and Group BK. The duration of analgesia was significantly shorter in Group K as compared to the other two groups (Group B = 5.7 +/- 0.8; Group BK = 5.1 +/- 1.1 vs Group K = 1.7 +/- 0.9 hr; P < 0.05). However, 24 hr consumption of analgesic was similar in the three groups. CONCLUSION: We conclude that intra-articular bupivacaine-ketamine combination provides better pain relief than intra-articular ketamine after day care arthroscopic knee surgery.     

Effect of intra-articular injection of midazolam and/or bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery

BackgroundA variety of analgesic techniques have been used to manage postoperative pain after arthroscopic knee surgery. We investigated the hypothesis that intra-articular midazolam would result in lower pain score and reduced analgesic requirements.MethodsOne-hundred patients undergoing arthroscopic meniscectomy were allocated randomly to receive intra-articular 20 mL of isotonic saline containing 50 μg/kg midazolam (midazolam group (group M),the bupivacaine group (group B) received 0.25% (20 mL) bupivacaine, and the midazolam with bupivacaine group (group MB) received bupivacaine 0.25% and 50 μg/kg of midazolam in 20 mL. The postoperative analgesia was assessed using visual analog score at rest and during movement at 1/2 h, 1 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h.ResultsPatients in group MB showed significantly lower visual analog scores, both at rest and during movement, long time to first postoperative analgesic request, as well as reduced total analgesic consumption than the other two groups.ConclusionIntraarticular administration of midazolam in combination with bupivacaine improves the quality of postoperative analgesia after arthroscopic meniscectomy.     

Epidural ketamine for postoperative analgesia

Thirty-four patients of ASA physical status I or II scheduled for gall bladder surgery were studied in a comparative prospective trial to evaluate the efficacy of epidural and intramuscular ketamine for postoperative pain relief. They were divided randomly into three groups. Group I (11 patients) received 30 mg intramuscular ketamine. Group II (10 patients) and Group III (13 patients) received 10 and 30 mg ketamine in 10 ml saline respectively, through epidural catheters. Pain was evaluated every two hours for the first 24 hours post-operatively by using a linear analogue pain scale from 0-10. Ketamine was given on the patient's request and whenever the pain score exceeded three. Ketamine produced analgesia in all patients studied. The reduction of pain score after two and four hours in Group I and III was significant when compared to Group II. Seven patients (54 per cent) in Group III did not require further analgesia after the initial injection. However, following 10 mg epidural ketamine or 30 mg IM ketamine, post-operative pain was more frequent. Four patients who received epidural ketamine complained of transient burning pain in the back during injection. No patient developed respiratory depression, psychic disturbance, cardiovascular instability, bladder dysfunction or neurologic deficit. It is concluded that 30 mg epidural ketamine is a safe and effective method for postoperative analgesia.     

Intra-articular magnesium is effective for postoperative analgesia in arthroscopic knee surgery

Background. Several medications are commonly injected intra-articularlyfor postoperative analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery.Among the potentially efficient substances, magnesium couldbe of particular interest through its NMDA-receptor blockingproperties. Methods. A total of 60 patients undergoing arthroscopic kneesurgery were randomly and double-blindly assigned to two groupsto receive intra-articular injection of either 10 ml of magnesiumsulphate (MgSO₄) (50 mg ml^–1) (Group M) or 10 ml of normalsaline (Group C). Analgesic effect was evaluated by measuringpain intensity (visual analogue scale; VAS) 1, 2, 6, 8, 12,18 and 24 h after operation and the time delay between MgSO₄or saline administration and the first requirement of supplementaryanalgesic medication by the patient (diclofenac). Results. Intra-articular magnesium administration resulted ina significant reduction in pain scores in Group M compared withGroup C 1, 2, 6 and 8 h after the end of surgery [1.7 (0.59),2.2 (0.69), 2.8 (1.01) and 3.5 (1.10) in Group M; 8.0 (1.25),5.9 (1.12), 4.4 (0.67) and 4.5 (1.13) in Group C, respectively].A longer delay between intra-articular injection of the studymedication and first administration of diclofenac was observedin Group M [667 (198) min] as compared with Group C [49 (13)min]. Total diclofenac consumption was significantly lower inGroup M [37.5 (38.14) mg] than in Group C [117.5 (46.95) mg].No early side-effects were noted. Conclusion. Intra-articular magnesium is effective for postoperativeanalgesia in arthroscopic knee surgery.      

Preoperative ketamine improves postoperative analgesia after gynecologic laparoscopic surgery

In this study, we evaluated the preemptive effect of a small dose of ketamine on postoperative wound pain. In a randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial, we compared the analgesic requirement in patients receiving preincision ketamine with ketamine after skin closure or placebo after gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. One-hundred-thirty-five patients were randomly assigned to receive preincision or postoperative ketamine 0.15 mg/kg or saline IV. Anesthetic technique was standardized. Patients were interviewed regularly up to 4 wk after surgery. Pain score, morphine consumption, side effects, and quality of recovery score were recorded. Patients receiving preincision ketamine had a lower pain score in the first 6 h after operation compared with the postoperative (P = 0.001) or placebo groups (P < 0.001). The mean (95% confidence intervals) time to first request for analgesia in the preincision group, 1.8 h (1.4-2.1), was longer than the postoperative group, 1.2 h (0.9-1.5; P < 0.001), or the placebo group, 0.7 h (0.4-0.9; P < 0.001). The mean +/- SD morphine consumption in the preincision group, 1.5 +/- 2.0 mg, was less than that in the postoperative group, 2.9 +/- 3.1 mg (P = 0.04) and the placebo group, 3.4 +/- 2.7 mg (P = 0.003). There was no significant difference among groups with respect to hemodynamic variables or side effects. No patient complained of hallucinations or nightmares. We conclude that a small dose of ketamine is not only safe, but it also provides preemptive analgesia in patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. IMPLICATIONS: In women undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic surgery, a small preoperative dose of ketamine (0.15 mg/kg) produced preemptive analgesia. There were no significant hemodynamic and psychological side effects with this dose.     

Intraoperative intravenous ketamine in combination with epidural analgesia: postoperative analgesia after renal surgery

We designed this double-blinded, randomized, controlled study to evaluate the effect of small-dose ketamine IV in combination with epidural morphine and bupivacaine on postoperative pain after renal surgery. An epidural catheter was inserted, and the administration of morphine and bupivacaine was started before surgery. Forty patients were assigned to one of two groups (ketamine or control). The ketamine group was administered a ketamine bolus and infusion during surgery. The median visual analog pain scale (VAS) scores at rest were significantly lower in the ketamine group during the first 6 h (P < 0.01). VAS pain scores on coughing were also significantly lower in the ketamine group (P < 0.01). Cumulative postoperative total analgesic consumption was less in the ketamine group on Days 1 and 2 (P < 0.001). The first analgesic demand time was shorter in the control group (9.2 +/- 11.5 min) than in the ketamine group (22.3 +/- 17.1 min) (P < 0.0001). The incidence of nausea and pruritus was more frequent in the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, postoperative analgesia was more effective when spinal cord and brain sensitization were blocked by a combination of epidural morphine/bupivacaine and IV ketamine. IMPLICATIONS: Renal nociception conducted multisegmentally by both the spinal nerves (T10 to L1) and the vagus nerve cannot be blocked by epidural analgesia alone. We demonstrated that IV ketamine had an improved analgesic or opioid-sparing effect when it was combined with epidural bupivacaine and morphine after renal surgery.     

Postoperative analgesia for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery with intraarticular clonidine and/or morphine

Both clonidine, an alpha(2) agonist, and morphine, an opioid agonist, provide enhanced patient analgesia after arthroscopic knee surgery when administered via the intraarticular (IA) route. Clonidine potentiates morphine analgesia in the animal model. We designed this study to determine whether clonidine or morphine results in better analgesia and whether their combination would provide superior analgesia to either drug alone. We evaluated 60 patients undergoing arthroscopic knee meniscus repair under local anesthesia with sedation. After surgery, patients were randomized into four IA groups: Group B received 30 mL 0.25% bupivacaine; Group BC received 30 mL 0.25% bupivacaine and clonidine 1 microg/kg; Group BM received 30 mL 0.25% bupivacaine and morphine 3 mg; and Group BCM received 30 mL 0.25% bupivacaine, clonidine 1 microg/kg, and morphine 3 mg. This study revealed a significant benefit from the individual IA administration of both clonidine and morphine. The combination of these drugs resulted in decreased postoperative pain and analgesic use, as well as an increased analgesic duration compared with either drug alone. We conclude that IA clonidine and morphine improved comfort compared with either drug alone in patients undergoing knee arthroscopy.