Spectral frequency index monitoring during propofol-remifentanil and propofol-alfentanil total intravenous anaesthesia

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of spectral frequency index (SFx) monitoring to assess the depth of anaesthesia during propofol-opioid total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA). METHODS: Thirty-three patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy under propofol TIVA were prospectively and randomly allocated to receive either remifentanil (bolus of 1.0 microg/kg, followed by continuous infusion from 0.25 to 0.05 microg/kg/min) [n = 18] or alfentanil (bolus of 10 microg/kg, followed by continuous infusion from 2.0 to 0.5 microg/kg/min) [n = 15]. EEG activity was monitored to achieve the desired depth of anaesthesia, and intravenous propofol was titrated to keep the SFx at 70-80%. The remifentanil and alfentanil groups were compared in relation to the plasma propofol concentration required for an adequate level of hypnosis during maintenance of anaesthesia, Pearson correlation coefficient for the relationship between the plasma propofol concentration and SFx values, recovery parameters, and recall of events during anaesthesia. RESULTS: The study groups were comparable with regard to demographic characteristics, type and duration of surgery, and time to resumption of spontaneous ventilation. No evidence of explicit recall was noted. The mean plasma propofol concentration required for an adequate level of hypnosis during maintenance of anaesthesia was significantly higher in the alfentanil group (3.20 microg/mL) compared with the remifentanil group (2.17 microg/L) [p < 0.05]. In both groups, the Pearson correlation coefficient test showed a linear correlation between SFx values and propofol concentration in the studied propofol concentration range. The mean time to orientation for name and place was significantly shorter (p < 0.05), the mean propofol concentration at orientation for name and place and at the resumption of spontaneous ventilation timepoints was significantly lower (both p < 0.01), and the mean SFx value at resumption of spontaneous ventilation timepoint was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the remifentanil group. CONCLUSIONS: As SFx is linearly related to plasma propofol concentration, this index may be used to measure anaesthetic effect during propofol anaesthesia. The results of this clinical trial are consistent with a previous computer-simulated opioid-propofol model with regard to intraoperative and recovery variables, although the recovery occurred at different propofol concentration and SFx values.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol and fentanyl in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery – a study of pharmacodynamic drug–drug interactions

Propofol is routinely combined with opioid analgesics to ensure adequate anesthesia during surgery. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of fentanyl on the hypnotic effect of propofol and the possible clinical implications of this interaction. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) data were obtained from 11 patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery, classified as ASA III. Propofol was administered by a target‐controlled infusion system. Fentanyl 2–3 µg/kg was given whenever insufficient analgesia occurred. The bispectral index (BIS) was used to monitor the depth of anesthesia. A population PK/PD analysis with a non‐linear mixed‐effect model (NONMEM 7.2 software) was conducted. Two‐compartment models satisfactorily described the PK of propofol and fentanyl. The delay of the anesthetic effect in relation to PK was described by the effect compartment. The BIS was linked to propofol and fentanyl effect‐site concentrations through an additive E_max model. Context‐sensitive decrement times (CSDT) determined from the final model were used to assess the influence of fentanyl on the recovery after anesthesia. The population PK/PD model was successfully developed to describe simultaneously the time course and variability of propofol and fentanyl concentrations and BIS. Additive propofol–fentanyl interactions were observed and quantitated. The duration of the fentanyl infusion had minimal effect on CSDT when it was shorter than the duration of the propofol infusion. If the fentanyl infusion was longer than the propofol infusion, an almost two‐fold increase in CSDT occurred. Additional doses of fentanyl administered after the cessation of the propofol infusion result in lower BIS values, and can prolong the time of recovery from anesthesia. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery

Available propofol pharmacokinetic protocols for target-controlled infusion (TCI) were obtained from healthy individuals. However, the disposition as well as the response to a given drug may be altered in clinical conditions. The aim of the study was to examine population pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of propofol during total intravenous anesthesia (propofol/fentanyl) monitored by bispectral index (BIS) in patients scheduled for abdominal aortic surgery. Population nonlinear mixed-effect modeling was done with Nonmem. Data were obtained from ten male patients. The TCI system (Diprifusor) was used to administer propofol. The BIS index served to monitor the depth of anesthesia. The propofol dosing was adjusted to keep BIS level between 40 and 60. A two-compartment model was used to describe propofol PK. The typical values of the central and peripheral volume of distribution, and the metabolic and inter-compartmental clearance were V(C) = 24.7 l, V(T) = 112 l, Cl = 2.64 l/min and Q = 0.989 l/min. Delay of the anesthetic effect, with respect to plasma concentrations, was described by the effect compartment with the rate constant for the distribution to the effector compartment equal to 0.240 min(-1). The BIS index was linked to the effect site concentrations through a sigmoidal E(max) model with EC(50) = 2.19 mg/l. The body weight, age, blood pressure and gender were not identified as statistically significant covariates for all PK/PD parameters. The population PK/PD model was successfully developed to describe the time course and variability of propofol concentration and BIS index in patients undergoing surgery.     

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注在小儿脑瘫手术中的应用

目的 评价瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭(TCT)静脉麻醉用于小儿脑瘫的临床效果.方法 选择择期需全麻下行肌力肌张力调整术或者行颈动脉剥脱术手术的患儿50例,随机分成A组和B组各25例.A组麻醉诱导(咪达唑仑0.2 mg/kg、丙泊酚1.0 mg/kg、瑞芬太尼1.5 μg/kg、琥珀胆碱2 mg/kg).麻醉维持连续靶控输注丙泊酚2~4 mg/(kg·h)微量持续泵注瑞芬太尼0.1~0.25 μg/(kg·min)能用肌松剂的维库溴胺0.03 μg/(kg·min)B组麻醉实施中麻醉诱导中瑞芬太尼改用芬太尼0.5~1 μg/kg麻醉维持中微量泵持续泵入瑞芬太尼改为间断推注芬太尼0.1 μg/(kg·min)其余药物使用方法及剂量同A组.结果 丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼比丙泊酚联合芬太尼更能有效的控制麻醉诱导和手术过程中血压和心率的上升 并且使用瑞芬太尼组的患儿苏醒时间及拔管时间较使用芬太尼组明显缩短,术中丙泊酚的用量也大大减少.结论 丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼适用于脑瘫患儿手术,且效果优于丙泊酚联合芬太尼.     

瑞马唑仑与丙泊酚对乳腺癌根治术患者围术期细胞免疫功能的影响比较

目的:比较瑞马唑仑与丙泊酚静脉麻醉对乳腺癌根治术患者围术期细胞免疫功能的影响。方法:将择期行乳腺癌根治术的患者80例,采用随机数字表法分为瑞马唑仑组(R组)和丙泊酚组(P组)。麻醉诱导时,R组患者静脉推注瑞马唑仑0.2 mg/kg+舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg+顺阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg;P组患者静脉推注丙泊酚2 mg/kg+舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg+顺阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg。麻醉维持时,R组患者静脉泵注瑞马唑仑0.4~1.2 mg(/kg·h)+瑞芬太尼0.1~0.2μg(/kg·min);P组患者静脉泵注丙泊酚4~10 mg(/kg·h)+瑞芬太尼0.1~0.2μg(/kg·min);两组患者均间断静脉推注顺阿曲库铵。术中监测患者麻醉深度并据此调整瑞马唑仑、丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼的泵注速度。记录两组患者术中输液量、失血量、手术时间、阿片类药物用量,术后24、72 h时的视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分;同时,测定麻醉诱导前30 min、术后24 h和术后72 h时两组患者T淋巴群CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺和自然杀伤(NK)细胞的水平以及不良反应发生率,并计算CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值;记录两组患者不良反应发生情况。结果:两组患者术中输液量、失血量、手术时间、阿片类药物用量,术后24、72 h时的VAS评分以及不良反应发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与麻醉诱导前30 min比较,两组患者在术后24 h时的CD3⁺、CD4⁺、NK细胞水平和CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值均显著降低(P<0.05);与P组比较,R组患者在术后24 h时的CD3⁺、CD4⁺、NK细胞水平和CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值均显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:用于麻醉维持时,瑞马唑仑对乳腺癌根治术患者围术期细胞免疫的抑制作用小于丙泊酚。     

Use of Target Controlled Infusion to Derive Age and Gender Covariates for Propofol Clearance

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Attempts to describe the variability of propofol pharmacokinetics in adults and to derive population covariates have been sparse and limited mainly to experiments based on bolus doses or infusions in healthy volunteers. This study aimed to identify age and gender covariates for propofol when given as an infusion in anaesthetized patients. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: One hundred and thirteen patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists class I or II and aged 14-92 years) were anaesthetized for elective surgical procedures with propofol using a target controlled infusion (TCI) system and with alfentanil as a baseline analgesic infusion. Frequent venous blood samples were obtained for measurement of propofol plasma concentrations. PHARMACOKINETIC AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Pharmacokinetic accuracy was determined by the percentage prediction error, bias and precision, as were wobble and divergence. The clearance of propofol from the central compartment was determined for each patient using the computerized record of the infusion profile delivered to each patient, together with relevant blood propofol concentration estimations. For each patient, the nonlinear mixed-effects modelling (NONMEM) objective function was employed to determine the goodness of fit. RESULTS: The population distribution of propofol clearance was subsequently found to have a Gaussian distribution only in the log domain (mean value equivalent to 26.1 mL/kg/min). The distribution in the normal domain was consequently asymmetric, with a slight predominance of patients with high values of clearance (5% and 95% confidence limits 17.7 and 42.1 mL/kg/min, respectively). Using regression analysis, gender and age covariates were derived that optimized the performance of the target controlled infusion system. The clearance (CL) of propofol in male patients changed little with age (CL [mL/kg/min]=26.88-0.029xAge; r2=0.006) whereas that in female patients had a higher initial value but decreased progressively with age (CL [mL/kg/min]=37.87-0.198xAge; r2=0.246). CONCLUSION: We achieved a relatively simple and practical covariate model in which the variability of pharmacokinetics within the study population could be ascribed principally to variability in clearance from the central compartment. Pharmacokinetic simulation predicted an improved performance of the TCI system when employing the derived covariates model, especially in elderly female patients.     

靶控输注异丙酚在睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患儿的应用

目的比较靶控输注异丙酚与七氟醚吸入麻醉对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（obstructivesleep apnea syndrome,OSAS,即鼾症）患儿血流动力学的影响及苏醒期的特点。方法选择择期行悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术（uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP）的OSAS患儿36例,随机分为靶控输注（T）与七氟醚（S）两组。T组（n=18例）诱导采用芬太尼2μg/kg,异丙酚2.5mg/kg及维库溴铵0.1mg/kg后插管,维持采用瑞芬太尼0.2μg/（kg.min）＋血浆靶控输注异丙酚3μg/ml,在手术结束前5min停药。S组（n=18例）诱导采用芬太尼2μg/kg,异丙酚2.5mg/kg及维库溴铵0.1mg/kg后插管,维持采用维持采用瑞芬太尼0.2μg/（kg.min）＋七氟醚（维持呼出浓度在0.8~1.2MAC）静吸复合麻醉,手术结束前5min停药。记录诱导前、诱导后、插管后、切皮后、切皮后20、40min、拔管后、拔管后20、40min的MAP、HR;两组手术时间、手术结束至拔管的时间、术中肌松药总量及术后躁动、恶心呕吐、疼痛等不良反应。结果T组患者在术中血流动力学方面比S组患者平稳,拔管时间较S组短,且术后躁动、恶心呕吐较S组发生率低（P〈0.05）;T组与S组患者在术后疼痛评分差异无显著性。结论靶控输注异丙酚用于鼾症患儿有较明显的临床使用价值。     

靶控输注异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼在老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注（Target—controlled infusion,TCI）全凭静脉麻醉用于老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,LC）的可行性及安全性。方法择期LC手术老年患者56例,美国麻醉医师协会（American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA）分级Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,心肺功能正常。随机等分为静吸麻醉组（I组）和静脉全麻组（T组）,两组均以咪选唑仑、异丙酚、芬太尼、雏库溴铵诱导后做气管插管。麻醉维持：静吸麻醉组（Ⅰ组,n=28例）采用3％异氟醚吸入诱导,1％-2．5％维持,间断辅以瑞芬太尼静注;全凭静脉组（T组,n=28例）将瑞芬太尼和异丙酚混合液持续恒速输入,诱导时设定瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度为4—8ns／ml,异丙酚为3～5μg／ml,术中根据血压、心率调整靶浓度．术中监测心率（heart rate,HR）、收缩压（systolic blood pressure,SBP）、舒张压（diastolic blood pressure,DBP）、平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure,MAP）等指标及手术结束至自主呼吸、睁眼、拔除气管导管、恢复定向能力的时间等。结果两组间的拔管时间、清醒程度有显著差异。静吸麻醉组（Ⅰ组）在气腹后10min的HR、SBP、DBP及术毕明显高于术前基础值（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,而全凭静脉组术中无明显变化,术后恶心呕吐发生率也明显低于静吸组。结论异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注静脉麻醉用于老年人腹腔镜胆囊切除术可达满意的麻醉深度,具有苏醒快,围术期血压、心率变化幅度小,能降低术后恶心呕吐的发生,患者安全系数高等优点,且无吸入麻醉药的手术室空气污染,优于异氟醚吸人麻醉方法。     

The pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in gynecologic surgical patients

The pharmacokinetics and serum protein binding of alfentanil during continuous intravenous infusion were determined in 11 women who were either healthy (American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] physical status 1) or had mild systemic disease (ASA physical status 2). Anesthesia was induced with intravenous thiopental 2 mg/kg and alfentanil 50 micrograms/kg and maintained with constant intravenous alfentanil infusions of 1-3 micrograms/kg/min until approximately ten minutes before the end of surgery. Venous blood samples were obtained after the bolus of alfentanil was administered and at various times during and after the alfentanil infusion. Serum alfentanil concentrations were measured by gas-liquid chromatography. There was considerable interpatient variability in alfentanil pharmacokinetics and serum protein binding. The mean +/- SD alfentanil serum clearance, volume of distribution at steady state (Vss), and elimination half-life were 5.2 +/- 2.0 mL/min/kg, 0.47 +/- 0.1 L/kg, and 97 +/- 52 minutes, respectively. The mean fraction of alfentanil unbound in serum (fu) was 0.18 +/- 0.08. There was a time-dependent decrease in alfentanil serum clearance that correlated with increasing duration of surgery. This decrease in clearance resulted in a prolonged alfentanil half-life. These results indicate there is considerable interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters and serum protein binding of alfentanil in these patients and suggest that the infusion rate of alfentanil during maintenance anesthesia should be adjusted for individual patient response. Infusion rates may need to be tapered during prolonged operations.     

丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼麻醉在儿科斜视矫正术中的应用

目的探讨丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼用于小儿斜视术矫正中的麻醉效果。方法斜视矫正手术儿童100例均分为丙泊酚(6-10mg·kg-1·h-1)-雷米芬太尼(0.6μg.kg-1.min-1)麻醉组(PR组)和丙泊酚(6-10mg·kg-1·h-1)-氯胺酮(1.5mg·kg-1·h-1)麻醉组(PK组),记录麻醉期间眼心反射发生率、苏醒和拔除喉罩时间及苏醒后药物的不良反应。结果 PR组术中无眼心反射发生病例;PK组有19例(38%)术中出现眼心反射。与PK组比较,PR组苏醒和拔除喉罩时间短,苏醒后药物的不良反应少。结论与丙泊酚-氯胺酮麻醉比较,小儿斜视矫正术应用丙泊酚-雷米芬太尼麻醉,术中眼心反射较轻、苏醒快、术后药物的不良反应少。     

瑞芬太尼控制性降压对压力感受反射敏感性的影响

目的观察应用瑞芬太尼实施控制性降压时其对心血管压力感受反射敏感性（BRS）的影响。方法20例择期拟在全麻下实施脊柱手术的患者，应用瑞芬太尼实施控制性降压，测量不同时间点测量BRS。结果气管插管后、控制性降压前、控制性降压30min较麻醉诱导前有显著的降低，停止降压后恢复。结论瑞芬太尼能够在控制性降压期间抑制BRS。     

异丙酚联合瑞芬太尼清醒镇静对呼吸功能的影响

目的 本研究拟通过异丙酚联合瑞芬太尼清醒镇静应用于腰硬联合麻醉下妇科手术中，观察其对呼吸功能的影响，评价其安全性。方法 80例ASAⅠ—Ⅱ级择期拟在腰硬联合麻醉下行子宫切除术的患者。将患者随机分为对照组20例（C组）、异丙酚组20例（P组）、瑞芬太尼组20例（R组）、瑞芬太尼联合异丙酚组20例（R＋P组）。患者腰硬联合麻醉，调整麻醉平面达T6。蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉15min后，P组：给予3mg／（kg·h）异丙酚连续输注，R组：给予6ug／（kg·h）瑞芬太尼连续输注，P＋R组：给予3ug／（kg·h）瑞芬太尼和1．5mg／（kg·h）异丙酚同时连续输注，对照组：给予0．3ml／（kg·h）生理盐水连续输注。输注过程中调整输注速度使患者OAA／S=3分。术毕停止输注药物，镇静过程中持续鼻导管吸氧。由于呼吸抑制或维持OAA／S评分需要调整药物剂量时，R组以1ug／（kg·h）增减，P组以0.5mg／（kg·h）增减，P＋R先增减瑞芬太尼0．5ug／（kg·h）如果仍未达到目标再调整异丙酚0．25mg／（kg·h）增减。记录于入室后（T0）、输注药物前（T1）、输注药物后5min（T2）、10min（T3）、15min（T4）、30min（T5）、子宫切除时（T6）、药物停止输注时（T7）、药物停止输注后10min（T8）时点的SpO2、自主呼吸次数（sRR），和呼吸抑制的发生率。于T0、T5、T8时点取动脉血行血气分析。药物停止输注后观察15min，直至OAA／S评分为5分。用VAS评分法测定术中焦虑程度。结果 患者一般资料无差别。P组异丙酚平均输注速度为（2．8±0．6）mg／（kg·h），R组瑞芬太尼平均输注速度为（6．4±1．5）ug／（kg·h），P＋R组瑞芬太尼（2．7±0．4）ug／（kg·h）异丙酚（1．6±0．6）mg／（kg·h）。四组患者的呼吸频率从T1时点较T0开始降低，但只有在R组的T4、T5时点较T0有品著意义的降低（P〈0．05）?     

瑞芬太尼辅助丙泊酚麻醉用于无痛结肠镜151例临床研究

目的比较丙泊酚麻醉及瑞芬太尼辅助丙泊酚麻醉用于无痛结肠镜的麻醉效果和安全性。方法将151例患者随机分为P组(丙泊酚组)78例,R组(瑞芬太尼+丙泊酚组)73例。两组诱导方法采用微量泵泵入丙泊酚1.5mg/kg,2min以上注完,R组诱导时增加盐酸瑞芬太尼0.025μg/(kg?min),诱导后持续泵入丙泊酚保持麻醉状态。至患者睫毛反射消失即置入纤维结肠镜检查。结果 R组术中镇痛效果明显好于P组(P<0.01);R组患者、检查者、记录者的满意度评分明显高于P组(P<0.01);R组丙泊酚用量明显少于P组(P<0.01),清醒及离院时间亦明显短于P组(P<0.01)。结论瑞芬太尼辅助丙泊酚麻醉应用于无痛结肠镜检查,麻醉效果较好、术后清醒快、不良反应发生少、临床满意度高。     

瑞芬太尼联合七氟烷或丙泊酚在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的比较瑞芬太尼联合七氟烷或丙泊酚麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用的效果。方法46例择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者,随机分为七氟烷组（S组）和丙泊酚组（P组）,所有患者麻醉诱导后持续泵注瑞芬太尼0．2μg／（kg·min）,气腹后根据血压调整瑞芬太尼的输注速度,最低至0．1μg／（kg·min）。同时,S组吸入2％的七氟烷,P组泵注丙泊酚5mg／（kg·h）。观察各时点血流动力学参数,记录患者苏醒时间、拔管时间和术后镇静评分（OAAS）,记录术中高血压、低血压、心动过缓以及术后不良反应的发生情况。结果术中各时点的血流动力学参数变化两组无明显差异,S组苏醒时间和拔管时间均短于P组,但术后镇静评分（OAAS）两组之间无明显差异。S组恶心、呕吐的发生例数多于P组,其他术中及术后不良反应的发生情况两组无明显差异。结论瑞芬太尼联合七氟烷或丙泊酚用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术均能提供满意的麻醉效果,七氟烷麻醉更容易发生恶心、呕吐,其他的不良反应两组相似,七氟烷组苏醒时间和拔管时间更短。     

瑞芬太尼效应室靶控输注在结肠镜检查中的应用

目的比较复合丙泊酚静脉全麻时瑞芬太尼效应室靶控输注和芬太尼単次静脉注射用于结肠镜检查的麻醉效果。方法选择80例行结肠镜检查的患者,随机分为瑞芬太尼效应室靶控输注组（R组）和芬太尼单次静脉注射组（F组）,分别复合丙泊酚静脉注射行静脉全麻,观察起效时间、恢复时间、准确定向时间、术中体动（程度和次数）、呼吸抑制以及术后并发症等。结果 R组恢复时间显著短于F组（P〈0.01）,R组的丙泊酚总用量、术中最低SpO_2、术中体动及术后恶心呕吐、嗜睡显著低于F组（P〈0.01）。结论瑞芬太尼效应室靶控输注复合丙泊酚单次静脉注射的麻醉方法用于结肠镜检查,其临床效果优于芬太尼单次静脉注射复合丙泊酚的静脉麻醉,但需加强呼吸监护与管理。     

小剂量利多卡因对丙泊酚麻醉诱导和维持效应的影响

目的:探讨小剂量利多卡因对丙泊酚麻醉诱导和维持效应的影响。方法:年龄18～65岁、按美国麻醉医师协会标准病情为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、择期行全麻开胸手术的患者共40例纳入研究,用抽签法随机分为2组:利多卡因组和对照组,每组20例。麻醉诱导期和维持期2组患者给药顺序如下:(1)静脉滴注马来酸咪达唑仑0.03 mg/kg;(2)利多卡因组静脉滴注利多卡因1 mg/kg,之后持续滴注33μg.kg-1.min-1,对照组等速给予等量0.9%氯化钠注射液;(3)静脉滴注瑞芬太尼1μg/kg,之后持续滴注0.2μg.kg-1.min-1;(4)静脉滴注丙泊酚,起始血浆靶浓度为1 mg/L,每次以0.3 mg/L上调,使脑电双频指数(BIS)稳定在40～60;(5)意识消失后静脉注射罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg。监测和比较2组患者围术期不同时间点的BIS、心率、有创动脉血压(IAP)、丙泊酚血浆靶浓度和效应室浓度、鼻咽温、阿托品或麻黄碱和硝酸甘油用量,以及不良反应和术后合并症发生率的差异。监测利多卡因组患者利多卡因血药浓度。结果:利多卡因组男13例,女7例,平均年龄(54±9)岁;对照组男13例,女7例,平均年龄(51±1)岁。2组患者的基本特征、麻黄碱或阿托品和硝酸甘油用量、BIS、IAP、鼻咽温及不良反应发生率差异均无统计学意义。2组均未发生严重不良反应与合并症。利多卡因组和对照组各时间点丙泊酚血浆靶浓度和效应室浓度分别比较如下:气管插管时,(1.9±0.4)mg/L比(2.4±0.4)mg/L,(1.2±0.4)mg/L比(1.6±0.4)mg/L;器官切除时,(2.0±0.5)mg/L比(2.7±0.7)mg/L,(2.0±0.5)mg/L比(2.7±0.7)mg/L;关胸时,(1.7±0.4)mg/L比(2.2±0.7)mg/L,(1.8±0.4)mg/L比(2.3±0.7)mg/L;拔管时(0.8±0.2)mg/L比(0.9±0.2)mg/L,(0.9±0.2)mg/L比(1.0±0.3)mg/L。差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。利多卡因组患者在麻醉诱导后30、120、240 min和手术结束时血清利多卡因浓度分别为(2.24±0.53)、(2.20±0.42)、(2.45±0.73)和(2.31±0.75)mg/L,均低于中毒浓度(8 mg/L)。结论:小剂量利多卡因可增加丙泊酚诱导和维持的效应。     

瑞芬太尼联合异丙酚清醒镇静在妇科手术中的临床研究

目的拟评价瑞芬太尼联合异丙酚应用于腰硬联合麻醉下妇科手术中清醒镇静的有效性和安全性。方法40例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期拟在腰硬联合麻醉下行子宫切除术的患者。将患者随机分为：对照组（C组）、瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚组（R＋P组）。C组：给予0．3ml／（kg·h）生理盐水连续输注。P＋R组：给予3μg／（kg·h）瑞芬太尼和1．5mg／（kg·h）异丙酚同时连续输注，输注过程中调整输注速度使患者OAA／S=3分。记录于人室后（T0）、输注药物前（T1）、输注药物后5min（T2）、10min（T3）、15min（T4）、30min（T5）、子宫切除时（T6）、药物停止输注时（T7）、药物停止输注后10min（T8）时点记录MAP、HR、SpO2，自主呼吸次数（sRR）。于T0、T5、T8时点取动脉血行血气分析。用VAS评分法评定患者术中的焦虑分数。结果患者一般资料无差别。两组患者的MAP、HR变化：与T0比较差异有统计学（P〈0．05），各时点组间比较差异无统计学。两组患者的呼吸频率从T1时点较T0开始降低，但这种降低无统计学意义。SpO2的变化：C，P＋R组患者的SpO2在各时点组间、组内比较差异无统计学（P〉0．05）。SRR的变化：组内组间均差异无统计学（P〉0．05）。PaCO2在P＋R组的，115时点较T0显著升高（P〈0．05）。P＋R组的焦虑分数（VAS）显著低于C组（P〈0．01）。结论应用瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚在腰硬联合麻醉下行妇科手术中具有良好的清醒镇静作用，患者焦虑分数低，呼吸、循环功能比较稳定。     

瑞芬太尼联合异丙酚在无痛人流术中的临床应用

目的观察瑞芬太尼联合异丙酚平衡麻醉不同给药方法对无痛人流患者呼吸循环的影响,探讨二者最佳给药方法和临床应用的可行性。方法随机选择无痛人流患者90例,随机分成3组。Ⅰ组采用异丙酚2mg/kg+芬太尼1μg/kg静脉注射负荷剂量后,异丙酚2～3mg/(kgh)持续静脉泵注;Ⅱ组采用异丙酚2mg/kg+芬太尼1μg/(kgh),瑞芬太尼0.05μg/(kgmin)持续静脉泵注;Ⅲ组采用异丙酚2mg/kg静脉注射负荷剂量后,异丙酚2～3mg/(kgh),瑞芬太尼0.1μg/(kgmin)持续静脉泵注。各组均于术毕即该停药。观察并记录各组患者停药后1、2、3、4、5min改良OAA/S评分、苏醒时间和苏醒期间的不良反应。结果 3组患者苏醒期躁动方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组患者苏醒时间明显短于Ⅰ组患者;Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组患者发生呼吸暂停例数明显多于Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组停药后3、4、5minOAA/S评分明显高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼联合异丙酚在无痛人流术中应用,具有苏醒快、不良反应少等优点,但最好采用持续给药并加强呼吸监测。     

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉在经眶上锁孔入路切除鞍区巨大肿瘤中的应用

目的:探讨瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉在经眶上锁孔入路切除鞍区巨大肿瘤中的应用。方法:42例鞍区巨大肿瘤均行经眶上锁孔入路切除手术,随机分为2组,A组行瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚持续泵注维持麻醉;B组行芬太尼复合丙泊酚持续泵注维持麻醉。分别记录2组平均动脉压、心率、呼气末二氧化碳分压、苏醒参数(睁眼时间、自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间)及术后并发症情况。结果:2组患者的麻醉过程平稳,均能顺利完成手术,麻醉效果满意。无1例术后出现麻醉相关并发症。但A组在插管后和拔管后血压、心率的变化小于B组(P<0.05);各项苏醒参数也优于B组(P<0.05)。结论:与芬太尼比较,瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉,诱导时间更短,麻醉维持期血流动力学更稳定,清醒快而完全,更适于经眶上锁孔入路鞍区巨大肿瘤切除手术。     

丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼靶控输注对老年腹腔镜胆囊切除术的麻醉观察

目的比较雷米芬太尼联合丙泊酚靶控输注静脉麻醉与静脉＋吸人复合麻醉在老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中的血流动力学变化及不良反应。方法选择老年择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者56例,ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,随机分为雷米芬太尼联合丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉28例（观察组）和静脉＋吸入异氟醚维持麻醉28例（对照组）。分别于各时点记录患者的HR、SBP、DBP、PzrCO2、初醒时间、拔管时间和拔管后10min OAAS评分及术后24h的恶心、呕吐及嗜睡情况。结果观察组SBP、DBP及HR变化小于对照组;初醒时间、拔管时间和拔管后10min OAAS评分观察组均优于对照组（均P〈0．05）。而且观察组术后发生恶心、呕吐的患者明显较对照组均减少（均P〈0．05）。结论老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中丙泊酚复合雷米芬太尼靶控输注麻醉比静吸复合全麻能够更好的抑制应激反应,较容易维持循环稳定,且术后恢复快,不良反应更少,是老年患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的理想麻醉方法。