小鼠局灶性脑缺血梗死灶的定量分析

目的:用小鼠持续性局灶性脑缺血模型,证明新建的透光法测定局灶性脑缺血梗死灶的实用性。方法:采用大脑中动脉阻塞法(MCAO)造成小鼠持续性局灶性脑缺血,于缺血后2 4h进行Bederson’s症状评分和爬板、悬挂试验,并以计算机图像分析技术测定和分析脑缺血梗死体积、脑半球面积、皮层及皮层下神经元密度;在大脑中动脉线栓手术前3d和术前1h分别腹腔注射Pranlukast 0 .1mg·kg-1或尼莫地平0 .4mg·kg-1,观察药物的神经保护作用。结果:透光测定的梗死体积与TTC染色测定的梗死体积、神经元密度密切相关,与神经症状综合评分具有等级相关。Pranlukast和尼莫地平能减少脑梗死体积和脑半球的缺血侧 非缺血侧比值,减轻神经症状和神经元死亡。结论:透光法结合神经症状综合评分法可用于小鼠局灶性脑缺血的定量分析和药物的神经保护作用评价。     

油酰乙醇胺对小鼠局灶性脑缺血的保护作用

目的观察新型PPARα激动剂油酰乙醇胺(oleoyleth-anolamide,OEA)对小鼠局灶性脑缺血损伤的保护作用及特点。方法线栓法制备小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型诱导脑缺血。OEA(10、20、40mg·kg-1)在术前3d开始每天灌胃给药1次;或在缺血前0.5h、1h、再灌注同时、再灌后1h,各单次灌胃给予OEA40mg·kg-1。脑缺血1.5h,再灌注24h后,测定小鼠神经功能缺失评分、脑梗死体积、脑水肿等评定脑缺血损伤的指标。结果OEA(20、40mg·kg-1)术前多次给药及OEA(40mg·kg-1)缺血前0.5h或再灌注同时单次给药可明显改善小鼠神经功能损伤,减小脑梗死体积和减轻脑水肿程度,且以再灌注同时单次给药效果最为明显。结论OEA剂量及时间依赖性的保护小鼠局灶性脑缺血急性损伤,有效剂量为20mg·kg-1和40mg·kg-1,最佳治疗时间点为再灌注同时。     

西洛他唑对小鼠局灶性持续脑缺血的保护作用

目的:观察磷酸二酯酶3抑制剂西洛他唑对小鼠持续性局灶性脑缺血的保护作用,探讨其有效剂量和治疗时间窗。方法:以大脑中动脉阻塞诱导小鼠持续性局灶性脑缺血。缺血前30 min腹腔注射不同剂量的西洛他唑(0．3～30 mg·kg~(-1)),以普鲁司特(0．1 mg·kg~(-1))作为阳性对照;观察药物对缺血后神经功能缺损症状、脑梗死体积、两侧大脑半球比值、IgG渗出的影响。在另一批小鼠,分别在缺血后1,2和3 h腹腔注射西洛他唑10 mg·kg~(-1),观察药物对上述指标(除IgG渗出)的影响。结果:缺血前30 min注射西洛他唑3,10 mg·kg~(-1)及普鲁司特,均能减轻缺血后24 h的神经症状、减小脑梗死体积、减轻脑水肿和IgG的渗出;缺血1和2 h内给予西洛他唑10 mg·kg~(-1),对上述指标有显著抑制作用。结论:西洛他唑对急性脑缺血损伤有保护作用,其有效剂量为3～10 mg·kg~(-1),治疗时间窗为缺血后2 h。     

西洛他唑对小鼠慢性缺血性脑损伤的保护作用及机制

目的：观察西洛他唑对小鼠慢性缺血性脑损伤的保护作用,探讨其与促血管生成的关系。方法：以大脑中动脉栓塞方法诱导小鼠局灶性脑缺血,缺血后1、4、7h和术后1～14d腹腔注射西洛他唑（10mg／kg）,每天一次,观察缺血后35d西洛他唑对神经症状评分、斜板角度、脑梗死体积、神经元密度和缺血侧血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、血管内皮生长因子受体2（Flk-1）表达的作用。结果：西洛他唑能降低缺血后神经症状评分,提高斜板角度,减少脑梗死体积,增加存活神经元密度和VEGF、Flk-1表达的数目。结论：西洛他唑对小鼠慢性局灶性脑缺血具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与诱导缺血侧VEGF、Flk-1表达,促进血管生成有关。     

壳寡糖抗小鼠脑缺血/再灌注作用研究

目的探讨壳寡糖(chitooligosaccharides,COS)对小鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤的影响及其机制。方法将♂ICR小鼠随机分为6组:假手术组、模型组、依达拉奉(3mg·kg-1)组及壳寡糖高、中、低剂量(200、100、50mg·kg-1)组。采用线栓法建立局灶性脑缺血/再灌注模型。观察壳寡糖对神经行为和脑梗死面积的影响。测定小鼠脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)和羰基含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。结果壳寡糖可明显改善小鼠神经功能缺陷,减少脑梗死面积,降低脑组织MDA和羰基含量,提高抗氧化物酶活性。结论壳寡糖具有抗脑缺血/再灌注损伤作用,可能与其抗氧化活性有关。     

灯盏花素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后脑水肿和中性粒细胞浸润的影响(英文)

目的　研究灯盏花素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后脑水肿和中性粒细胞浸润的影响 ,探讨其抑制脑缺血再灌注损伤后炎症反应的作用机制。方法大鼠大脑中动脉短暂阻塞制成局灶性脑缺血 2h ,再灌注 2 4h模型。再灌注后 1h分别ip灯盏花素 5 0或 75mg·kg- 1,再灌注后 2 2h重复给药 1次。再灌注 2 4h后干湿重法测定脑水肿 ,分光光度法测定缺血区大脑皮质和尾壳核髓过氧化物酶 (MPO)活性 ,免疫组织化学染色测定大脑皮质和尾壳核细胞间粘附分子 1(ICAM 1)的表达。结果　缺血再灌注后 ,脑组织含水量明显增加 ,缺血区大脑皮质及尾壳核MPO活性和ICAM 1表示显著增加 ,灯盏花素 5 0和75mg·kg- 1治疗用药能减轻脑水肿 ,降低MPO活性和抑制ICAM 1表达。结论　灯盏花素可减轻大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后脑水肿和中性粒细胞浸润     

雌激素联合依达拉奉对大鼠脑缺血再灌注的神经保护作用

目的通过观察雌激素和依达拉奉对大鼠脑局灶性缺血再灌注损伤后ICAM-1、TNF-α表达、SOD活力和MDA、NO含量的影响,探讨雌激素联合依达拉奉对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后的脑保护作用及其可能机制。方法选择健康雄性SD大鼠200只,随机分为5组,即假手术组(SO)、缺血再灌注组(I/R)、依达拉奉组(Ed)、雌激素组(Es)和雌激素联合依达拉奉组(C),每组40只。建立大鼠右侧大脑中动脉闭塞局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组化法测定大鼠大脑皮质ICAM-1、TNF-α表达情况,用生化法测定各组脑缺血再灌注后SOD活力、MDA、NO含量。结果在I/R组缺血侧大脑皮质各个时间点ICAM-1和TNF-α的表达明显高于SO组和Ed组、Es组、C组(P<0.01)。Ed组各个时间点ICAM-1和TNF-α的表达明显低于Es组和C组(P<0.05)。Ed组、Es组、C组及SO组脑组织SOD活力均高于I/R组(P<0.05),脑组织MDA及NO含量显著低于I/R组(P<0.05)。C组NO、MDA含量低于Es组、Ed组,C组SOD活力高于Es组(P<0.05)。结论雌激素和依达拉奉能通过抑制TNF-α的激活、减少ICAM-1的表达,从而减轻神经元的炎性反应,起到保护大脑的作用;雌激素和依达拉奉能增强SOD活力、减少MDA及NO含量,改善自由基代谢,有效减轻局灶性脑梗死引起的缺血性损伤。二者联合应用效果更好。     

三乙酰莽草酸对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注过程中血浆血管活性物质量和脑髓过氧化物酶活性的抑制作用(英文)

目的探索血浆内血管活性物质和白细胞浸润在大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌损伤中是否影响力不同及三乙酰莽草酸(TSA)的保护作用。方法线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血90 min再灌注3 ~48 h模型。分别于缺血开始和缺血60 min时给予TSA 50~200 mg·kg-1ig。分别用荧光分光光度法和放射免疫法测定血浆5-羟色胺(5-HT)和血栓烷素B2(TXB2)含量,化学法测定脑皮层中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性。结果大鼠脑缺血再灌注3 ~24 h时血浆5-HT和TXB2含量及脑MPO活性呈时间依赖性升高,48 h后5-HT, TXB2含量降至假手术组水平,而MPO活性仍明显高于未缺血侧脑皮层。TSA(100和200 mg·kg-1)可显著抑制缺血90 min再灌注24 h时血浆5-HT和TXB2含量及脑MPO活性增高。结论大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注过程中血浆中血管活性物质量和脑组织中MPO活性表现出不同的时相变化,并且对脑损伤影响力不同,TSA可有效保护缺血脑组织。     

依达拉奉对脑缺血再灌注损伤后p-ERK1/2表达的影响

目的:研究依达拉奉对脑缺血再灌注细胞损伤的影响及p-ERK1/2在此过程的作用。方法:将180只雄性ICR小鼠随机分为假手术组、生理盐水治疗组和依达拉奉治疗组。各组于缺血再灌注后分为30min、3h、6h、24h、48h等5个亚组。采用线栓法建立小鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。治疗组于脑缺血开始及再灌注后12h分别腹腔注射依达拉奉3mg/kg或等量生理盐水,于24h后进行小鼠神经功能学评分;应用免疫组织化学及Westernblot检测p-ERK1/2蛋白表达水平的变化;利用原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL法)研究神经细胞凋亡的变化。结果:与生理盐水治疗组相比,依达拉奉治疗组小鼠神经行为学评分明显减少(P<0.05);p-ERK1/2免疫阳性细胞及蛋白表达明显减少(P<0.05);凋亡细胞也减少(P<0.05)。结论:依达拉奉能通过抑制与氧化应激有密切关系的p-ERK1/2信号通路显著减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞损伤。     

依达拉奉对脑缺血再灌注损伤

［摘要］目的研究自由基清除剂依达拉奉对脑缺血 再灌注损伤大鼠的抗细胞凋亡和神经保护作用。方法采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血 再灌注模型。将SD大鼠分为假手术组、再灌注组和依达拉奉组。再灌注组和依达拉奉组按再灌注2，6，12，24，48 h分为5个亚组。依达拉奉组在缺血2 h后解除栓塞，给予依达拉奉3 mg·kg-1静脉注射，首次给药24 h后相同剂量再次给药。再灌注组给予0.9%氯化钠溶液，给药剂量、时间和方法同依达拉奉组。应用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)比色法检测各组血清丙二醛(MDA)浓度，免疫组化染色及原位细胞凋亡检测法(TUNEL法)测定脑组织bcl 2蛋白表达和凋亡细胞数，并测量各组脑梗死体积。结果依达拉奉组再灌注后6，12，24，48 h的梗死体积、血清MDA浓度、TUNEL阳性细胞数均明显小于再灌注组（均P＜0.05），各时间点bcl 2蛋白表达均高于再灌注组（P＜0.01）。结论依达拉奉可以降低羟自由基水平，对抗细胞凋亡，对脑缺血 再灌注损伤大鼠有明显保护作用。     

Pranlukast reduces neutrophil but not macrophage/microglial accumulation in brain after focal cerebral ischemia in mice

AIM: To determine whether pranlukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on focal cerebral ischemia in mice. METHODS: Focal cerebral ischemia in mice was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). In addition to neurological deficits, infarct volume, degenerated neurons and endogenous IgG exudation, we detected accumulation of neutrophils and macrophage/microglia in the ischemic brain tissue 72 h after MCAO. Pranlukast was ip injected 30 min before and after MCAO. RESULTS: Pranlukast significantly attenuated neurological deficits, infarct volume, neuron degeneration and IgG exudation. Importantly, pranlukast (0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg) inhibited myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophil, but not CD11b-positive macrophage/microglial accumulation in the ischemic cortical tissue. CONCLUSION: Pranlukast exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on focal cerebral ischemia in the subacute phase that is limited to neutrophil recruitment through the disrupted blood-brain barrier.     

Montelukast, a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist, dose- and time-dependently protects against focal cerebral ischemia in mice

Our previous studies showed that cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 (CysLT1) antagonist pranlukast has a neuroprotective effect on cerebral ischemia in rats and mice. However, whether the neuroprotective effect of pranlukast is its special action or a common action of CysLT1 receptor antagonists remains to be clarified. This study was performed to determine whether montelukast, another CysLT1 receptor antagonist, has the neuroprotective effect on focal cerebral ischemia in mice, and to observe its dose- and time-dependent properties. Permanent focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Montelukast was injected intraperitoneally either as multiple doses (once a day for 3 days and 30 min before MCAO) or as a single dose (at 30 min before, 30 min after, or 1 h after MCAO), respectively, and pranlukast and edaravone were used as controls. The neurological deficits, infarct volumes, brain edema, neuron density, and Evans blue extravasation in the brain were determined 24 h after MCAO. Pretreatments with multiple doses or a single dose of montelukast (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) before MCAO significantly attenuated all the ischemic insults. Post-treatment with a single dose of montelukast (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) at 30 min after MCAO also significantly decreased brain edema and infarct volume, but not neurological deficits. However, post-treatment with a single dose of montelukast at 1 h after MCAO had no significant effect. Pranlukast showed the same effects as montelukast, but edaravone attenuated the ischemic insults only with multiple doses before MCAO. Thus, montelukast has a dose- and time-dependent neuroprotective effect on permanent focal cerebral ischemia in mice, with an effective dose range of 0.1-1.0 mg/kg and a therapeutic window of 30 min. These findings further support the therapeutic potential of CysLT1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of cerebral ischemia at earlier phases.     

白三烯拮抗剂ONO-1078对小鼠局灶性脑缺血的保护作用

AIM　To determine whether ONO-1078 {pranlukast, 4-oxo-8-［p-(4-phenylbutyloxy) benzoyl-amino]-2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-1-benzopyran hemihydrate}, a potent leukotriene antagonist, has protective effect on focal cerebral ischemia in mice. METHODS　Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in mice. ONO-1078 (0.01, 0.05, 0.10 mg·kg^-1), dexamethasone (0.5 mg·kg^-1), nimodipine (0.2 mg·kg^-1) or saline (control) were injected ip once daily for 3 days, and 30 min before MCA occlusion. Twenty-four hours after cerebral ischemia, the neurological scores were evaluated, infarct volumes and areas of the right and left cerebral hemispheres were measured by computer imaging analysis. RESULTS　ONO-1078, dexamethasone and nimodipine reduced the neurological scores. ONO-1078 and dexamethasone reduced the ratio of right/left hemisphere area, indicating inhibition of brain edema, while nimodipine showed no effect. ONO-1078 dose-dependently reduced infarct size, and dexamethasone and nimodipine showed the same effect. CONCLUSION　ONO-1078 showed protective effect on focal cerebral ischemia. This may represent a novel approach to the treatment of acute cerebral ischemia.     

白三烯受体拮抗剂ONO—1078对大鼠局灶性脑缺血的神经保护作用

AIM: To determine whether ONO-1078 (pranlukast), a potent leukotriene receptor antagonist, has neuroprotective effect on focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. METHODS: Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 30 min of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and followed by 24 h reperfusion. ONO-1078 (0.003-1.0 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline 1 mL/kg) was ip injected 30 min before MCA occlusion and 2 h after reperfusion. The neurological score, infarct volume, neuron density (in cortex, hippocampus, and striatum), brain edema, and albumin exudation around the vessels were determined 24 h after reperfusion. RESULTS: ONO-1078 slightly improved the neurological deficiency, and dramatically decreased infarct volume and neuron loss which showed a bell shaped dose response effect with highest effect at doses of 0.01-0.3 mg/kg. Enlargement of the ischemic hemisphere and albumin exudation were inhibited at doses of 0.01-1.0 mg/kg. CONCLUSION: ONO-1078 has the protective effect on focal cerebral ischemia in rats, which is partially attributed to the inhibition of brain edema. This may represent a novel approach to the treatment of acute cerebral ischemia with cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists.     

新型神经保护剂TQ0701-2对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：研究新型神经保护剂TQ0701-2对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法：将120只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、依达拉奉组（3.0mg/kg）以及TQ0701-2高剂量组（6.0mg/kg）、中剂量组（3.0mg/kg）、低剂量组（1.5mg/kg）。假手术组仅进行手术而不造成缺血状态,其余各组均采用Longa线栓法制备大鼠MCAO模型,在缺血2h后进行再灌注。TQ0701-2三个剂量组和依达拉奉组分别在缺血前30min以及再灌注0、2h尾静脉注射TQ0701-2和依达拉奉,假手术组和模型组则给予等量的生理盐水。再灌注24h后观察大鼠神经功能损伤症状、脑组织梗死率以及病理组织学的改变。结果：模型组大鼠神经功能损伤严重,脑组织梗死率也明显增高（P〈0.01vs假手术组）。与依达拉奉的保护作用相同,TQ0701-2高中低三个剂量均能显著降低MCAO大鼠的神经功能评分和脑组织梗死率（P〈0.01vs模型组）,并且三个剂量的改善作用是随着浓度增大而增强的,具有剂量相关性。另外,TQ0701-2对大鼠脑缺血再灌注所致的神经元变性、坏死也有一定的保护作用。结论：研究表明,依达拉奉衍生物TQ0701-2对大鼠的脑缺血再灌注损伤有明显的神经保护作用。     

ZW1-2对局灶脑缺血小鼠纹状体、皮质及海马脑区BDNF和VEGF蛋白表达的影响

目的观察化合物zome wermel 1-2(ZW1-2)对小鼠永久性局灶脑缺血后的神经功能,以及对脑源性营养因子和血管内皮生长因子的影响。方法制备小鼠永久性局灶脑缺血模型,并分别于脑缺血后2.5 h和7.5 h,灌胃给予不同剂量的化合物ZW1-2,脑缺血后24 h采用免疫组化法测定小鼠各个脑缺血易损区的脑源性神经营养因子和血管内皮生长因子表达情况。结果 ZW1-2能够显著降低小鼠局灶性脑缺血导致的行为功能评分,可以显著提高皮质、纹状体和海马脑区的脑源性神经营养因子表达,显著降低这些脑区中的血管内皮生长因子蛋白表达。结论 ZW1-2具有抗实验性脑缺血作用,其作用机制可能通过调控脑源性神经营养因子以及血管内皮生长因子而起到对脑缺血损伤的治疗作用。     

Pranlukast dose-and time-dependently protects against ischemic neuronal damage in the rat hippocampus

Objective Our previous studies showed that the neuroprotective effect of pranlukast,a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1(CysLT1)antagonist,on global cerebral ischemia in rats.This study was performed to evaluate dose-and time-dependent properties of pranlukast on CA1 neuron loss following transient global ischemia in rats.Methods Brain injury was induced by an improved four-vessel occlusion(4-VO)in rats.pranlukast(0.03-0.30 mg·kg-1)was injected intraperitoneally either as multiple doses(before or after ischemia)or as a single dose(30 min before ischemia),respectively.Physiological variables were monitored and neuron count was measured by computer-assisted imaging.Results The 4-VO model produced continuing postischemic neuronal death in CA1 region.Administration of pranlukast(0.1 and 0.3 mg·kg-1,30 min before ischemia and 1,24,48 and 72 h after ischemia)markedly reduced CA1 death.Treatment with a single dose of pranlukast(0.1 mg·kg-1,30 min before ischemia)also resulted in a significant increase in the number of healthy CA1 neurons at 3 days.Of interest is the finding that pranlukast(0.1 mg·kg-1)rescued CA1 neurons from ischemic death even when treatment was delayed until 30 min or 1 h after ischemia.Conclusions The present study confirms pranlukast has a dose-and time-dependent cerebroprotective effects on CA1 neuron loss following transient global ischemia in rats,with an effective dose range of 0.1-0.3 mg·kg-1 and a therapeutic window of 1 h.These findings further support the therapeutic potential of CysLT1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of global cerebral ischemia.     

盐酸埃他卡林对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后脑组织损伤和血液流变学的作用

目的研究盐酸埃他卡林(Ipt)对局灶性脑缺血后脑组织损伤保护作用及对血液流变学变化的影响。方法线栓法阻断SD大鼠大脑中动脉造成大鼠局灶性脑缺血。神经功能行为学评分参考Longa法,脑水肿形成检测采用Ellis公式,TTC染色法测定脑梗死范围。以DPH为荧光探针,采用荧光偏振法测定脑缺血6h后红细胞膜脂流动性,微粘度。结果脑缺血6h后,脑梗死范围达对侧脑半球的(24.75±6.66)%,预防性给予Ipt(1.0～4.0mg·kg-1,ip)可使脑梗死范围分别减少0.95%,6.6%(P<0.05),14.34%(P<0.01)。Ipt2.0和4.0mg·kg-1还可降低大鼠的神经功能行为评分及脑组织含水量。尼莫地平(Nim)0.3mg·kg-1也可减少脑梗死范围,降低脑组织含水量,降低神经功能行为评分。脑缺血6h后,红细胞变形能力下降,红细胞膜脂流动性降低,红细胞聚集程度及膜微粘度皆明显提高。预防性给予Ipt(2.0～4.0mg·kg-1,ip)及Nim0.3mg·kg-1可显著改善上述血液流变学指标。Ipt4.0mg·kg-1治疗作用的时间窗为3h,超过4h则治疗作用不显著。Nim0.3mg·kg-1治疗作用不明显。结论盐酸埃他卡林对局灶性脑缺血引起的脑损伤有一定的保护作用。     

Neuroprotective effect of ONO-1078, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, on transient global cerebral ischemia in rats

AIM: To determine whether ONO-1078 {pranlukast, 4-oxo-8-[p-(4-phenylbutyloxy)benzoyl-amono]-2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-1-benzopyran hemihydrate}, a potent leukotriene receptor antagonist, possesses a neuroprotective effect on global cerebral ischemia in rats, and to explore its possible mechanism of action. METHODS: Transient global cerebral ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion for 10 min and followed by 72-h reperfusion. ONO-1078 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) and edaravone (MCI-186, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one, a neuroprotective agent) 10 mg/kg were ip injected 30 min before ischemia and 1 h after reperfusion, and once a day afterward. Neurological outcome was evaluated before ischemia and 24, 48, 72 h after reperfusion. Neuron density, the expressions of N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit proteins (NR1, NR2A, NA2B) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1(VCAM-1) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were measured at 72 h after reperfusion. RESULTS: ONO-1078 (0.1, 0.3 mg/kg) and edaravone (10 mg/