Neuromodulation in neurogenic bladder

While neuromodulation is a well-established treatment option for patients with non-neurogenic overactive bladder and urinary retention, its applicability to the neurogenic bladder population has only recently been examined more in depth. In this article we will discuss the outcomes, contraindications, and special considerations of sacral and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in patients with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction.     

Transurethral bladder neck operation in neurogenic bladder

86 adults with bladder outlet obstruction and neurogenic bladder underwent bladder neck resection or incision to establish effective vesical emptying or damping of detrusor reflex activity. Follow-up examinations revealed a good effect on flow, reflux and hydronephrosis, infection rate and symptoms such as frequency, dysuria, nocturia and urgency. Since 1974, bladder neck incision is preferred; resection remains for selected cases only.     

Nomenclature of neurogenic bladder

Vesicourethral physiology is reviewed briefly in the light of recent developments. The effect on bladder function of central nervous system disorders is considered and attention is drawn to the desirability of diverting interest from the bladder to the urethra in neuropathic cases. It is concluded that there are only two basic types of neuropathic bladder function — in lesions of and above the sacral reflex pathways, respectively. Neurologically these are classified according to the condition of the anal and bulbocavernosus reflexes and the ice water test.     

The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase pathway regulates bladder cancer cell invasion

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of the phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase pathway in the invasion of bladder cancer cell lines, and to assess the activation of this pathway in primary human bladder tumours. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human bladder cancer cells were treated with pathway specific inhibitors or were transfected with PI-3 kinase pathway components. The invasion of cultured bladder cancer cells was analysed by an invasion assay. Bladder cancer cells lines and primary human bladder tumours were analysed for pathway activation by western blotting. RESULTS: A specific inhibitor of PI-3 kinase enzyme activity, Ly294002, potently suppressed the invasive properties of three highly invasive bladder tumour cell lines. Restoration of the PTEN gene to invasive UM-UC-3 bladder tumour cells or expression of a dominant-negative version of the PI-3 kinase target, Akt, also potently inhibited invasion, indicating a central role for the PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway in this process. In addition, 55% of primary tumours from patients with bladder cancer had markedly high levels of phosphorylated Akt. CONCLUSION: Pharmacological or biochemical inhibition of the PI-3 kinase pathway drastically reduced the invasive capacity of bladder cancer cell lines; over half of primary human bladder tumours had high Akt phosphorylation, suggesting that the aberrant activation of this pathway may contribute to the invasion of a significant subset of bladder cancers.     

Significance of bacteriuria in neurogenic bladder

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the usefulness of performing routine urine cultures in veterans with spinal cord injury (SCI) who come for annual evaluation. RESEARCH DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective study was performed on asymptomatic patients who came for outpatient annual evaluation. The records of 89 healthy male veterans with SCI between the ages of 22 and 82 years (mean age = 50.6) were reviewed from March through October 2000. METHODS: The following information was collected: patient's name, social security numbers, age, year of injury, level of injury, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) classification, urinalysis including white blood cell (WBC) count and presence or absence of nitrite, urine culture results (> or <100,000 colony-forming units of uropathogens per milliliter), blood WBC count, and mode of bladder management. The data were analyzed statistically to look at the effects of age at injury, level of injury, injury category (ASIA classification), pyuria, urinary nitrite, serum WBC count, and mode of bladder control on the presence of bacteriuria. RESULTS: Results revealed that regardless of the level of injury, individuals with ASIA A injuries were at high risk of having bacteriuria with positive culture results. Patients who were nitrite positive and/or had > or =6 WBCs per high-powered field (HPF) in the urine were also at high risk for significant bacteriuria. CONCLUSION: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the SCI population frequently are asymptomatic, polymicrobial, caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and very likely to recur or relapse. However, there are no data to support or justify treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria. The present study suggests that healthy asymptomatic patients with SCI who come for annual evaluations should not have routine urine cultures if they are at low risk for UTIs; that is, <6 WBC/HPF in the urine and/or nitrite negative.     

神经源性膀胱的治疗进展

正常的排尿活动由脊髓反射中枢及脊髓上反射中枢和交感、副交感、体神经共同参与完成。任何与排尿有关的神经受到损伤,引起的排尿功能障碍,即为神经源性膀胱。随着影像学诊断和尿动力学检查技术的进步,神经源性膀胱的诊断已无困难,但临床治疗仍无一个比较完美的方法。神经源性膀胱的分类很多,有Nesbit法、Bors法、Herschom法、Wein法等。无论哪一种分类方法,对于治疗的指导目的,都是正确评估危险因素,确定恰当的治疗策略,因为对神经源性膀胱的正确诊断是准确治疗的基础。治疗的根本目的是保护肾功能,其次是改善排尿症状以提高生活质量。其…     

可控性回肠膀胱扩大术治疗儿童神经原性膀胱

目的 评价可控性回肠膀胱扩大术治疗儿童神经原性膀胱的疗效.方法 神经原性膀胱患儿18例,男10例,女8例,年龄5.5～1 6.0岁,平均9.6岁.临床表现为尿失禁,排泄性膀胱尿道造影显示合并＜Ⅲ度膀胱输尿管反流6例,＞Ⅲ度膀胱输尿管反流10例16侧.18例均采用可控性回肠全层膀胱扩大术,10例16侧同时行输尿管抗反流术,6例女童行膀胱颈悬吊,7例男童行膀胱颈紧缩,1例男童行尿道关闭.术后行间歇导尿,平均随访2.3年(6个月～4年).结果 18例患儿中尿失禁消失17例(94%),好转1例;膀胱容量由术前(1 56±85)ml增至术后(420±58)ml(P＜0.01),充盈末逼尿肌压力由术前(78±1 6)cm H 2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa)降至(20±11)cm H2O(P＜0.01).导尿间隔时间平均5 h,2例需服用小剂量抗胆碱能药物.手术前后肠道功能无明显变化,无电解质紊乱及尿路结石.术后出现尿路感染症状2例、皮肤造瘘口狭窄1例、造瘘口黏膜外翻1例,无尿液外溢.结论可控性回肠全层膀胱扩大术可有效改善膀胱容量,降低膀胱内压,是治疗儿童神经原性膀胱的一种有效方法.     

Urodynamics of the neurogenic bladder

Many patients with neurogenic bladders require careful monitoring in order to decrease the risk of infectious and renal complications. Urodynamic testing, with particular attention paid to detrusor pressures, is helpful for risk stratification in these patients and provides key information when assessing effectiveness of treatments. This article reviews the history, indications, and contemporary parameters for urodynamic testing in the neurogenic population.     

Surgical management of neurogenic bladder

The neurogenic bladder provides many challenging problems in its treatment. Causation, proper urologic evaluation, and treatment of neurogenic bladder are discussed with emphasis on surgical techniques, such as relieving distal obstruction, alternative measures of urinary diversion, and the use of vesical stimulators. Preservation of renal function is the prime objective of all modes of therapy.     

Sphincterotomy failure in neurogenic bladder disease

Among 60 spinal cord injury patients who underwent external urethral sphincterotomy 45 experienced success and 15 failed. Failure was established when symptomatic urinary tract infections and high vesical residuals persisted. Urodynamic findings demonstrated detrusor areflexia in 10 patients (66 per cent), detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia in 2 (13.2 per cent), detrusor hyperreflexia with unsustained bladder contractions in 1 (6.6 per cent), and detrusor hyperreflexia and bladder neck obstruction in 2 (13.2 per cent). Among these failures poor detrusor contractility predominated. Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia may indicate an inadequate surgical relief of obstruction. Bladder neck obstruction may indicate that a bladder neck incision should be considered when an external sphincterotomy is performed.