一例伴有der(Y)t(Y;1)异常的多发性骨髓瘤的临床和实验研究

目的 对1例伴有不平衡染色体易位der(Y)t(Y;1)的多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)患者进行细胞遗传学、中期荧光原位杂交、免疫学及临床研究.方法 采用细胞遗传学G显带行中期染色体核型分析;用1号染色体涂抹探针、Y染色体异染色质区探针进行中期荧光原位杂交检测;免疫分型检测CD38、CD138、ZAP70等的表达及免疫电泳检测免疫球蛋白类型等.结果 细胞遗传学分析结果 发现患者具有高度复杂的异常克隆,其核型为:92,XXYY[3]/49,X,der(Y)t(Y;1)(q12;q21),t(11;14)(q13;q32),+18,+20,+21[47]/49,X,idem,del(13q22),ace[1]/98,XX,der(Y)t(Y;1)×2,+18,+18,+20,+20,+21,+21[10]/46,XY[19].中期荧光原位杂交结果 证实der(Y)t(Y;1)的G显带结果 ,为1q部分三体与Y染色体长臂的不平衡易位.其异常的单克隆免疫球蛋白为IgD,定量6.24 g/L;免疫分型结果 为表达CD38、CD138,不表达ZAP70,考虑为异常克隆浆细胞的表达.结论 Y染色体的结构异常在血液系统肿瘤中非常罕见,本文报道1例发生于多发性骨髓瘤中的伴der(Y)t(Y;1)的核型异常、实验室及临床特点.     

六例20q-继发t(20;21) (q11;q11)易位恶性血液病的临床和细胞遗传学特点

目的 了解20q-继发t(20;21)(q11;q11)核型异常恶性血液病的临床和细胞遗传学特征.方法 采用骨髓细胞短期培养法制备染色体,R显带技术进行核型分析,应用20q11/12双色探针、20号和21号染色体着丝粒探针、20号和21号染色体亚端粒探针以及20号和21号染色体涂染探针对其进行荧光原位杂交分析.结果 6例20q-继发t(20;21)易位核型异常的患者占本院2000年以来经常规核型分析检测出20q-异常患者总数的2.3％(6/257),其中5例为骨髓增生异常综合征患者,1例为急性淋巴细胞白血病患者.6例患者均经以上各种探针荧光原位杂交证实存在20q-,其与21号染色体易位断裂点也均为q11.结论 der(20)del(20)(q11q13)t(20;21)(q11;q11)与i(20q-)一样,是20q-的较少见的再现性衍生异常,多见于中老年患者和髓系疾病,尤其是骨髓增生异常综合征,少数也可见于急性淋巴细胞白血病.提示该类疾病预后较差,易位可能形成新的融合基因从而在该类疾病中起重要作用.     

荧光原位杂交技术在检测胎儿染色体亚显微结构异常中的应用

目的探讨荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术在诊断培养后的羊水细胞染色体亚显微结构异常中的应用价值。方法对1例18孕周,经典细胞遗传学羊水染色体核型分析结果与B超检查结果有不符合的胎儿,应用FISH的18号、X、Y染色体着丝粒探针和13、21号染色体位点特异性探针,对培养后的羊水中期细胞标本进行检测。结果共分析了22个独立细胞克隆的分裂象,发现胎儿染色体存在两种核型嵌合,结果记为：mos45,X[20]/46,XY[2];FISH检测发现此胎儿核型存在Y染色体亚显微小片段易位。结论 FISH技术结合传统细胞遗传学核型分析,对于诊断染色体亚显微结构异常非常重要。     

荧光原位杂交技术在检测染色体异常来源成分中的应用价值

目的探讨荧光原位杂交技术在检测染色体异常来源成分中的应用价值。方法对2例经外周血淋巴细胞培养行染色体核型分析结果不明来源染色体片段异常者,采用亚端粒(subtelomere)探针荧光原位杂交技术进行检测。结果明确诊断了2例染色体片段异常均为染色体相互易位,并鉴定出了易位的片段来源。结论亚端粒探针荧光原位杂交技术可以协助常规G显带染色体核型分析检测出小片段、难以辨认的染色体易位,对协助临床遗传咨询有重要意义。     

采用探针D13S319和D13S25检测多发性骨髓瘤13q14缺失

多发性骨髓瘤(multiple myeloma,MM)是以骨髓中克隆性浆细胞恶性增殖和异常积聚为特征的肿瘤.核型异常是MM主要的预后因素之一,13q14缺失是最常见的一种染色体异常[1,2].间期荧光原位杂交(interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization,I-FISH)技术的应用不受细胞分裂相的影响,高纯度细胞分离技术之一的磁珠分选系统(magnetic activated cell sorting,MACS)富积了骨髓瘤细胞,因而二者结合大大提高了MM核型异常的检出率.我们应用该两项技术,采用位于13q14的序列特异性DNA探针D13S319和D13S25,对42例初治MM患者的13q14缺失进行了检测分析.     

八探针荧光原位杂交联合R显带技术诊断儿童急性髓系白血病CSCD

目的探讨将八探针荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH）联合R显带染色体核型分析应用于儿童急性髓系细胞白血病（acute mydoid leukemia,AML）诊断的价值。方法应用八探针FISH（AML1／ETO、PML—RARa、CBFβ／MYH11、mL、P53、5q-、7／7q-、20q-等8种DNA探针）和R显带染色体核型分析技术,对214例AML患儿进行了联合检测。结果八探针FISH技术在118例患儿中检出了细胞遗传学改变,总体阳性率为55．1％,包括AML1／ETO、PML／RARa、CBFβ／MYH11、MLL、P53、5q-、7／7q-、20q-等8种细胞遗传学异常。R显带核型分析检出染色体异常55例,阳性率为25．7％,其中4例染色体异常FISH未检出。两种方法检出阳性率的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论八探针FISH技术较R显带染色体核型分析具有准确、高效、省时、省力等优点,可与染色体核型分析有效互补,并且每种细胞遗传学异常都可为儿童AML的诊断、预后评估和个体化治疗提供重要依据。     

综合应用分子细胞遗传学技术检测一例染色体微小易位

目的 综合应用分子细胞遗传学技术对1例染色体微小易位的病例进行检测.方法 按常规制备染色体,G显带进行核型分析,并先后进行光谱核型分析(spectral karyotyping,SKY),染色体涂染,双色荧光原位杂交技术(fluorescence in situ hybridisation,FISH)检测,亚端粒探针F...     

一例新发生的5p部分单体合并隐匿18p微小重复

目的 对1例临床表型严重的疑似猫叫综合征患者的核型进行确诊,为评估该家庭的再发风险提供依据.方法 采用高分辨G-显带核型分析患者及其父母,应用猫叫综合征关键区基因位点特异性探针(5p15.2,D5S23/D5S721)、Tel 5p/5q、Tel 18p/18q亚端着丝粒探针和18号染色体涂染探针进行荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)检测患者及其父母,SNP-Array对患者全基因组DNA进行扫描分析.结果 高分辨G-显带核型分析发现患者5p末端有微小缺失.应用猫叫综合征关键区基因位点特异性探针荧光原位杂交结果发现患者D5S23/D5S721位点缺失.高密度的SNP-Array芯片检测结果显示该患者5号染色体短臂末端存在15 Mb片段的缺失合并18号染色体短臂末端存在约2 Mb的重复.应用5p亚端着丝粒探针和18p亚端粒探针进行FISH进一步确定了患者携带一条源于5p和18p易位而来衍生的5号染色体.最终确定其染色体核型为46,XY,der(5)t(5;18)(p15.1;p11.31)dn.结论 SNP-Array结合FISH技术确诊了患者为新发生的5p部分缺失合并隐匿的18p部分重复,在其家庭复发风险低.SNP-Array能检出微细的染色体不平衡改变,对于染色体的病因学分析及复发风险评估具有重要价值.     

一例类似Prader-Willi综合征表型患者的染色体1p36.3隐匿缺失检测

目的 对1例具有类似Prader-Willi综合征(Prader-Will-like syndrome,PWS)表型患者进行核型分析,确诊其病因.方法 应用高分辨染色体显带技术分析核型及甲基化PCR技术分析15号染色体的遗传印迹区,应用多重连接依赖性探针扩增(multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification,MLPA)技术筛查患者染色体亚端粒区的异常,经荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)验证并结合实时定量PCR进一步确定患者染色体的缺失区域.结果 高分辨染色体检测未发现患者核型异常,甲基化PCR未发现患者的15号染色体遗传印迹基因异常,MLPA分析显示患者存在1p亚端粒区缺失,该结果得到1p亚端粒区探针的FISH证实.进一步选择1p36区域的3个BAC探针进行FISH分析,结合实时定量PCR技术,显示缺失区域位于1p36.3区的4.2 Mb范围内,家系分析显示患者为新发生的染色体异常.确诊为1p36缺失综合征.结论 对类似PWS表型的患者,应进一步做细胞分子学诊断,以明确其发病原因.     

230例身材矮小患儿染色体核型分析

目的 通过对230例身材矮小患儿进行染色体核型分析,探讨身材矮小与染色体异常的关系.方法 对230例身材矮小患儿进行G显带染色体核型分析,并结合Q显带、C显带及荧光原位杂交等方法对异常染色体核型进行检测.结果 230例身材矮小患儿中染色体核型异常有23例,异常比例为10％.其中,Turner综合征核型18例,环状染色体3例(分别为4号、6号和15号环状染色体),其余两例分别为5号染色体倒位及10号染色体短臂三体.结论 染色体异常是引起身材矮小的重要原因之一,应用G带、Q带、C带及荧光原位杂交技术,精确诊断患者的染色体核型,可为临床的诊断和治疗提供医学遗传学依据.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.