Acromioclavicular reconstruction using autogenous semitendinosus tendon graft: results of revision surgery in chronic cases

Revision surgery of acromioclavicular dislocation is challenging owing to the altered anatomic relationships and the lack of stabilizing structures. In this study, an autogenous semitendinosus tendon graft was used for revision acromioclavicular stabilization, aiming at anatomic coracoclavicular reconstruction, as these patients had previously undergone a Weaver-Dunn procedure, which failed. Twelve patients were followed up clinically and radiographically for a mean of 49.5 months. The primary diagnosis was acromioclavicular joint dislocation Rockwood type III in 6, type IV in 4, and type V in 2 cases. At follow-up, the mean Constant score averaged 76.4 points. Pain relief was statistically significant (P < .01). Radiologic coracoclavicular distance and posterior displacement of the lateral clavicle in the Rockwood type IV cases decreased significantly (P < .01). We conclude that with this new technique of autogenous semitendinosus tendon graft replicating the anatomic ligamentous properties, good to excellent results can be achieved in revision cases of acromioclavicular reconstruction.     

An alternate graft for staged flexor tendon reconstruction

We describe the novel use of semitendinosus as a tendon graft for 2-stage flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) reconstruction. To our knowledge, this is the first reported use of a hamstring tendon graft in this setting. The FDP of two digits were reconstructed in a 30 year-old male who presented 18 years after the original injury. The semitendinosus was chosen as a graft as the traditional grafts were deemed inappropriate. The result of the operation is convincing, and we suggest the semitendinosus tendon to be considered an option for FDP reconstruction.     

Double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps and semitendinosus tendon grafts

This study presents a novel arthroscopic technique for double-bundle reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament. A quadriceps tendon-patellar bone autograft is used to reconstruct the major anterolateral bundle. An additional double-stranded semitendinosus tendon is used to reconstruct the posteromedial bundle. In 70° of flexion and full extension with anterior drawer force, the quadriceps tendon graft and semitendinosus tendon graft are fixed inside the anterior aspect of the single tibial tunnel, respectively. An anatomic reconstruction can be achieved by using these 2 autografts.     

Prospective clinical comparisons of semitendinosus versus semitendinosus and gracilis tendon autografts for anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Background

The data available from the previously reported clinical studies remains insufficient concerning the hamstring graft preparation in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Objective

To test the hypothesis that there are no significant differences between the semitendinosus tendon alone and the semitendinosus and gracilis tendon graft fashioning techniques concerning knee stability and clinical outcome after anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction.

Methods

A prospective study was performed on 120 patients who underwent anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction according to the graft fashioning technique. The authors developed the protocol to use hamstring tendon autografts. When the harvested doubled semitendinosus tendon is thicker than 6 mm, each half of the semitendinosus tendon is doubled and used for the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundle grafts (Group I). On the other hand, when the harvested semitendinosus tendon is under 6 mm in thickness, the gracilis tendon is harvested additionally. The distal half of the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons are doubled and used for the AM bundle graft, and the remaining proximal half of the semitendinosus tendon is doubled and used for the PL bundle grafts (Group II). Sixty-one patients were included in Group I, and 59 patients in Group II. The two groups were compared concerning knee stability and clinical outcome 2 years after surgery.

Results

The postoperative side-to-side anterior laxity averaged 1.3 mm in both groups, showing no statistical difference. There were also no significant differences between the two groups concerning the peak isokinetic torque of the quadriceps and the hamstrings, the Lysholm knee score, and the International Knee Documentation Committee evaluation.

Conclusion

There were no significant differences between the two graft fashioning techniques after anatomic double-bundle ACL reconstruction concerning knee stability and postoperative outcome. The present study provided orthopedic surgeons with important information on double-bundle ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendons.

Level of evidence

Level II; prospective comparative study.     

Semitendinosus muscle fatty infiltration following tendon harvest in rabbits

The hamstring tendon autograft is one of the most commonly used graft choices in Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. There are conflicting results regarding postoperative hamstring strength deficits in patients who have had a hamstring graft. The semitendinosus tendon has been shown to regenerate after harvesting for ACL autograft, suggesting that the muscle has the potential to regain normal function. However, no studies have been performed to define the microstructural changes that occur in the semitendinosus muscle after tendon resection. In this study, we hypothesized that fatty infiltration of the semitendinosus muscle after tendon harvest in New Zealand White rabbits increases postoperatively and remains constant or increases during the first year of repair. The semitendinosus tendon was unilaterally detached and harvested from 15 rabbits. Five rabbits were sacrificed at 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month intervals, and the semitendinosus muscle‐tendon units were analyzed. The contralateral unoperated limb served as the control. The gross tendon and muscle dimensions and histologic percentage of fatty infiltration were measured. We found no significant difference in fatty infiltration at any time point between the control muscle and test specimens and that there was no progression of fatty infiltration over time. If these results hold true in humans, natural repair of the hamstring muscle following tendon harvest during ACL autograft reconstruction is not inhibited by fatty infiltration. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1234–1239, 2013     

可吸收缝合线在移植韧带中降解性能的实验研究

目的 探讨可吸收缝合线在移植肌腱内的降解吸收机制及移植腱束之间的愈合情况。方法 15只成年新西兰大白兔，切取半腱肌，折叠成双股后，采用3个0快薇乔可吸收缝合线编织缝合，建立采用可吸收缝线编织缝合的前交叉韧带自体肌腱移植重建模型。术后观察实验动物一般情况，术后2、4、8周取材行大体及组织学观察。结果 术后动物肢体活动情况良好，大体观察实验动物前交叉韧带连续性完整，张力适中。组织学观察术后2周位于移植肌腱内部的缝合线无降解，少量炎性细胞浸润，而位于移植肌腱边缘的缝合线开始出现降解，移植腱束间通过纤维组织连接；术后4周移植肌腱内部缝合线部分降解，降解区未见新生组织长入；术后8周移植肌腱内部缝合线完全降解，形成一不规则无染色区。结论 可吸收缝合线在移植肌腱内部降解速度不变，但吸收周期明显延长。     

ACL reconstruction using bone‐tendon‐bone graft engineered from the semitendinosus tendon by injection of recombinant BMP‐2 in a rabbit model

We attempted to generate a bone‐tendon‐bone structure by injecting human‐type recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) into the semitendinosus tendon, and an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) defect was reconstructed by grafting the engineered bone‐tendon‐bone graft. Two ossicles with a separation distance of 1 cm were generated within the left semitendinosus tendon of a rabbit 6 weeks after the injection of rhBMP‐2 (15 µg at each site). The engineered bone‐tendon‐bone graft was transplanted in order to reconstruct the ACL by passing the graft through the bone tunnels. In the control group, the ACL was reconstructed with the semitendinosus tendon without BMP‐2 using the same methods as those used in the experimental group. The animals were harvested at 4 or 8 weeks after surgery and examined by radiographic, histological, and biomechanical methods. In the experimental group, ossicles in the bone‐tendon‐bone graft were successfully integrated into the host bone of the femur and tibia. Histological analysis revealed that characteristic features identical to the normal direct insertion morphology had been restored. Biomechanical pull‐out testing showed that the ultimate failure load and stiffness of the reconstructed ACL in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group at both 4 and 8 weeks (p < 0.05). These results indicate the potential of regenerative reconstruction of the ACL, and the reconstruction resulted in the restoration of morphology and function equivalent to those of the normal ACL. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:1923–1930, 2011     

The semitendinosus tendon regenerates after resection: a morphologic and MRI analysis in 6 patients after resection for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Recently, the surprising observation has been made, supported by clinical and MRI findings, that the semitendinosus tendon can regenerate after being harvested in its whole length and thickness for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We studied 6 patients with previous anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, using a quadruple semitendinosus tendon autograft. In 5 of these, physical examination and MRI showed that the tendond had regenerated. In all 6 patients, the findings were documented macroscopically by open surgical exploration and in the 5 regenerated tendons, also morphologically by biopsies. Macroscopically, histologically and immunohistochemically the regenerated tendons closely resembled normal ones with focal scar-like areas. Our present findings and earlier studies show that full length and thickness harvesting of the semitendinosus tendon in most cases result in full-length tendon regeneration with tissue closely resembling the normal tendon.     

The semitendinosus tendon regenerates after resection: A morphologic and MRI analysis in 6 patients after resection for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Recently, the surprising observation has been made, supported by clinical and MRI findings, that the semitendinosus tendon can regenerate after being harvested in its whole length and thickness for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We studied 6 patients with previous anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, using a quadruple semitendinosus tendon autograft. In 5 of these, physical examination and MRI showed that the tendond had regenerated. In all 6 patients, the findings were documented macroscopically by open surgical exploration and in the 5 regenerated tendons, also morphologically by biopsies. Macroscopically, histologically and immunohistochemically the regenerated tendons closely resembled normal ones with focal scar-like areas. Our present findings and earlier studies show that full length and thickness harvesting of the semitendinosus tendon in most cases result in full-length tendon regeneration with tissue closely resembling the normal tendon.     

The semitendinosus tendon regenerates after resection: A morphologic and MRI analysis in 6 patients after resection for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Recently, the surprising observation has been made, supported by clinical and MRI findings, that the semitendinosus tendon can regenerate after being harvested in its whole length and thickness for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We studied 6 patients with previous anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, using a quadruple semitendinosus tendon autograft. In 5 of these, physical examination and MRI showed that the tendond had regenerated. In all 6 patients, the findings were documented macroscopically by open surgical exploration and in the 5 regenerated tendons, also morphologically by biopsies. Macroscopically, histologically and immunohistochemically the regenerated tendons closely resembled normal ones with focal scar-like areas. Our present findings and earlier studies show that full length and thickness harvesting of the semitendinosus tendon in most cases result in full-length tendon regeneration with tissue closely resembling the normal tendon.     

游离腓骨长肌腱联合半腱肌腱单束解剖鞘内重建前十字韧带股骨端损伤

目的探讨应用游离腓骨长肌腱联合半腱肌腱单束解剖鞘内重建前十字韧带股骨端损伤的可行性及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年9月于我院骨科运动医学治疗组收治的24例前十字韧带股骨端损伤患者资料,男19例,女5例,年龄(27.88±7.13)岁;受伤至手术时间为(14.83±9.09)d;右侧16例,左侧8例。24例均经关节镜手术证实,前十字韧带自股骨端完全断裂,胫骨侧残端保留完整。取伤侧游离腓骨长肌腱和半腱肌腱分别对折后编织修整成前十字韧带移植物备用;保留前十字韧带残端,移植物穿过残端内部进行单束解剖鞘内重建;前十字韧带移植物股骨侧应用Endobutton固定,胫骨侧应用界面螺钉固定。记录术前和末次随访的Lachman试验、Lysholm评分、Tegner评分和国际膝关节文献委员会(International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC)膝关节功能主观评估表,进行膝关节稳定性评估和疗效评估;美国矫形外科足踝协会(American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society,AOFAS)踝-后足指数评分,评估切取腓骨长肌腱后足踝功能的影响。应用视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score,VAS)记录腓骨长肌腱取材部位疼痛的变化。结果24例随访时间(34.38±5.40)个月。游离腓骨长肌腱和半腱肌腱制备四股前十字韧带移植物直径(8.88±0.30)mm。术前Lachman试验中B级16例,C级6例,D级2例,无硬性终止点;末次随访A级23例,B级1例,均硬性终止点。术前膝关节Lysholm评分(35.20±11.92)分,末次随访(94.29±2.92)分,差异有统计学意义(t=23.850,P=0.000);术前Tegner评分(3.46±0.93)分,末次随访(8.04±1.00)分,差异有统计学意义(t=16.653,P=0.000);术前IKDC膝关节主观功能评分为(47.63±13.06)分,末次随访(91.71±3.75)分,差异有统计学意义(t=15.972,P=0.000)。术前及末次随访的足踝AOFAS踝-后足指数评分分别为(98.83±2.78)分和(98.17±4.01)分,差异无统计学意义(t=1.850,P=0.076)。术后即刻、术后6个月和终访时腓骨长肌腱取材处疼痛VAS评分为(4.50±1.41)分、(0.54±0.65)分和(0.29±0.55)分,前两者的差异有统计学意义(t=14.900,P=0.001);后两者的差异有统计学意义(t=2.770,P=0.011)。术后无前十字韧带再断裂和关节感染等严重并发症。结论游离腓骨长肌腱联合半腱肌腱单束解剖鞘内重建前十字韧带股骨端损伤具有可行性,可获得良好临床疗效。     

Ipsilateral free semitendinosus tendon graft with interference screw fixation for minimally invasive reconstruction of chronic tears of the Achilles tendon

Objective

Minimally invasive ipsilateral semitendinosus reconstruction of large chronic tears aims to be advantageous for the patient in terms of plantar flexion recovery, anthropometric measures, fast return to daily and sport activity, is safe, with low donor site co-morbidities, low risks of wound complications and neurovascular injuries.

Indications

Tendon gaps greater than 6 cm and in cases of revision surgery (rerupture).

Contraindications

Diabetes, vascular diseases, previous anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using ipsilateral semitendinosus tendon graft.

Surgical technique

The semitendinosus tendon is harvested through an incision in the medial aspect of the popliteal fossa, and the proximal stump is exposed and mobilized through an incision performed 2 cm proximal and medial to the palpable tendon gap. We repeat the same steps distally, approaching the distal stump of the tendon through a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision made 2 cm distal and just anterior to the lateral margin of the distal stump. Through the distal incision, we expose the Kager’s space and the postero-superior corner of the osteotomized calcaneum. We drill a bone tunnel into the calcaneum from dorsal to plantar using a cannulated headed reamer. The semitendinosus tendon graft is passed into the proximal stump through a medial-to-lateral small incision, its two ends are moved distally, and finally it is pulled down and shuttled through the bone tunnel. The construct is fixed to the calcaneum using an interference screw.

Postoperative management

Immobilization in a below the knee plaster cast with the foot in plantar flexion for 2 weeks, weight bearing on the metatarsal heads as tolerated, use elbow crutches, and keep the knee flexed. At 2 weeks, plaster removed, and rehabilitative exercises started, walker cast allowed.

Results

Between 2008 and 2010, the procedure was performed on 28 consecutive patients (21 men and 7 women, median age 46 years). At the 2-year follow-up, average ATRS scores significantly improved (p?相似文献   

The central quadriceps tendon graftfor cruciate ligament reconstruction

The central quadriceps tendon proximal to the patella provides an alternative source of tendon graft for cruciate ligament reconstruction. Harvesting the graft requires knowledge of the unique anatomic features of the distal quadriceps and specific surgical technique. This graft alternative is particularly important in revision cruciate surgery.     

术前MRI测量腘绳肌腱横截面积与前交叉韧带重建中移植物的相关性研究

目的:探讨测量MRI腘绳肌腱横截面积在行前交叉韧带重建术前与前交叉韧带重建中移植物的相关性。方法:收集2021年11月至2022年3月在骨关节科拟行前交叉韧带重建术的50例患者的MRI资料,男32例,女18例,年龄19～48(31.1±8.7)岁。术前对半腱肌和股薄肌腱进行MRI测量并记录,然后在关节镜下行前交叉韧带重建术,术中取股薄肌腱与半腱肌腱来制备最终所需移植的肌腱,并且在术中测量已制备好的最终移植物的直径。最后使用统计学软件分析得到数据。结果:MRI测量半腱肌肌腱横截面积、股薄肌肌腱横截面积、半腱肌肌腱与股薄肌肌腱横截面积之和与前交叉韧带术中所需移植物的直径大小呈显著正相关,r值分别为0.858、0.728、0.842(P<0.001),半腱肌肌腱与股薄肌肌腱横截面积之和的曲线下面积(area uder curve,AUC)、灵敏度、和特异性分别为0.925、90.48%、85.71%。结论:在进行前交叉韧带重建术的患者中,术前MRI测量与术中腘绳肌移植直径大小有具有较强的统计学相关性,半腱肌肌腱与股薄肌肌腱横截面积之和对于前交叉韧带重建术中移植物的直径大小有较高的预测价...     

基于跟腱断裂Kuwade分型采用三种自体肌腱移植重建方法的临床疗效分析

目的探讨基于跟腱断裂Kuwade分型,使用3种自体肌腱移植重建的手术方法治疗跟腱断裂,分析其临床疗效。方法2010年1月至2013年11月,广东省中医院珠海医院骨伤一科共收治跟腱断裂患者41例,共有23例纳入研究。按照Kuwade分型,分别采用自体跖肌腱编织缝合（16例）、V—Y肌腱瓣修复＋自体跖肌腱编织缝合（2例）及自体半腱肌和股薄肌移植重建治疗（5例）。结果23例跟腱断裂患者手术顺利,术后均未发生感染及伤口不愈合。截至2013年月,术后随访5—51个月。无皮缘坏死、伤口感染、再次断裂和神经损伤并发症。按照Arner—Lindholm疗效评定标准,14例优,9例良,优良率为100％。结论按照Kuwade分型选择不同方式的自体肌腱移植治疗方法,均能够取得满意的临床疗效,是跟腱断裂较为合理的治疗思路。     

胭绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带后半腱肌腱再生的B超研究

目的研究腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带后半腱肌腱再生的情况.方法随访15 例行四股绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的病例,以高频B超在屈膝30°观察取腱部位,并以对侧正常膝作对照.结果随访15 例患者中均可见到半腱肌腱的再生,平均随访10个月,信号与对侧正常肌腱相似,关节内侧水平线上4 cm处横断面大小与对侧比较无显著性差异,再生肌腱附着点与对侧相比偏近端3.1 cm.结论绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带后可有类似于正常肌腱的半腱肌腱再生,横断面与正常肌腱相似,但附着点偏近端.     

Autogenous tendon graft substitution for absent knee joint meniscus: a pilot study.

The purpose of this pilot study was to explore the potential of an autogenous tendon graft to substitute for an absent human knee joint meniscus. Based on the results of animal studies and human reports, it was hypothesized that autogenous tendon tissue would substitute for human knee joint meniscus: maintain mechanical integrity, convert to fibrocartilage, preserve the joint compartment, and provide symptomatic relief for the patient. Five patients, 2 men and 3 women, average age 41 years, had surgical absence of the lateral meniscus, genu valgum, and severe degenerative arthritis of the lateral compartment, but a stable knee. All patients were offered alternative treatments: do nothing, medication, arthroscopic debridement, osteotomy, and knee replacement. The operations were performed by arthroscopy. An accompanying arthroscopic debridement procedure was performed in the same compartment. In 4 cases, the donor graft was the semitendinosus tendon. In 1, the patellar tendon was used because the semitendinosus had been previously used in an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Four of the 5 patients had a second-look arthroscopy and biopsy between 9 and 24 months. There was partial physical integrity to the tendon graft. The tendon graft did not completely convert to fibrocartilage. The joint surface was not preserved. Only 1 patient had minimal clinical improvement; the others were not improved. No patient was made worse. One patient had a total knee replacement 1 year later. Another had a knee fusion after 4 years. All other patients are considering future reconstructive surgery. The autogenous tendon graft as used in this pilot study was not successful as a substitute for an absent meniscus. The hypothesis was not realized. The observations from this pilot study should be helpful in future study protocol design.     

Correlation between height and semitendinosus tendon length,prediction of minimum semitendinosus tendon length based on height-an easy and accurate method

PurposeTo find out an easy method to predict tendon length on the basis of patient height.MethodsA prospective study which included 256 patients. All patients underwent ligament reconstruction using semitendinosus graft. Pre-operatively age, gender, height and weight were noted. Harvested semitendinosus graft's length and diameter was measured.ResultsBoth the patient height as well as weight correlated with tendon diameter and tendon length (p-value < 0.05). A simple equation was also derived to pre-operatively predict tendon length.ConclusionTo predict graft size, surgeon should consider anthropometric variables. If we divide height of the patient with six, we get the approximate length of the tendon and by subtracting three from the obtained value we are more than 90% sure that ST would not be shorter than this.Level of evidencelevel 4.     

Muscle and tendon morphology after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with autologous semitendinosus-gracilis graft

BACKGROUND: The autologous semitendinosus-gracilis graft is the first choice of many orthopaedic surgeons when reconstructing the anterior cruciate ligament. The effect that graft harvest has on muscle and tendon morphology remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to describe these effects more completely. METHODS: Magnetic resonance images were acquired from eight patients before the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus-gracilis autograft and then again postoperatively after they had returned to sports. Muscle and tendon morphology was described by determining the volume and peak cross-sectional area of each structure on digitally reconstructed images. The effects that the procedure had on muscle and tendon length were evaluated separately and then together as a muscle-tendon complex. RESULTS: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus-gracilis autograft resulted in a marked decrease in volume, cross-sectional area, and length of the semitendinosus and gracilis muscles. Tendon regeneration occurred in varying degrees in nearly all subjects. The morphology of the biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles suggested that they had been compensating for the reduced semitendinosus and gracilis muscle function. Although semitendinosus and gracilis muscle retraction occurred following tendon stripping, nearly all of the subjects displayed evidence of at least partial tendon regeneration. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with semitendinosus-gracilis autograft had a marked impact on semitendinosus and gracilis muscle morphology. However, this altered muscle morphology did not appear to have a clinically important impact on short-term outcomes. The biceps femoris and semimembranosus muscles appear to compensate for reduced semitendinosus and gracilis function. Tendon regeneration is observed in most people, but it is often incomplete at six months.     

The comparison of functional results of anterior cruciate ligament injuries treated with semitendinosus tendon and central one-third of patellar tendon autografts

The results of ACL reconstructions with autologus grafts taken from semitendinosus tendon and patellar ligament are presented. There were 78 patients in four groups. Patient age ranged from 15 to 47 years. The period of observation varied from 1 to 10 years, average 3.5. The first group consisted of 28 people treated with single semitendinosus tendon graft. In the second group there were 12 patients with acute ACL injuries treated by reinsertion of torn ligament attachment augmented by semitendinosus tendon. The third group of 18 persons had an ACL reconstruction with central one-third of patellar ligament fastened with thread loops on bone screws or staples. The last group of 20 patients had ACL reconstruction with central one-third of patellar ligament autograft. All patients were prospectively evaluated according to the Hospital for Special Surgery and the Lysholm and Gillquist scales. The statistical analysis clearly reveals the best results in the fourth group of patients, who had graft fixation with interference screws. Received: 4 April 2001/Accepted: 23 April 2001